[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.61,0:00:08.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Acids and bases are everywhere.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.64,0:00:10.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're used to make foods,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.22,0:00:11.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,soaps and detergents,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.54,0:00:12.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fertilizers,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.32,0:00:13.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,explosives,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.48,0:00:14.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dyes,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.20,0:00:14.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,plastics,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.65,0:00:15.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pesticides,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.31,0:00:16.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even paper.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.54,0:00:18.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our stomachs are very acidic.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.21,0:00:20.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our blood is slightly basic.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.04,0:00:22.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our proteins are made up of amino acids,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.91,0:00:24.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the letters in our genetic code,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.62,0:00:26.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,those As, Ts, Cs, and Gs,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.83,0:00:28.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are all bases.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.65,0:00:29.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You were probably taught
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.51,0:00:30.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how acids and bases behave
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.86,0:00:32.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the molecular level.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.45,0:00:34.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You were probably never taught
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.13,0:00:35.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that a long time ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.25,0:00:37.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like ancient Greek ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.30,0:00:39.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before anyone knew about atoms or molecules,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.67,0:00:41.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,acids and bases were defined
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.21,0:00:43.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by how they behaved.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.01,0:00:46.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Acids tasted sour and corroded metal.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.46,0:00:48.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bases felt slippery
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.12,0:00:50.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and could somehow counteract acids.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.40,0:00:54.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When molecules dissolved in water interact,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.60,0:00:56.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they are exchanging two main currencies
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.54,0:00:58.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with their surroundings:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.20,0:01:01.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,protons, also known as hydrogen ions,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.04,0:01:02.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and electrons.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.45,0:01:05.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Depending on how a molecule is composed or shaped,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.34,0:01:07.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it may be willing to donate or accept
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.54,0:01:09.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,either protons or electrons
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.12,0:01:11.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with some other community member.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.33,0:01:14.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And some molecules are far more aggressive than others
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.43,0:01:17.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when it comes to donating or accepting either currency.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.87,0:01:19.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Remember that protons are positively charged
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.96,0:01:22.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and electrons are negatively charged.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.28,0:01:24.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, if a molecule is willing to give up a proton,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.98,0:01:26.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's not too different
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.23,0:01:28.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from it being willing to accept an electron --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.74,0:01:31.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,either way it's becoming more negatively charged.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.98,0:01:34.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Other molecules are willing to accept a proton
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.49,0:01:36.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or give up an electron.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.33,0:01:38.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are becoming more positively charged.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.65,0:01:41.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some substances are so aggressive
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.04,0:01:42.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about donating their protons
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.57,0:01:43.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that when they get a chance,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.78,0:01:45.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all of the molecules in a sample
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.62,0:01:46.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will dump a proton,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.99,0:01:48.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sometimes more than one,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.29,0:01:50.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the surrounding water molecules.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.28,0:01:53.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We call these strong acids.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.12,0:01:54.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Meanwhile, some compounds are so ready
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.84,0:01:56.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to accept a proton
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.12,0:01:57.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they won't wait around,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.37,0:01:59.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they'll just rip one off water,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.01,0:02:00.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which usually has two protons
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.54,0:02:03.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but is generous enough to hang out with just one.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.14,0:02:05.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We call these strong bases.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.51,0:02:08.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Other acids and bases are not so strong.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.30,0:02:11.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They may donate just a few of their protons to water
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.31,0:02:13.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or accept just a few protons from water,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.64,0:02:16.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but most of their molecules stay exactly the same.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.71,0:02:18.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If left alone in water,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.41,0:02:20.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they'll reach some equilibrium point
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.24,0:02:22.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where maybe only one out of a hundred
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.07,0:02:23.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or one out of ten thousand of their molecules
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.91,0:02:26.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has exchanged currency with water.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.46,0:02:27.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As you might guess,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.58,0:02:30.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we label these acids and bases weak,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.16,0:02:31.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but in the common sense of the word,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.45,0:02:32.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're not weak.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.75,0:02:34.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The vinegar in your salad dressing
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.37,0:02:36.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you can smell from across the room,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.12,0:02:38.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is a weak acid.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.21,0:02:39.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The ammonia you spray on glass
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.43,0:02:40.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for a streak-free shine,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.55,0:02:42.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is a weak base.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.42,0:02:45.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, it doesn't take much to be an active player
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.06,0:02:46.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the chemical economy.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.68,0:02:50.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most acid-base chemistry takes place in water,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.35,0:02:53.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which can act as either an acid or a base,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.07,0:02:54.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,accepting deposits and enabling withdrawals
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.100,0:02:57.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like a 24-hour molecular ATM.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.82,0:03:00.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when a proton-deposit customer,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.08,0:03:01.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's an acid,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.16,0:03:03.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a proton-withdrawal customer,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.53,0:03:04.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the base,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.34,0:03:05.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,shop at the same time,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.72,0:03:07.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their net effect on water's account
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.50,0:03:09.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,may cancel out,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.09,0:03:11.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we call this neutralization.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.74,0:03:13.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, certain molecules can behave
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.68,0:03:15.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as acids or bases without water,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.89,0:03:17.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but that's another story.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.47,0:03:19.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's end by saluting water
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.14,0:03:20.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as the resilient and fair banker
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.89,0:03:22.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for acids and bases.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.72,0:03:24.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's always open for business,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.02,0:03:25.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,doesn't charge interest,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.22,0:03:27.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and will never foreclose on your molecules,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.52,0:03:30.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is more than I can say for [bleep].
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.82,0:03:31.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Waah-waah.