[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:02.18,0:00:03.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you very much.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.10,0:00:09.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I moved to America 12 years ago\Nwith my wife Terry and our two kids.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.53,0:00:12.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Actually, truthfully, we moved\Nto Los Angeles --
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.34,0:00:15.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.79,0:00:18.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thinking we were moving\Nto America, but anyway --
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.15,0:00:20.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.83,0:00:25.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a short plane ride\Nfrom Los Angeles to America.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.11,0:00:26.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.30,0:00:29.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I got here 12 years ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.06,0:00:32.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when I got here,\NI was told various things,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.87,0:00:35.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like, "Americans don't get irony."
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.63,0:00:38.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.79,0:00:41.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Have you come across this idea?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.04,0:00:42.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not true.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.22,0:00:44.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've traveled the whole length\Nand breadth of this country.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.01,0:00:47.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have found no evidence\Nthat Americans don't get irony.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.66,0:00:50.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's one of those cultural myths,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.26,0:00:52.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like, "The British are reserved."
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.48,0:00:54.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.39,0:00:56.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't know why people think this.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.46,0:00:58.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've invaded every country\Nwe've encountered.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.97,0:01:01.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.82,0:01:05.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it's not true Americans\Ndon't get irony,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.13,0:01:07.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I just want you to know\Nthat that's what people
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.62,0:01:09.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are saying about you behind your back.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.46,0:01:12.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know, so when you leave\Nliving rooms in Europe,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.42,0:01:15.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people say, thankfully,\Nnobody was ironic in your presence.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.65,0:01:17.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.06,0:01:19.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I knew that Americans get irony
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.62,0:01:23.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when I came across that legislation,\N"No Child Left Behind."
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.37,0:01:25.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.17,0:01:28.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because whoever thought\Nof that title gets irony.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.80,0:01:30.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.56,0:01:32.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Don't they?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.04,0:01:37.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.87,0:01:40.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because it's leaving\Nmillions of children behind.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.41,0:01:44.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now I can see that's not a very attractive\Nname for legislation:
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.75,0:01:46.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Millions of Children Left Behind."
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.50,0:01:48.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can see that.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.26,0:01:49.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What's the plan?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.48,0:01:52.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We propose to leave\Nmillions of children behind,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.27,0:01:54.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and here's how it's going to work.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.04,0:01:55.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's working beautifully.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.44,0:01:56.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.48,0:01:57.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In some parts of the country,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.88,0:02:00.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,60 percent of kids drop out\Nof high school.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.68,0:02:03.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the Native American communities,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.37,0:02:05.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's 80 percent of kids.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.78,0:02:08.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we halved that number,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.37,0:02:14.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one estimate is it would create\Na net gain to the U.S. economy
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.05,0:02:18.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over 10 years,\Nof nearly a trillion dollars.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.28,0:02:20.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From an economic point of view,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.86,0:02:23.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is good math, isn't it,\Nthat we should do this?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.79,0:02:26.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It actually costs an enormous amount
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.14,0:02:29.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to mop up the damage\Nfrom the dropout crisis.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.30,0:02:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the dropout crisis\Nis just the tip of an iceberg.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.03,0:02:36.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What it doesn't count\Nare all the kids who are in school
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.72,0:02:40.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but being disengaged\Nfrom it, who don't enjoy it,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.28,0:02:42.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who don't get any real benefit from it.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.62,0:02:46.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the reason is not\Nthat we're not spending enough money.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.61,0:02:50.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,America spends more money on education\Nthan most other countries.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.10,0:02:53.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Class sizes are smaller\Nthan in many countries.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.68,0:02:55.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there are hundreds\Nof initiatives every year
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.97,0:02:57.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to try and improve education.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.24,0:03:01.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The trouble is, it's all going\Nin the wrong direction.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.76,0:03:07.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are three principles\Non which human life flourishes,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.36,0:03:11.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they are contradicted\Nby the culture of education
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.38,0:03:13.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,under which most teachers have to labor
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.65,0:03:16.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and most students have to endure.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.21,0:03:23.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first is this, that human beings\Nare naturally different and diverse.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.39,0:03:27.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can I ask you, how many of you\Nhave got children of your own?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.89,0:03:30.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay. Or grandchildren.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.90,0:03:34.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How about two children or more? Right.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.64,0:03:37.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the rest of you\Nhave seen such children.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.76,0:03:40.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.52,0:03:42.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Small people wandering about.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.04,0:03:43.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.78,0:03:45.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I will make you a bet,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.64,0:03:47.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I am confident\Nthat I will win the bet.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.71,0:03:49.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you've got two children or more,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.55,0:03:53.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I bet you they are completely\Ndifferent from each other.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.38,0:03:55.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Aren't they?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.82,0:03:57.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.75,0:04:00.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You would never confuse them, would you?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.35,0:04:02.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Like, "Which one are you? Remind me."
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.42,0:04:04.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.25,0:04:07.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Your mother and I need\Nsome color-coding system
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.69,0:04:09.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so we don't get confused."
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.05,0:04:12.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Education under "No Child Left Behind"
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.100,0:04:16.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is based on not diversity but conformity.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.82,0:04:20.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What schools are encouraged\Nto do is to find out
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.38,0:04:24.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what kids can do across\Na very narrow spectrum of achievement.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.74,0:04:27.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the effects\Nof "No Child Left Behind"
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.43,0:04:31.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has been to narrow the focus\Nonto the so-called STEM disciplines.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.20,0:04:32.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're very important.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.84,0:04:35.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm not here to argue\Nagainst science and math.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.10,0:04:38.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On the contrary, they're necessary\Nbut they're not sufficient.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.18,0:04:41.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A real education has to give equal weight
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.38,0:04:45.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the arts, the humanities,\Nto physical education.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.11,0:04:47.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,An awful lot of kids, sorry, thank you --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.56,0:04:52.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.69,0:04:56.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One estimate in America currently\Nis that something like 10 percent of kids,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.58,0:04:58.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,getting on that way,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.09,0:05:02.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are being diagnosed\Nwith various conditions
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.18,0:05:06.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,under the broad title\Nof attention deficit disorder.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.50,0:05:07.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ADHD.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.23,0:05:10.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm not saying there's no such thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.70,0:05:13.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I just don't believe\Nit's an epidemic like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.15,0:05:15.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you sit kids down, hour after hour,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.97,0:05:17.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,doing low-grade clerical work,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.31,0:05:22.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,don't be surprised if they start\Nto fidget, you know?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.44,0:05:23.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.89,0:05:30.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.09,0:05:34.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Children are not, for the most part,\Nsuffering from a psychological condition.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.25,0:05:36.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're suffering from childhood.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.26,0:05:40.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.38,0:05:43.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I know this because\NI spent my early life as a child.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.31,0:05:45.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I went through the whole thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.70,0:05:51.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Kids prosper best with a broad curriculum\Nthat celebrates their various talents,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.72,0:05:53.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not just a small range of them.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.36,0:05:55.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And by the way, the arts\Naren't just important
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.58,0:05:57.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they improve math scores.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.22,0:06:00.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're important because they speak\Nto parts of children's being
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.36,0:06:01.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which are otherwise untouched.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.31,0:06:04.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The second, thank you --
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.14,0:06:08.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.56,0:06:12.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The second principle\Nthat drives human life flourishing
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.72,0:06:14.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is curiosity.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.51,0:06:17.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you can light the spark\Nof curiosity in a child,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.90,0:06:21.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they will learn without any further\Nassistance, very often.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.56,0:06:23.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Children are natural learners.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.55,0:06:27.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a real achievement\Nto put that particular ability out,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.86,0:06:29.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or to stifle it.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.16,0:06:33.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Curiosity is the engine of achievement.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.39,0:06:35.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now the reason I say this
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.77,0:06:39.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is because one of the effects\Nof the current culture here,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.97,0:06:41.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if I can say so,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.19,0:06:44.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has been to de-professionalize teachers.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.88,0:06:50.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is no system in the world\Nor any school in the country
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.21,0:06:52.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is better than its teachers.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.03,0:06:57.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Teachers are the lifeblood\Nof the success of schools.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.72,0:07:00.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But teaching is a creative profession.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.81,0:07:03.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Teaching, properly conceived,\Nis not a delivery system.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.17,0:07:07.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know, you're not there just\Nto pass on received information.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.25,0:07:09.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Great teachers do that,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.50,0:07:12.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but what great teachers also do is mentor,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.57,0:07:15.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,stimulate, provoke, engage.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.94,0:07:18.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You see, in the end,\Neducation is about learning.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.88,0:07:21.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If there's no learning going on,\Nthere's no education going on.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.100,0:07:23.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And people can spend an awful lot of time
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.99,0:07:26.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,discussing education\Nwithout ever discussing learning.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.59,0:07:29.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The whole point of education\Nis to get people to learn.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.19,0:07:32.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,An old friend of mine --\Nactually very old, he's dead.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.98,0:07:35.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.67,0:07:38.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's as old as it gets, I'm afraid.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.17,0:07:40.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.96,0:07:46.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But a wonderful guy he was,\Nwonderful philosopher.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.74,0:07:49.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He used to talk about the difference
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.04,0:07:52.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between the task\Nand achievement senses of verbs.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.82,0:07:56.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can be engaged\Nin the activity of something,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.16,0:07:58.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but not really be\Nachieving it, like dieting.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.09,0:08:00.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.11,0:08:01.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a very good example.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.86,0:08:03.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There he is. He's dieting.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.24,0:08:05.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is he losing any weight? Not really.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.13,0:08:06.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.74,0:08:08.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Teaching is a word like that.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.24,0:08:11.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can say, "There's Deborah,\Nshe's in room 34, she's teaching."
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.90,0:08:13.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if nobody's learning anything,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.78,0:08:17.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she may be engaged in the task of teaching\Nbut not actually fulfilling it.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.42,0:08:21.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The role of a teacher\Nis to facilitate learning.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.41,0:08:22.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's it.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.68,0:08:24.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And part of the problem is, I think,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.58,0:08:28.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the dominant culture\Nof education has come to focus
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.04,0:08:31.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on not teaching and learning, but testing.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.88,0:08:33.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, testing is important.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.48,0:08:35.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Standardized tests have a place.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.80,0:08:38.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But they should not be\Nthe dominant culture of education.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.72,0:08:40.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They should be diagnostic.\NThey should help.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.84,0:08:47.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.25,0:08:52.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If I go for a medical examination,\NI want some standardized tests.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.16,0:08:54.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I do.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.39,0:08:56.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want to know\Nwhat my cholesterol level is
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.50,0:08:58.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,compared to everybody else's\Non a standard scale.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.88,0:09:02.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't want to be told on some scale\Nmy doctor invented in the car.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.14,0:09:03.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.25,0:09:06.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Your cholesterol\Nis what I call Level Orange."
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.49,0:09:07.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Really?"
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.70,0:09:09.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.50,0:09:11.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Is that good?" "We don't know."
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.17,0:09:12.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.75,0:09:15.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But all that should support learning.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.34,0:09:18.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It shouldn't obstruct it,\Nwhich of course it often does.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.28,0:09:23.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in place of curiosity,\Nwhat we have is a culture of compliance.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.98,0:09:29.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our children and teachers are encouraged\Nto follow routine algorithms
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.50,0:09:34.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rather than to excite that power\Nof imagination and curiosity.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.06,0:09:37.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the third principle is this:\Nthat human life is inherently creative.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.06,0:09:40.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's why we all have different résumés.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.45,0:09:42.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We create our lives,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.09,0:09:44.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we can recreate them\Nas we go through them.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.70,0:09:47.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's the common currency\Nof being a human being.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.30,0:09:51.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's why human culture\Nis so interesting and diverse and dynamic.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.47,0:09:55.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, other animals may well have\Nimaginations and creativity,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.33,0:09:58.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it's not so much\Nin evidence, is it, as ours?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:58.06,0:09:59.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, you may have a dog.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.78,0:10:03.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And your dog may get depressed.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.64,0:10:06.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know, but it doesn't listen\Nto Radiohead, does it?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.24,0:10:09.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.02,0:10:12.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And sit staring out the window\Nwith a bottle of Jack Daniels.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.95,0:10:17.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.14,0:10:18.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Would you like to come for a walk?"
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.97,0:10:20.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"No, I'm fine."
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.20,0:10:21.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.95,0:10:25.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"You go. I'll wait. But take pictures."
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.80,0:10:27.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.66,0:10:30.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We all create our own lives\Nthrough this restless process
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.43,0:10:32.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of imagining alternatives\Nand possibilities,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.55,0:10:34.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and one of the roles of education
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.02,0:10:38.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to awaken and develop\Nthese powers of creativity.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.72,0:10:41.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead, what we have\Nis a culture of standardization.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:42.42,0:10:44.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, it doesn't have to be that way.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.66,0:10:46.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It really doesn't.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.64,0:10:51.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Finland regularly comes out on top\Nin math, science and reading.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.34,0:10:53.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, we only know\Nthat's what they do well at,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.64,0:10:55.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because that's all that's being tested.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.79,0:10:57.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's one of the problems of the test.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.67,0:11:00.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They don't look for other things\Nthat matter just as much.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.75,0:11:04.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The thing about work in Finland is this:
Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.10,0:11:06.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they don't obsess about those disciplines.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.47,0:11:08.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They have a very broad\Napproach to education,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.59,0:11:11.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which includes humanities,\Nphysical education, the arts.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.06,0:11:17.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Second, there is no standardized\Ntesting in Finland.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.51,0:11:20.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, there's a bit,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.15,0:11:22.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it's not what gets\Npeople up in the morning,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.46,0:11:24.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what keeps them at their desks.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.34,0:11:26.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The third thing --\Nand I was at a meeting recently
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.72,0:11:29.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with some people from Finland,\Nactual Finnish people,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.29,0:11:34.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and somebody from the American system\Nwas saying to the people in Finland,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.18,0:11:37.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"What do you do\Nabout the drop-out rate in Finland?"
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.78,0:11:40.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they all looked a bit\Nbemused, and said,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:40.21,0:11:41.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Well, we don't have one.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.52,0:11:43.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why would you drop out?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:44.59,0:11:47.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If people are in trouble,\Nwe get to them quite quickly
Dialogue: 0,0:11:47.16,0:11:48.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we help and support them."
Dialogue: 0,0:11:48.66,0:11:50.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now people always say,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.25,0:11:53.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Well, you know, you can't compare\NFinland to America."
Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.46,0:11:56.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No. I think there's a population\Nof around five million in Finland.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.23,0:12:00.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But you can compare it\Nto a state in America.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:00.82,0:12:04.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many states in America\Nhave fewer people in them than that.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:04.72,0:12:06.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, I've been\Nto some states in America
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.79,0:12:08.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I was the only person there.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:08.37,0:12:10.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:12:10.20,0:12:12.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Really. Really.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:12.82,0:12:14.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was asked to lock up when I left.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:14.80,0:12:18.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.90,0:12:22.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what all the high-performing\Nsystems in the world do
Dialogue: 0,0:12:22.83,0:12:26.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is currently what is not evident, sadly,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:26.72,0:12:28.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,across the systems in America --
Dialogue: 0,0:12:28.98,0:12:30.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, as a whole.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:30.70,0:12:32.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One is this:
Dialogue: 0,0:12:32.04,0:12:35.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they individualize teaching and learning.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:35.80,0:12:39.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They recognize that it's students\Nwho are learning
Dialogue: 0,0:12:39.45,0:12:41.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the system has to engage them,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:41.61,0:12:44.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their curiosity, their individuality,\Nand their creativity.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:45.30,0:12:46.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's how you get them to learn.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.57,0:12:51.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The second is that they attribute\Na very high status
Dialogue: 0,0:12:51.78,0:12:53.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the teaching profession.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:54.35,0:12:56.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They recognize\Nthat you can't improve education
Dialogue: 0,0:12:57.01,0:12:59.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you don't pick great people to teach\Nand keep giving them
Dialogue: 0,0:13:00.00,0:13:02.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,constant support\Nand professional development.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:02.50,0:13:05.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Investing in professional\Ndevelopment is not a cost.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:05.22,0:13:06.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's an investment,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:06.83,0:13:09.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and every other country\Nthat's succeeding well knows that,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.60,0:13:12.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether it's Australia, Canada,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:12.06,0:13:16.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,South Korea, Singapore,\NHong Kong or Shanghai.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:16.51,0:13:18.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They know that to be the case.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:18.20,0:13:19.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the third is,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:19.58,0:13:23.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they devolve responsibility\Nto the school level
Dialogue: 0,0:13:23.34,0:13:24.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for getting the job done.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:25.24,0:13:27.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You see, there's a big difference here
Dialogue: 0,0:13:27.37,0:13:31.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between going into a mode of command\Nand control in education --
Dialogue: 0,0:13:31.38,0:13:33.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's what happens in some systems.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:33.14,0:13:35.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Central or state governments decide,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:35.76,0:13:38.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they know best and they're going\Nto tell you what to do.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:38.80,0:13:42.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The trouble is that education\Ndoesn't go on
Dialogue: 0,0:13:42.32,0:13:45.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the committee rooms\Nof our legislative buildings.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:45.25,0:13:48.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It happens in classrooms and schools,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:48.28,0:13:51.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the people who do it\Nare the teachers and the students,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:51.36,0:13:54.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if you remove their discretion,\Nit stops working.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:55.12,0:13:57.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have to put it back to the people.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:57.82,0:14:02.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:14:02.99,0:14:05.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is wonderful work\Nhappening in this country.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:05.92,0:14:07.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I have to say it's happening
Dialogue: 0,0:14:07.50,0:14:10.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in spite of the dominant\Nculture of education,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:10.06,0:14:11.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not because of it.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:11.47,0:14:14.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's like people are sailing\Ninto a headwind all the time.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:15.07,0:14:17.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the reason I think is this:
Dialogue: 0,0:14:17.73,0:14:19.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that many of the current policies
Dialogue: 0,0:14:19.76,0:14:23.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are based on mechanistic\Nconceptions of education.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:23.91,0:14:27.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's like education\Nis an industrial process
Dialogue: 0,0:14:27.68,0:14:30.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that can be improved\Njust by having better data,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:30.68,0:14:33.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and somewhere in the back of the mind\Nof some policy makers
Dialogue: 0,0:14:33.62,0:14:37.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is this idea that if we fine-tune it\Nwell enough, if we just get it right,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:37.76,0:14:40.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it will all hum along perfectly\Ninto the future.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:40.58,0:14:42.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It won't, and it never did.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:43.80,0:14:47.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The point is that education\Nis not a mechanical system.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:47.76,0:14:49.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a human system.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:49.93,0:14:51.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's about people,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:51.88,0:14:54.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people who either do want\Nto learn or don't want to learn.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:54.71,0:14:59.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every student who drops\Nout of school has a reason for it
Dialogue: 0,0:14:59.52,0:15:01.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is rooted in their own biography.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:01.84,0:15:03.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They may find it boring.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:03.45,0:15:05.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They may find it irrelevant.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:05.17,0:15:09.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They may find that it's at odds with\Nthe life they're living outside of school.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:10.29,0:15:13.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are trends,\Nbut the stories are always unique.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:14.09,0:15:16.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was at a meeting recently\Nin Los Angeles of --
Dialogue: 0,0:15:16.76,0:15:19.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're called alternative\Neducation programs.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:19.22,0:15:22.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are programs designed\Nto get kids back into education.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:22.55,0:15:24.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They have certain common features.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:24.36,0:15:25.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're very personalized.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:26.55,0:15:29.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They have strong support for the teachers,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:29.98,0:15:33.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,close links with the community\Nand a broad and diverse curriculum,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:33.55,0:15:38.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and often programs which involve students\Noutside school as well as inside school.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:38.79,0:15:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they work.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:40.67,0:15:44.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What's interesting to me is,\Nthese are called "alternative education."
Dialogue: 0,0:15:44.37,0:15:45.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:15:45.44,0:15:46.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:47.71,0:15:49.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And all the evidence\Nfrom around the world is,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:49.93,0:15:52.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if we all did that, there'd be\Nno need for the alternative.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:53.41,0:15:56.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:16:01.14,0:16:02.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause ends)
Dialogue: 0,0:16:02.16,0:16:04.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I think we have to embrace\Na different metaphor.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:04.66,0:16:07.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have to recognize\Nthat it's a human system,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:07.20,0:16:11.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there are conditions\Nunder which people thrive,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:11.08,0:16:13.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and conditions under which they don't.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:13.70,0:16:16.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are after all organic creatures,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:16.97,0:16:21.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the culture of the school\Nis absolutely essential.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:21.27,0:16:23.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Culture is an organic term, isn't it?
Dialogue: 0,0:16:23.94,0:16:26.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not far from where I live\Nis a place called Death Valley.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:27.63,0:16:33.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Death Valley is the hottest,\Ndriest place in America,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:33.29,0:16:35.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and nothing grows there.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:36.22,0:16:38.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nothing grows there\Nbecause it doesn't rain.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:38.66,0:16:40.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hence, Death Valley.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:40.92,0:16:47.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the winter of 2004,\Nit rained in Death Valley.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:48.06,0:16:51.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Seven inches of rain fell\Nover a very short period.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:52.01,0:16:56.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in the spring of 2005,\Nthere was a phenomenon.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:57.04,0:17:02.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The whole floor of Death Valley\Nwas carpeted in flowers for a while.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:03.66,0:17:05.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What it proved is this:
Dialogue: 0,0:17:05.45,0:17:08.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that Death Valley isn't dead.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:09.42,0:17:10.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's dormant.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:11.57,0:17:15.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Right beneath the surface\Nare these seeds of possibility
Dialogue: 0,0:17:15.05,0:17:18.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,waiting for the right conditions\Nto come about,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:18.61,0:17:22.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and with organic systems,\Nif the conditions are right,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:22.10,0:17:23.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,life is inevitable.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:24.29,0:17:25.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It happens all the time.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:25.68,0:17:28.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You take an area, a school, a district,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:28.27,0:17:31.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you change the conditions, give people\Na different sense of possibility,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:31.70,0:17:34.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a different set of expectations,\Na broader range of opportunities,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:34.84,0:17:38.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you cherish and value the relationships\Nbetween teachers and learners,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:38.15,0:17:40.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you offer people\Nthe discretion to be creative
Dialogue: 0,0:17:40.36,0:17:42.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to innovate in what they do,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:42.21,0:17:45.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and schools that were once\Nbereft spring to life.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:45.67,0:17:47.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Great leaders know that.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:47.66,0:17:49.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The real role of leadership\Nin education --
Dialogue: 0,0:17:49.79,0:17:51.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I think it's true\Nat the national level,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:51.91,0:17:53.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the state level, at the school level --
Dialogue: 0,0:17:53.90,0:17:57.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is not and should not be\Ncommand and control.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:58.30,0:18:02.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The real role of leadership\Nis climate control,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:02.55,0:18:04.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,creating a climate of possibility.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:04.85,0:18:07.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you do that, people will rise to it
Dialogue: 0,0:18:07.31,0:18:10.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and achieve things\Nthat you completely did not anticipate
Dialogue: 0,0:18:10.54,0:18:12.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and couldn't have expected.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:12.51,0:18:14.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's a wonderful quote\Nfrom Benjamin Franklin.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:14.88,0:18:17.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"There are three sorts\Nof people in the world:
Dialogue: 0,0:18:17.49,0:18:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those who are immovable,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:20.03,0:18:21.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people who don't get it,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:21.27,0:18:23.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or don't want to do anything about it;
Dialogue: 0,0:18:23.17,0:18:24.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there are people who are movable,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:24.90,0:18:26.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people who see the need for change
Dialogue: 0,0:18:26.55,0:18:28.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and are prepared to listen to it;
Dialogue: 0,0:18:28.87,0:18:30.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there are people who move,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:30.72,0:18:32.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people who make things happen."
Dialogue: 0,0:18:32.80,0:18:36.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if we can encourage more people,\Nthat will be a movement.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:37.34,0:18:39.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if the movement is strong enough,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:39.53,0:18:42.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's, in the best sense\Nof the word, a revolution.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:42.87,0:18:44.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's what we need.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:44.45,0:18:45.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you very much.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:45.68,0:18:49.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:18:49.57,0:18:50.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you very much.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:50.82,0:18:53.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)