[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.36,0:00:01.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a pleasure to be here
Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.78,0:00:03.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in Edinburgh, Scotland,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.73,0:00:06.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the birthplace of the needle and syringe.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.89,0:00:09.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Less than a mile from here in this direction,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.73,0:00:11.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in 1853 a Scotsman
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.71,0:00:14.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,filed his very first patent on the needle and syringe.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.13,0:00:16.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,His name was Alexander Wood,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.24,0:00:19.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it was at the Royal College of Physicians.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.99,0:00:22.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the patent.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.46,0:00:25.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What blows my mind when I look at it even today
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.18,0:00:27.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that it looks almost identical
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.35,0:00:29.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the needle in use today.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.11,0:00:32.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yet, it's 160 years old.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.67,0:00:35.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we turn to the field of vaccines.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.16,0:00:37.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most vaccines are delivered with
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.39,0:00:41.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the needle and syringe, \Nthis 160-year-old technology.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.53,0:00:43.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And credit where it's due -- on many levels,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.44,0:00:47.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,vaccines are a successful technology.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.10,0:00:50.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After clean water and sanitation,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.98,0:00:55.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,vaccines are the one technology that has increased
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.26,0:00:57.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our life span the most.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.79,0:01:00.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's a pretty hard act to beat.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.26,0:01:02.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But just like any other technology,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.06,0:01:03.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,vaccines have their shortcomings,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.90,0:01:06.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the needle and syringe
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.54,0:01:08.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a key part within that narrative --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.74,0:01:11.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this old technology.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.67,0:01:13.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let's start with the obvious:
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.97,0:01:17.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many of us don't like the needle and syringe.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.45,0:01:19.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I share that view.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.36,0:01:22.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, 20 percent of the population
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.56,0:01:24.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have a thing called needle phobia.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.83,0:01:26.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's more than disliking the needle;
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.59,0:01:29.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is actively avoiding being vaccinated
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.06,0:01:30.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because of needle phobia.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.93,0:01:34.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's problematic in terms \Nof the rollout of vaccines.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.93,0:01:37.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, related to this is another key issue,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.08,0:01:39.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is needlestick injuries.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.41,0:01:41.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the WHO has figures
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.38,0:01:45.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that suggest about 1.3 million deaths per year
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.22,0:01:47.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,take place due to cross-contamination
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.61,0:01:48.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with needlestick injuries.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.90,0:01:51.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are early deaths that take place.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.58,0:01:54.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, these are two things that \Nyou probably may have heard of,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.56,0:01:56.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but there are two other shortcomings
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.44,0:01:58.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the needle and syringe you \Nmay not have heard about.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.92,0:02:00.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One is it could be holding back
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.90,0:02:02.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the next generation of vaccines
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.38,0:02:04.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in terms of their immune responses.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.67,0:02:07.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the second is that it could be responsible
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.60,0:02:12.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the problem of the cold chain\Nthat I'll tell you about as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.21,0:02:13.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm going to tell you about some work
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.79,0:02:15.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that my team and I are doing in Australia
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.86,0:02:17.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the University of Queensland
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.60,0:02:21.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on a technology designed to \Ntackle those four problems.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.100,0:02:26.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that technology is called the Nanopatch.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.34,0:02:32.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, this is a specimen of the Nanopatch.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.82,0:02:34.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To the naked eye
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.47,0:02:36.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it just looks like a square
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.65,0:02:39.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,smaller than a postage stamp,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.55,0:02:42.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but under a microscope
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.22,0:02:44.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what you see are thousands of tiny projections
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.53,0:02:46.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are invisible to the human eye.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.75,0:02:48.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there's about 4,000 projections
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.51,0:02:51.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on this particular square compared to the needle.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.91,0:02:54.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I've designed those projections
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.55,0:02:58.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to serve a key role, which is to \Nwork with the skin's immune system.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.60,0:03:00.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that's a very important function
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.100,0:03:02.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tied in with the Nanopatch.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.45,0:03:04.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now we make the Nanopatch
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.70,0:03:07.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a technique
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.24,0:03:09.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,called deep reactive ion etching.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.62,0:03:11.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this particular technique \Nis one that's been borrowed
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.66,0:03:13.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the semiconductor industry,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.29,0:03:15.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and therefore is low cost
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.12,0:03:17.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and can be rolled out in large numbers.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.32,0:03:22.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now we dry-coat vaccines to \Nthe projections of the Nanopatch
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.38,0:03:24.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and apply it to the skin.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.20,0:03:28.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, the simplest form of application
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.76,0:03:30.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is using our finger,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.78,0:03:33.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but our finger has some limitations,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.40,0:03:35.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so we've devised an applicator.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.48,0:03:36.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's a very simple device --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.97,0:03:39.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you could call it a sophisticated finger.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.09,0:03:42.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a spring-operated device.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.13,0:03:45.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we do is when we apply \Nthe Nanopatch to the skin as so --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.95,0:03:47.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Click) --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.82,0:03:50.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,immediately a few things happen.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.74,0:03:54.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So firstly, the projections on the Nanopatch
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.78,0:03:56.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,breach through the tough outer layer
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.46,0:03:58.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the vaccine is very quickly released --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.51,0:04:00.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,within less than a minute, in fact.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.85,0:04:03.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then we can take the Nanopatch off
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.42,0:04:05.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and discard it.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.36,0:04:11.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And indeed we can make \Na reuse of the applicator itself.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.24,0:04:13.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that gives you an idea of the Nanopatch,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.98,0:04:16.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and immediately you can see some key advantages.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.56,0:04:18.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've talked about it being needle-free --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.50,0:04:20.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these are projections that you can't even see --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.73,0:04:22.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and, of course, we get around
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.44,0:04:25.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the needle phobia issue as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.51,0:04:27.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, if we take a step back and think about
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.44,0:04:30.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these other two really important advantages:
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.84,0:04:34.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One is improved immune \Nresponses through delivery,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.88,0:04:38.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the second is getting rid of the cold chain.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.47,0:04:40.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let's start with the first one, \Nthis immunogenicity idea.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.84,0:04:42.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It takes a little while to get our heads around,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.85,0:04:46.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I'll try to explain it in simple terms.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.58,0:04:48.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I'll take a step back and explain to you
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.43,0:04:51.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how vaccines work in a simple way.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.84,0:04:54.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So vaccines work by introducing into our body
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.42,0:04:56.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a thing called an antigen
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.52,0:04:59.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is a safe form of a germ.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.70,0:05:01.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now that safe germ, that antigen,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.72,0:05:05.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tricks our body into mounting an immune response,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.22,0:05:09.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,learning and remembering \Nhow to deal with intruders.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.29,0:05:11.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When the real intruder comes along
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.66,0:05:13.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the body quickly mounts an immune response
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.42,0:05:15.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to deal with that vaccine
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.05,0:05:16.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and neutralizes the infection.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.95,0:05:18.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it does that well.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.64,0:05:20.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, the way it's done today \Nwith the needle and syringe,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.98,0:05:23.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most vaccines are delivered that way --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.43,0:05:25.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with this old technology and the needle.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.12,0:05:30.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it could be argued that the needle \Nis holding back our immune responses;
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.26,0:05:33.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's missing our immune sweet spot in the skin.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.71,0:05:36.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To describe this idea,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.70,0:05:39.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we need to take a journey through the skin,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.19,0:05:41.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,starting with one of those projections
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.82,0:05:44.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and applying the Nanopatch to the skin.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.26,0:05:46.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we see this kind of data.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.66,0:05:48.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, this is real data --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.47,0:05:50.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that thing that we can see there is one projection
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.82,0:05:53.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the Nanopatch that's been applied to the skin
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.27,0:05:55.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and those colors are different layers.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.20,0:05:56.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, to give you an idea of scale,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.48,0:05:58.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if the needle was shown here, it would be too big.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.42,0:05:59.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It would be 10 times bigger
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.94,0:06:02.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than the size of that screen,\Ngoing 10 times deeper as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.87,0:06:05.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's off the grid entirely.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.08,0:06:08.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can see immediately that we \Nhave those projections in the skin.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.28,0:06:11.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That red layer is a tough outer layer of dead skin,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.33,0:06:13.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the brown layer and the magenta layer
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.84,0:06:17.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are jammed full of immune cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.02,0:06:18.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As one example, in the brown layer
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.88,0:06:21.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's a certain type of cell \Ncalled a Langerhans cell --
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.23,0:06:23.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,every square millimeter of our body
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.44,0:06:26.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is jammed full of those Langerhans cells,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.46,0:06:28.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,those immune cells, and \Nthere's others shown as well
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.57,0:06:30.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we haven't stained in this image.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.36,0:06:32.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But you can immediately see that the Nanopatch
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.54,0:06:34.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,achieves that penetration indeed.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.28,0:06:37.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We target thousands upon thousands \Nof these particular cells
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.71,0:06:40.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just residing within a hair's width
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.05,0:06:43.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the surface of the skin.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.33,0:06:47.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, as the guy that's invented\Nthis thing and designed it to do that,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.09,0:06:50.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I found that exciting. But so what?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.53,0:06:52.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what if you've targeted cells?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.48,0:06:55.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the world of vaccines, what does that mean?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.28,0:06:57.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The world of vaccines is getting better.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.70,0:06:59.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's getting more systematic.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.43,0:07:01.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, you still don't really know
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.65,0:07:03.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if a vaccine is going to work
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.39,0:07:04.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until you roll your sleeves up
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.73,0:07:06.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and vaccinate and wait.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.95,0:07:09.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a gambler's game even today.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.65,0:07:12.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, we had to do that gamble.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.16,0:07:14.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We obtained an influenza vaccine,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.64,0:07:16.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we applied it to our Nanopatches
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.26,0:07:18.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we applied the Nanopatches to the skin,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.73,0:07:20.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we waited --
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.46,0:07:22.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this is in the live animal.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.29,0:07:24.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We waited a month,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.14,0:07:25.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this is what we found out.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.95,0:07:28.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a data slide showing the immune responses
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.28,0:07:30.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we've generated with a Nanopatch
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.60,0:07:34.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,compared to the needle and syringe into muscle.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.38,0:07:37.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So on the horizontal axis we have \Nthe dose shown in nanograms.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.97,0:07:40.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On the vertical axis we have \Nthe immune response generated,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.67,0:07:46.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that dashed line indicates \Nthe protection threshold.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.19,0:07:48.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we're above that line it's considered protective;
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.64,0:07:51.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if we're below that line it's not.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.57,0:07:54.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the red line is mostly below that curve
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.14,0:07:57.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and indeed there's only one point that \Nis achieved with the needle that's protective,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.66,0:08:00.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's with a high dose of 6,000 nanograms.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.87,0:08:03.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But notice immediately the distinctly different curve
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.40,0:08:06.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we achieve with the blue line.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.47,0:08:08.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's what's achieved with the Nanopatch;
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.37,0:08:10.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the delivered dose of the Nanopatch is
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.10,0:08:13.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a completely different immunogenicity curve.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.46,0:08:15.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's a real fresh opportunity.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.30,0:08:17.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Suddenly we have a brand new lever
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.68,0:08:19.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the world of vaccines.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.20,0:08:20.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can push it one way,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.71,0:08:23.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where we can take a vaccine \Nthat works but is too expensive
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.30,0:08:24.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and can get protection
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.96,0:08:27.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a hundredth of the dose \Ncompared to the needle.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.79,0:08:31.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That can take a vaccine that's suddenly \N10 dollars down to 10 cents,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.84,0:08:35.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's particularly important \Nwithin the developing world.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.02,0:08:36.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there's another angle to this as well --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.89,0:08:39.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can take vaccines that currently don't work
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.94,0:08:41.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and get them over that line
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.13,0:08:43.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and get them protective.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.09,0:08:45.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And certainly in the world of vaccines
Dialogue: 0,0:08:45.32,0:08:46.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that can be important.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.54,0:08:48.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's consider the big three:
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.04,0:08:50.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,HIV, malaria, tuberculosis.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.74,0:08:53.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're responsible for about \N7 million deaths per year,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.33,0:08:56.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there is no adequate vaccination \Nmethod for any of those.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.53,0:08:59.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So potentially, with this new lever \Nthat we have with the Nanopatch,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.07,0:09:00.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can help make that happen.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.90,0:09:05.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can push that lever to help get those \Ncandidate vaccines over the line.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.77,0:09:07.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, of course, we've worked within my lab
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.59,0:09:09.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with many other vaccines that have attained
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.38,0:09:12.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,similar responses and similar curves to this,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.20,0:09:15.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what we've achieved with influenza.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.96,0:09:18.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'd like to now switch to talk about
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.12,0:09:21.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,another key shortcoming of today's vaccines,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.45,0:09:24.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that is the need to maintain the cold chain.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.87,0:09:27.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As the name suggests -- the cold chain --
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.55,0:09:30.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's the requirements of keeping \Na vaccine right from production
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.49,0:09:33.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all the way through to when the vaccine is applied,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.16,0:09:36.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to keep it refrigerated.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.26,0:09:39.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, that presents some logistical challenges
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.51,0:09:42.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we have ways to do it.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.50,0:09:47.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a slightly extreme case in point
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.03,0:09:49.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it helps illustrate the logistical challenges,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.52,0:09:51.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in particular in resource-poor settings,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.91,0:09:55.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of what's required to get vaccines
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.19,0:09:56.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,refrigerated and maintain the cold chain.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.91,0:10:00.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If the vaccine is too warm the vaccine breaks down,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.72,0:10:02.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but interestingly it can be too cold
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.93,0:10:05.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the vaccine can break down as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.49,0:10:08.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, the stakes are very high.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.87,0:10:11.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The WHO estimates that within Africa,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.41,0:10:14.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,up to half the vaccines used there
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.06,0:10:15.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are considered to not be working properly
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.91,0:10:18.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because at some point the \Ncold chain has fallen over.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.90,0:10:21.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it's a big problem, and it's tied \Nin with the needle and syringe
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.47,0:10:26.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it's a liquid form vaccine, and \Nwhen it's liquid it needs the refrigeration.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.70,0:10:29.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A key attribute of our Nanopatch
Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.21,0:10:31.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that the vaccine is dry,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.19,0:10:33.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when it's dry it doesn't need refrigeration.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.98,0:10:36.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Within my lab we've shown that we can keep
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.39,0:10:39.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the vaccine stored at 23 degrees Celsius
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.07,0:10:42.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for more than a year without \Nany loss in activity at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:42.78,0:10:45.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's an important improvement.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.17,0:10:51.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.77,0:10:54.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're delighted about it as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.23,0:10:58.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the thing about it is that\Nwe have well and truly proven
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.53,0:11:01.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Nanopatch within the laboratory setting.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:01.19,0:11:05.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as a scientist, I love that and I love science.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.16,0:11:07.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, as an engineer,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.67,0:11:09.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a biomedical engineer
Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.39,0:11:11.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and also as a human being,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.59,0:11:12.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm not going to be satisfied
Dialogue: 0,0:11:12.82,0:11:15.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until we've rolled this thing \Nout, taken it out of the lab
Dialogue: 0,0:11:15.51,0:11:17.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and got it to people in large numbers
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.94,0:11:21.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and particularly the people that need it the most.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:21.48,0:11:24.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we've commenced this particular journey,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.18,0:11:26.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we've commenced this \Njourney in an unusual way.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.84,0:11:29.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've started with Papua New Guinea.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.83,0:11:35.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, Papua New Guinea is an example \Nof a developing world country.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.64,0:11:38.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's about the same size as France,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.77,0:11:41.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it suffers from many of the key barriers
Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.61,0:11:45.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,existing within the world of today's vaccines.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.68,0:11:47.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's the logistics:
Dialogue: 0,0:11:47.29,0:11:51.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Within this country there are only 800 \Nrefrigerators to keep vaccines chilled.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:51.65,0:11:55.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many of them are old, like this one in Port Moresby,\Nmany of them are breaking down
Dialogue: 0,0:11:55.94,0:11:58.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and many are not in the Highlands \Nwhere they are required.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:58.86,0:12:00.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's a challenge.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:00.32,0:12:05.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But also, Papua New Guinea has the \Nworld's highest incidence of HPV,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:05.50,0:12:09.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,human papillomavirus, the \Ncervical cancer [risk factor].
Dialogue: 0,0:12:09.73,0:12:12.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yet, that vaccine is not available in large numbers
Dialogue: 0,0:12:12.43,0:12:14.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it's too expensive.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:14.35,0:12:17.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So for those two reasons, with \Nthe attributes of the Nanopatch,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:17.09,0:12:19.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we've got into the field and \Nworked with the Nanopatch,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:19.71,0:12:22.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and taken it to Papua New Guinea
Dialogue: 0,0:12:22.16,0:12:26.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we'll be following that up shortly.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:26.14,0:12:29.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, doing this kind of work is not easy.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.62,0:12:30.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's challenging,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:30.97,0:12:34.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but there's nothing else in \Nthe world I'd rather be doing.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:34.30,0:12:36.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as we look ahead
Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.32,0:12:40.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'd like to share with you a thought:
Dialogue: 0,0:12:40.06,0:12:44.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's the thought of a future where
Dialogue: 0,0:12:44.07,0:12:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the 17 million deaths per year
Dialogue: 0,0:12:46.00,0:12:48.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we currently have due to infectious disease
Dialogue: 0,0:12:48.35,0:12:50.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a historical footnote.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.98,0:12:53.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's a historical footnote that has been achieved
Dialogue: 0,0:12:53.08,0:12:56.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by improved, radically improved vaccines.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:56.54,0:12:58.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now standing here today in front of you
Dialogue: 0,0:12:58.83,0:13:00.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the birthplace of the needle and syringe,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:00.50,0:13:03.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a device that's 160 years old,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:03.30,0:13:05.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm presenting to you an alternative approach
Dialogue: 0,0:13:05.63,0:13:07.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that could really help make that happen --
Dialogue: 0,0:13:07.88,0:13:11.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's the Nanopatch with its attributes \Nof being needle-free, pain-free,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:11.86,0:13:16.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the ability for removing the cold chain\Nand improving the immunogenicity.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:16.30,0:13:18.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:18.25,0:13:21.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)