[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.45,0:00:01.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a pleasure to be here
Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.55,0:00:03.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in Edinburgh, Scotland,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.61,0:00:06.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the birthplace of the needle and syringe.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.89,0:00:09.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Less than a mile from here in this direction
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.73,0:00:11.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in 1853 a Scotsman
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.71,0:00:13.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,filed his very first patent on the needle and syringe.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.100,0:00:16.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,His name was Alexander Wood
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.24,0:00:19.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it was at the Royal College of Physicians.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.99,0:00:22.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the patent.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.46,0:00:25.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What blows my mind when I look at it even today
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.18,0:00:27.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that it looks almost identical
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.35,0:00:29.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to needle in use today
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.11,0:00:32.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yet, it's 160 years old.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.67,0:00:35.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we turn to the field of vaccines
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.16,0:00:37.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most vaccines are delivered with
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.39,0:00:38.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the needle and syringe,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.24,0:00:41.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this 160 year old technology.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.53,0:00:43.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And credit where its due on many levels
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.49,0:00:47.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,vaccines are a successful technology.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.10,0:00:50.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After clean water and sanitation,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.98,0:00:55.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,vaccines are the one technology that has increased
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.26,0:00:57.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our life span the most.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.74,0:01:00.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's a pretty hard act to beat.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.62,0:01:02.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But just like any other technology
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.06,0:01:03.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,vaccines have their shortcomings
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.90,0:01:06.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the needle, the needle and syringe
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.58,0:01:08.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a key part within that narrative ...
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.70,0:01:11.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this old technology.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.67,0:01:13.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let's start with the obvious:
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.97,0:01:17.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,many of us don't like the needle and syringe.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.45,0:01:19.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I share that view.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.36,0:01:22.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, 20 percent of the population
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.56,0:01:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have a thing called needle phobia.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.00,0:01:26.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's more than disliking the needle
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.36,0:01:29.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is actively avoiding being vaccinated
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.06,0:01:30.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because of needle phobia.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.93,0:01:33.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's problematic in terms of the rollout
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.30,0:01:35.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of vaccines.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.25,0:01:37.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now related to this is another key issue
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.08,0:01:39.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is needlestick injuries.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.41,0:01:41.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the WHO has figures
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.22,0:01:45.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that suggest about 1.3 million deaths per year
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.22,0:01:47.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,take place due to cross contamination
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.61,0:01:48.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with needlestick injuries.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.90,0:01:51.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are early deaths that take place.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.55,0:01:54.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now these are two things that \Nyou probably may have heard of
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.56,0:01:56.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but there are two other shortcomings of
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.44,0:01:58.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the needle and syringe you may not have heard about.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.92,0:02:00.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One is it could be holding back
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.90,0:02:02.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the next generation of vaccines
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.49,0:02:04.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in terms of their immune responses.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.67,0:02:07.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the second is that it could be responsible
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.57,0:02:08.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the problem of the cold chain
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.89,0:02:12.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I'll tell you about as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.27,0:02:14.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm going to tell you about some work that
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.01,0:02:15.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my team and I are doing in Australia
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.71,0:02:17.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the University of Queensland
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.60,0:02:18.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on a technology of design
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.96,0:02:22.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to tackle those four problems.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.23,0:02:26.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that technology is called the Nanopatch.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.25,0:02:32.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, this is a specimen of the Nanopatch.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.82,0:02:34.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To the naked eye
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.47,0:02:36.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it just looks like a square
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.65,0:02:39.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,smaller than a postage stamp,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.55,0:02:42.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but under a microscope
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.22,0:02:44.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what you see is thousands of tiny proejctions
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.43,0:02:46.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are invisible to the human eye.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.68,0:02:48.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there's about 4 thousand projections
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.40,0:02:50.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on this particular square compared
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.26,0:02:51.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the needle.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.86,0:02:54.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I've designed those projections
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.60,0:02:56.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to serve a key roll which is to work
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.12,0:02:59.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the skin's immune system.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.03,0:03:00.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that's a very important function
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.100,0:03:02.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tied into the Nanopatch.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.45,0:03:04.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now we make the Nanopatch
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.70,0:03:07.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a technique
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.24,0:03:09.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,called deep reactive ion etching ...
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.62,0:03:11.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this particular technique is one that's been
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.31,0:03:13.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,borrowed from the semiconductor industry
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.29,0:03:15.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and therefore, is low costing
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.12,0:03:17.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and can be rolled out in large numbers.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.32,0:03:20.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now we dry coat vaccines to the projections
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.72,0:03:22.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the Nanopatch
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.34,0:03:24.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and apply it to the skin.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.20,0:03:28.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now the simplest form of application
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.76,0:03:30.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is using our finger,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.78,0:03:33.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but our finger has some limitations.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.40,0:03:35.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, we've devised an applicator
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.65,0:03:36.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's a very simple device --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.79,0:03:39.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you could call it a sophisticated finger.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.09,0:03:42.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a screen operated device.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.13,0:03:44.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we do is when we apply the Nanopatch
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.17,0:03:48.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the skin, as so ...
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.46,0:03:50.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,immediately a few things happen.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.74,0:03:53.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So firstly, the projections
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.05,0:03:54.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the Nanopatch
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.83,0:03:56.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,breach through the tough outer layer
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.46,0:03:58.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the vaccine is very quickly released,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.51,0:04:00.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,within less than a minute in fact.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.85,0:04:03.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then we can take the Nanopatch off
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.42,0:04:05.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and discard it.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.36,0:04:07.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And indeed we can make a reuse
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.38,0:04:11.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the applicator itself.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.88,0:04:13.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that gives you an idea of the Nanopatch
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.81,0:04:16.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and immediately you can see some key advantages.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.28,0:04:18.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've talked about it being needle-free,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.50,0:04:20.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are projections that you can't even see
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.73,0:04:22.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and of course we get around
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.44,0:04:25.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the needle phobia issue as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.51,0:04:27.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, if we take a step back and think about
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.44,0:04:30.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these other two really important advantages:
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.84,0:04:34.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one is improved immune responses through delivery
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.88,0:04:38.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the second is getting rid of the cold chain.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.61,0:04:39.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let's start with the first one,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.69,0:04:41.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this immunogenicity idea takes a little while
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.50,0:04:43.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to get our head around but
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.13,0:04:46.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll try to explain it in simple terms.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.58,0:04:48.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I'll take a step back and explain to you
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.29,0:04:51.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how vaccines work in a simple way
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.84,0:04:54.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So vaccines work by introducing to our body
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.60,0:04:56.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a thing called an antigen
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.52,0:04:59.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is a safe form of a germ.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.70,0:05:02.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now that safe germ, that antigen, tricks our body
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.62,0:05:05.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into mounting an immune response,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.47,0:05:09.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,learning and remembering how to deal with intruders.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.29,0:05:11.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When the real intruder comes along
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.73,0:05:13.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the body quickly mounts an immune response
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.48,0:05:15.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to deal with that vaccine
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.05,0:05:16.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and neutralizes the infection.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.95,0:05:18.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it does that well.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.67,0:05:20.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, why it's done today with the needle and syringe
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.98,0:05:23.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is most vaccines are delivered that way
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.43,0:05:24.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with this old technology and the needle.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.88,0:05:26.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it could be argued
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.68,0:05:29.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the needle is holding back
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.19,0:05:30.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our immune responses...
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.36,0:05:32.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's missing our immune sweet spot
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.24,0:05:34.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the skin.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.11,0:05:36.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To describe this idea
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.70,0:05:39.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we need to take a journey through the skin
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.19,0:05:41.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,starting with one of those projections
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.82,0:05:44.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and applying the Nanopatch to the skin
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.18,0:05:46.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we see this kind of data ...
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.66,0:05:48.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now this is real data
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.47,0:05:50.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that thing that we can see there is one projection
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.82,0:05:53.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the Nanopatch that's been applied to the skin
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.27,0:05:55.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and those colors are different layers.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.20,0:05:56.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now to give you an idea of scale,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.48,0:05:58.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if the needle was shown here it would be too big.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.50,0:05:59.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It would be ten times bigger
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.94,0:06:02.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than the size of that screen\Ngoing ten times deeper as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.56,0:06:05.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's off the grid entirely.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.48,0:06:06.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can see immediately that we have those
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.95,0:06:08.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,projections in the skin.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.25,0:06:11.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That red layer is a tough outer layer of dead skin
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.24,0:06:12.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the brown layer
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.77,0:06:13.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the magenta layer
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.84,0:06:17.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are jammed full of immune cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.53,0:06:18.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As one example, in the brown layer
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.88,0:06:20.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,theres a certain type of cell called Langerhan cell --
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.96,0:06:23.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,every square millimeter of our body
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.44,0:06:26.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is jammed full of those Langerhan cells,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.53,0:06:27.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,those immune cells, and there's others shown as well
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.85,0:06:29.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.16,0:06:30.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,body that we have explained in this image
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.48,0:06:32.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but you can immediately see that the Nanopatch
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.60,0:06:34.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,achieves that penetration deep
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.34,0:06:37.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we target thousands upon thousands of these particualar cells
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.90,0:06:40.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just residing in the hairs width
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.28,0:06:42.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,surface of the skin
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.58,0:06:48.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,now as the guy that has invented this thing
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.16,0:06:49.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and found out to do I find that exciting
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.32,0:06:50.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But so what?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.98,0:06:52.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what if you've targeted the cells
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.80,0:06:53.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the world of vaccines
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.68,0:06:54.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what does that mean?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.100,0:06:57.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The world of vaccines is getting better
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.97,0:06:59.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's getting more systematic
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.55,0:07:03.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,however, you still don't reallly know if a vaccine is going to work
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.53,0:07:07.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until you roll your sleeves up and vaccinate and wait
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.96,0:07:09.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's a gambler's game even today
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.65,0:07:12.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, we had to do that gamble.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.41,0:07:16.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We obtained a new kind of vaccine, we applied it to Nanopatches
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.39,0:07:19.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we applied the Nanopatches to the skin
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.45,0:07:22.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this isn't a live animal.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.34,0:07:24.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we waited a month
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.45,0:07:26.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this is what we found out:
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.15,0:07:30.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a data slide showing the immune responses that we've generated with a Nanopatch
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.77,0:07:34.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,compared to the needle a syringe and --
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.54,0:07:38.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in the horizontal access we have the dose show in Nanograms
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.17,0:07:42.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the vertical access we have the immune response generated on that dashed line
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.77,0:07:46.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At that dashed line indicates the protection threshold
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.36,0:07:48.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we're above that dashed line it's considered
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.90,0:07:51.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we're below that line, it's not.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.57,0:07:54.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the red line is mostly that curve
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.35,0:07:57.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and as you see theres only one point achieved with the needle thats protected
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.98,0:08:00.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and thats with a high dose of 6 thousand nanograms
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.61,0:08:04.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but notice immediately the distinctly different curve that we achieve
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.19,0:08:06.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the blue line.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.39,0:08:08.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's what's achieved with the nanopatch
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.52,0:08:11.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the delivered dose of the Nanopatch is a completely different
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.15,0:08:12.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,immune- fads curve
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.91,0:08:15.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's a real fresh opportunity
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.39,0:08:17.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,suddenly we have a brand new leaver
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.78,0:08:19.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the world of vaccines
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.28,0:08:22.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can push it one way where we can take a vaccine that works
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.31,0:08:25.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but is too expensive and we can get protection
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.80,0:08:27.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a hundredth of the dose
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.91,0:08:30.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or we can take it afkdaslf
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.70,0:08:33.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,down to ten cents and that's particularly important
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.52,0:08:35.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,within the developing world
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.54,0:08:37.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there's another angle to this as well
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.24,0:08:40.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can take vaccines that currently don't work
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.40,0:08:41.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and get them over that line
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.49,0:08:43.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and get them protective
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.23,0:08:45.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And certainly in the world of vaccines
Dialogue: 0,0:08:45.35,0:08:46.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that can be important
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.66,0:08:48.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let's consider the big three
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.22,0:08:51.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,HIV, Malaria, Tuberculosis
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.80,0:08:53.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're responsible for about 7 thousand deaths per year
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.78,0:08:56.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there is no adequate vaccination method for any of those.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.51,0:08:58.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So potentially with this new leaver that we have with the Nanopatch
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.99,0:09:02.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can help make that happen, we can push that leaver
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.47,0:09:06.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to help get those asdfkasfjla vaccines over the line.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.33,0:09:07.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now of course we've worked with the lab with many other vaccines
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.100,0:09:11.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that have attained similar responses and similar curves
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.64,0:09:15.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,achieved with influenza
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.79,0:09:18.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'd like to now switch to talk about
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.29,0:09:20.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,another key shortcoming of today in vaccines
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.21,0:09:25.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that is the need to maintain the cold chain.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.14,0:09:31.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As the name suggests, it's the requirement of keeping a vaccine right from production
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.12,0:09:33.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all the through to when the vaccine is applied
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.22,0:09:36.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to keep it refrigerated.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.37,0:09:39.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, that presents some logistical challenges
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.57,0:09:42.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we have ways to do it.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.33,0:09:46.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a slightly extreme case in point
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.17,0:09:49.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it helps illustrate the logistical challenges
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.78,0:09:57.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in particular settings of what's required to get settings to maintain the cold chain
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.35,0:10:00.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if the vaccine is to warm the vaccine breaks down
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.99,0:10:02.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but interestingly the vaccine can be too cold
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.93,0:10:05.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it will break down as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.68,0:10:09.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The steaks are very high
Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.11,0:10:15.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the WHR estimates that in Africa up to half
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.49,0:10:16.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the vaccines used there
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.55,0:10:17.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are considered to not be working properly because at some point
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.58,0:10:19.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the cold chain has fallen over
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.10,0:10:20.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it's a big problem
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.81,0:10:21.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's tied in with the needle and syringe
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.70,0:10:23.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the liquid at needs of refrigeration
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.32,0:10:25.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A key attribute of our Nanopatch is that the vaccine is dry
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.82,0:10:34.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when it's dry it doesn't need refrigeration.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.38,0:10:37.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Within my lab theres we can keep the vaccine stored
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.89,0:10:40.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at twenty-three degree's celcius for more than a year
Dialogue: 0,0:10:40.21,0:10:42.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without any loss
Dialogue: 0,0:10:42.97,0:10:45.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's an important improvement.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.17,0:10:51.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.97,0:10:54.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're delighted about it as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.36,0:10:58.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the thing about it is that we've well and truly proven
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.71,0:11:01.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Nanopatch within the laboratory setting.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:01.35,0:11:05.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as a scientist, I love that and I love science.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.38,0:11:07.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, as an engineer,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.83,0:11:09.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a biomedical engineer
Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.36,0:11:11.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and also as a human being,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.48,0:11:13.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm not going to be satisfied until we've
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.14,0:11:15.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rolled this thing out and taken it out of the lab
Dialogue: 0,0:11:15.47,0:11:17.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and got it to people in large numbers
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.93,0:11:20.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and particularly the people who need it the most.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:21.51,0:11:24.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we've commenced this particular journey
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.24,0:11:26.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we've commenced it in an unusual way
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.98,0:11:29.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've started with Papua New Guinea.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.97,0:11:32.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now Papua New Guinea
Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.12,0:11:35.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is an example of a developing world country
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.50,0:11:38.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and its about the same size as France
Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.96,0:11:41.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it suffers from many of the key barriers
Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.75,0:11:45.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,existing within the world of todays vaccines.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.86,0:11:47.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's logistics:
Dialogue: 0,0:11:47.44,0:11:50.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Within this country there are only 800 refrigerators
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.67,0:11:51.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to keep vaccines chilled.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:51.88,0:11:54.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many of them are old like this one in Port Moresby.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.36,0:11:55.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many of them are breaking down
Dialogue: 0,0:11:55.74,0:11:57.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and many of them are not in the Highlands
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.45,0:11:59.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where they are required.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.17,0:12:00.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's a challenge.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:00.41,0:12:01.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But also, Papua New Guinea
Dialogue: 0,0:12:01.88,0:12:05.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has the worlds highest incidence of HPV,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:05.48,0:12:10.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Human Papilloma Virus, the cervical cancer vaccine.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:10.69,0:12:12.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yet, that vacccine is not available in large numbers
Dialogue: 0,0:12:12.59,0:12:14.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it's too expensive.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:14.18,0:12:15.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So for those two reasons
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.62,0:12:17.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the attributes of the Nanopatch
Dialogue: 0,0:12:17.21,0:12:18.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we've got into field
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.68,0:12:19.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and worked with the Nanopatch
Dialogue: 0,0:12:19.70,0:12:21.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and taken it to Papua New Guinea
Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.61,0:12:26.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we'll be following that up shortly.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:26.14,0:12:29.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now doing this kind of work is not easy.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.55,0:12:30.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's challenging,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:30.92,0:12:32.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but there's nothing else in the world
Dialogue: 0,0:12:32.57,0:12:34.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'd rather be doing.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:34.36,0:12:36.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as we look ahead
Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.32,0:12:39.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'd like to share with you a thought —
Dialogue: 0,0:12:39.83,0:12:44.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's the thought of a future where
Dialogue: 0,0:12:44.07,0:12:46.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the 17 million deaths per year
Dialogue: 0,0:12:46.34,0:12:48.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we currently have
Dialogue: 0,0:12:48.71,0:12:51.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,due to infectious disease is a historical footnote.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:51.38,0:12:53.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's a historical footnote that has been achieved
Dialogue: 0,0:12:53.37,0:12:56.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by radically improved vaccines.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:56.72,0:12:58.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now standing here today in front of you
Dialogue: 0,0:12:58.90,0:13:00.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the birthplace of the needle and syringe
Dialogue: 0,0:13:00.70,0:13:03.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a device that's 160 years old
Dialogue: 0,0:13:03.19,0:13:05.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm presenting to you an alternative approach
Dialogue: 0,0:13:05.82,0:13:08.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that could really help make that happen
Dialogue: 0,0:13:08.73,0:13:09.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's the Nanopatch
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.87,0:13:11.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with it's attributes of being needle-free, pain-free
Dialogue: 0,0:13:11.86,0:13:14.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the ability for removing the cold chain
Dialogue: 0,0:13:14.27,0:13:16.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and improving the immunogenicity.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:16.14,0:13:17.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:17.71,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)