[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.55,0:00:07.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Without a doubt,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.42,0:00:10.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the most exciting scientific observation of 2012
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.17,0:00:12.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was the discovery of a new particle
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.09,0:00:13.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the CERN laboratory
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.15,0:00:15.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that could be the Higgs boson,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.21,0:00:18.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a particle named after physicist Peter Higgs.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.62,0:00:19.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Higgs Field is thought to give mass
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.88,0:00:21.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to fundamental, subatomic particles
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.59,0:00:22.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like the quarks
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.47,0:00:23.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and leptons
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.05,0:00:24.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that make up ordinary matter.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.96,0:00:27.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Higgs bosons are wiggles in the field,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.55,0:00:28.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like the bump you see
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.44,0:00:29.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when you twitch a rope.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.94,0:00:32.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But how does this field give mass to particles?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.66,0:00:34.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If this sounds confusing to you,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.44,0:00:35.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're not alone.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.68,0:00:38.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 1993, the British Science Minister
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.39,0:00:40.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,challenged physicists to invent a simple way
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.72,0:00:42.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to understand all this Higgs stuff.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.73,0:00:45.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The prize was a bottle of quality champagne.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.19,0:00:47.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The winning explanation went something like this:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.81,0:00:49.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Suppose there's a large cocktail party
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.70,0:00:50.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the CERN laboratory
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.73,0:00:53.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,filled with particle physics researchers.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.32,0:00:56.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This crowd of physicists represents the Higgs field.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.42,0:00:58.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If a tax collector entered the party,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.66,0:01:00.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nobody would want to talk to them,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.01,0:01:01.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they could very easily cross the room
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.97,0:01:03.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to get to the bar.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.26,0:01:05.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The tax collector wouldn't interact with the crowd
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.50,0:01:06.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in much the same way
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.81,0:01:09.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that some particles don't interact with the Higgs field.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.64,0:01:11.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The particles that don't interact,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.21,0:01:12.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like photons for example,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.90,0:01:14.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are called massless.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.44,0:01:17.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, suppose that Peter Higgs entered the same room,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.19,0:01:19.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,perhaps in search of a pint.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.03,0:01:20.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this case, the physicists
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.09,0:01:22.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will immediately crowd around Higgs
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.02,0:01:23.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to discuss with him
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.16,0:01:24.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their efforts to measure the properties
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.86,0:01:26.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of his namesake boson.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.57,0:01:28.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because he interacts strongly with the crowd,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.76,0:01:30.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Higgs will move slowly across the room.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.93,0:01:32.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Continuing our analogy,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.19,0:01:33.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Higgs has become a massive particle
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.93,0:01:36.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through his interactions with the field.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.04,0:01:37.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, if that's the Higgs field,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.95,0:01:40.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how does the Higgs boson fit into all of this?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.32,0:01:42.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's pretend our crowd of party goers
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.18,0:01:44.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is uniformly spread across the room.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.55,0:01:46.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now suppose someone pops their head in the door
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.96,0:01:48.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to report a rumor of a discovery
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.34,0:01:50.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at some distant, rival laboratory.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.68,0:01:52.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People near the door will hear the rumor,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.67,0:01:54.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but people far away won't,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.26,0:01:56.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so they'll move closer to the door to ask.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.14,0:01:58.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This will create a clump in the crowd.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.30,0:01:59.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As people have heard the rumor,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.85,0:02:01.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they will return to their original positions
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.26,0:02:03.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to discuss its implications,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.12,0:02:06.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but people further away will then ask what's going on.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.18,0:02:08.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The result will be a clump in the crowd
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.07,0:02:09.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that moves across the room.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.76,0:02:12.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This clump is analogous to the Higgs boson.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.53,0:02:13.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is important to remember
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.76,0:02:15.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it is not that massive particles
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.62,0:02:17.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,interact more with the Higgs field.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.37,0:02:18.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In our analogy of the party,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.91,0:02:21.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all particles are equal until they enter the room.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.68,0:02:24.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Both Peter Higgs and the tax collector have zero mass.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.62,0:02:26.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is the interaction with the crowd
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.51,0:02:28.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that causes them to gain mass.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.59,0:02:29.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll say that again.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.99,0:02:33.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mass comes from interactions with a field.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.04,0:02:34.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, let's recap.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.49,0:02:36.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A particle gets more or less mass
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.30,0:02:38.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,depending on how it interacts with a field,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.13,0:02:40.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just like different people will move through the crowd
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.26,0:02:43.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at different speeds depending on their popularity.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.94,0:02:45.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the Higgs boson is just a clump in the field,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.03,0:02:47.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like a rumor crossing the room.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.10,0:02:48.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of course, this analogy is just that --
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.94,0:02:50.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an analogy,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.16,0:02:51.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it's the best analogy
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.32,0:02:53.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,anyone has come up with so far.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.12,0:02:54.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, that's it.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.31,0:02:55.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's what the Higgs Field
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.17,0:02:57.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the Higgs boson is all about.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.28,0:02:59.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Continuing research will tell us if we found it,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.42,0:03:01.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the reward will probably be more
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.18,0:03:03.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than just a bottle of champagne.