[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you've heard of your IQ,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,your general intelligence,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but what's your Psy-Q?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How much do you know\Nabout what makes you tick,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and how good are you\Nat predicting other peoples' behavior
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or even your own?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And how much about what you think\Nyou know about psychology is wrong?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let's find out by counting down\Nthe top 10 myths of psychology.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you've probably heard it said\Nthat when it comes to their psychology,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's almost as if men are from Mars\Nand women are from Venus.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But how different\Nare men and women really?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So to find out, let's start by looking\Nat something on which men and women
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,really do differ
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and plotting some psychological\Ngender differences on the same scale.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So one thing that men and women
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,do really differ on is how far\Nthey can throw a ball.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if we look at the data for men here,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we see what is called\Na normal distribution curve.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A few men can throw a ball really far,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a few men not far at all,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but most a kind of average difference.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And women share\Nthe same distribution as well,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but actually there's\Nquite a big difference.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, the average man\Ncan throw a ball further
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than about 98 percent of all women.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So now let's look at what\Nsome psychological gender differences
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,look like on the same standardized scale.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So any psychologist will tell you\Nthat men are better
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at spacial awareness than women,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so things like map-reading, for example,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's true,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but let's have a look\Nat the size of this difference.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's tiny: the lines are so close together\Nthat they almost overlap.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, the average woman is better\Nthan 33 percent of all men,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and of course, if that was 50 percent,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then the two genders\Nwould be exactly equal.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's worth bearing in mind\Nthat this difference
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the next one I'm going to show you
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are pretty much the biggest\Npsychological gender differences
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ever discovered in psychology.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So here's the next one.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Any psychologist will tell you\Nthat women are better
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with language and grammar than men.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So here's performance\Non the standardized grammar test.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There go the women. There go to the men.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Again, yes, women are better on average,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the lines are so close
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that 33 percent of men
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are better than the average woman,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and again, if it was 50 percent,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that would represent\Ncomplete gender equality.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it's not really\Na case of Mars and Venus.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's more a case of, if anything,\NMars and Snickers:
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,basically the same, but, you know,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one's maybe slightly\Nnuttier than the other.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I won't say which.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Right. Now we've got you warmed up.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's psychoanalyze you using\Nthe famous Rorschach inkblot test.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you can probably see two, I dunno,\Ntwo bears or two people or something.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what do you think they're doing?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Put your hand up if you think\Nthey're saying hello.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not many people. Okay.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Put your hands up if you think\Nthey are high-fiving.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay. What if you think they're fighting?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Only a few people there.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay, so if you think they're\Nsaying hello or high-fiving,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then that means you're a friendly person.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you think they're fighting,\Nthat means you're a bit more
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of a nasty, aggressive person.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Are you a lover or a fighter, basically.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All right, what about this one?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This isn't really a voting one,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so on three, everyone\Nshout out what you see.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One, two, three.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I heard hamster. Who said hamster?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That was very worrying.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A guy there said hamster.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, you should see\Nsome kind of two-legged animal here,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then the mirror image of them there.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you didn't, then this means\Nthat you have difficulty
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,processing complex situations
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where there's a lot going on.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Except, of course,\Nit doesn't mean that at all.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Rorschach inkblot tests\Nhave basically no validity
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when it comes to diagnosing\Npeople's personality
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and are not used\Nby modern-day psychologists.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, one recent study found
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that when you do try\Nto diagnose people's personality\N
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using Rorschach inkblot tests,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,schizophrenia was diagnosed
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in about one sixth of apparently\Nperfectly normal participants.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if you didn't do that well on this,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe you are not\Na very visual type of person.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let's do another\Nquick quiz to find out.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When making a cake, do you prefer to
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-- so hands up for each one again --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,do you prefer to use\Na recipe book with pictures?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yeah, a few people.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Have a friend talk you through?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or have a go, making it up\Nas you go along?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Quite a few people there.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay, so if you said a,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then this means that you\Nare a visual learner
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you learn best when information
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is presented in a visual style.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you said b, it means\Nyou're an auditory learner,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you learn best when information\Nis presented to you in an auditory format,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if you said c,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it means that you're\Na kinesthetic learner,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you learn best when you get stuck in
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and do things with your hands.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Except, of course,\Nas you've probably guessed,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it doesn't, because\Nthe whole thing is a complete myth.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Learning styles are made up
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and are not supported\Nby scientific evidence.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we know this because in\Ntightly controlled experimental studies,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when learners are given material to learn
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,either in their preferred style\Nor an opposite style,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it makes no difference at all
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the amount of information\Nthat they retain.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you think about it\Nfor just a second,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's just obvious\Nthat this has to be true.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's obvious that\Nthe best presentation format
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,depends not on you,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but on what you're trying to learn.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Could you learn to drive a car,\Nfor example,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just by listening to someone\Ntelling you what to do
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with no kinesthetic experience?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Could you solve simultaneous equations
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by talking them through in your head\Nand without writing them down?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Could you ?? for your architecture exams
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using interpretive dance\Nif you're a kinesthetic learner?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No. What you need to do is match
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the material to be learned\Nto the presentation format,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not you.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, I know many of you\Nare A-level students
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that will have recently gotten\Nyour ???? results.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you didn't quite get\Nwhat you were hoping for,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then you can't really blame\Nyour learning style,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but one thing that you might want\Nto think about blaming is your genes.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what this is all about
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a recent study\Nat University College London
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,found that 58 percent of the variation
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between different students\Nand their ??? results
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was down to genetic factors.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that sounds a very precise figure,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so how can we tell?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, when we want to unpack\Nthe relative contributions
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of genes and the environment,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what we can do is do a twin study.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So identical twins share\N100 percent of their environment
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and 100 percent of their genes,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whereas non-identical twins\Nshare 100 percent of their environment,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but just like any brother and sister,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,share only 50 percent of their genes.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So by comparing how similar\N??? results are in identical twins
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,versus non-identical twins,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and doing some clever math,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can an idea of how much variation\Nand performance is due to the environment
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and how much is due to genes.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it turns out that it's\Nabout 58 percent due to genes.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this isn't to undermine the hard work\Nthat you and your teachers here put in.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you didn't quite get the ??? results\Nthat you were hoping for,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then you can always try blaming\Nyour parents, or at least their genes.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One thing that you shouldn't blame
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is being a left brained\Nor right brained learner,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because again, this is a myth.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the myth here is that\Nthe left brain is logical,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's good with equations like this,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the right brain is more creative,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so the right brain is better at music.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But again, this is a myth\Nbecause nearly everything that you do
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,involves nearly all parts\Nof your brain talking together,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even just the most mundane thing\Nlike having a normal conversation.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, perhaps one reason\Nwhy this myth has survived
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that there is\Na slight grain of truth to it.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So a related version of the myth
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that left-handed people are\Nmore creative than right-handed people,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which kind of makes sense because\Nyour brain controls the opposite hands,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so left-handed people,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the right side of the brain\Nis slightly more active
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than the left hand side of the brain,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the idea is the right-hand side\Nis more creative.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, it isn't true per se
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that left-handed people are more creative\Nthan right-handed people.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is true that ambidextrous people,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or people who use both hands\Nfor different tasks,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are more creative thinkers\Nthan one-handed people,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because being ambidextrous involves
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,having both sides of the brain\Ntalk to each other a lot,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which seems to be involved\Nin creating flexible thinking.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The myth of the creative left-hander
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,arises from the fact\Nthat being ambidextrous
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is more common amongst left-handers
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than right handers,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so a grain of truth in the idea\Nof the creative left-hander,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but not much.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A related myth that you've\Nprobably heard of
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that we only use\N10 percent of our brains.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is, again, a complete myth.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nearly everything that we do,\Neven the most mundane thing,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,uses nearly all of our brains.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That said, it is of course true
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that most of us don't use our brainpower
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,quite as well as we could.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what could we do\Nto boost our brain power?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Maybe we could listen\Nto a nice bit of Mozart.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So have you heard of the idea\Nof the Mozart effect?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the idea is that listening to Mozart
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,makes you smarter and improves\Nyour performance on IQ tests.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now again, what's interesting\Nabout this myth
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that although it's basically a myth,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there is a grain of truth to it.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the original study found that
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,participants who were played\NMozart music for a few minutes
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,did better on a subsequent IQ test
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than participants who simply\Nsat in silence.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But a follow-up study recruited\Nsome people who like Mozart music
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then another group of people
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who were fans of the horror stories\Nof Stephen King.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they played the people\Nthe music or the stories.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The people who preferred\NMozart music to the stories
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,got a bigger IQ boost\Nfrom the Mozart than the stories,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the people who preferred\Nthe stories to the Mozart music
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,got a bigger IQ boost
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from listening to the Stephen King stories\Nthan the Mozart music.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the truth is that listening\Nto something that you enjoy
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,perks you up a bit\Nand gives you a temporary IQ boost
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on a narrow range of tasks.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's no suggestion that\Nlistening to Mozart
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or indeed Stephen King stories
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is going to make you any smarter\Nin the long run.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So another version of the Mozart myth
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that listening to Mozart can make you\Nnot only cleverer but healthier, too.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unfortunately, this doesn't\Nseem to be true
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of someone who listened\Nto the music of Mozart almost every day,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mozart himself,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who suffered from gonorrhea,\Nsmallpox, arthritis,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what most people think\Neventually killed him in the end,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,syphilis.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This suggests that Mozart\Nshould have bit more careful, perhaps,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when choosing his sexual partners.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But how do we choose a partner?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So a myth, but I have to say\Nis sometimes spread a bit by sociologists
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that our preferences\Nin a romantic partner
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are a product of our culture,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they're very culturally specific,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but in fact, the data don't back this up.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So a famous study surveyed people from\N32 different cultures across the globe,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from Americans to Zulus,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on what they look for in a partner.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in every single culture\Nacross the globe,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,men placed more value\Non physical attractiveness in a partner
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than did women,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in every single culture, too,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,women placed more importance than did men
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on ambition and high earning power.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In every culture, too,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,men preferred women\Nwho were younger than themselves,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an average of I think it was 2.66 years,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in every culture, too,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,women preferred men\Nwho were older than them,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so an average of 3.42 years,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is why we've got here\N"Everybody Needs A Sugar Daddy."
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So moving on from trying\Nto score with a partner
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to trying to score in basketball\Nor football or whatever your sport is.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the myth here is that sportsmen
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,go through hot hand streaks,\NAmericans call them,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or purple patches,\Nwe sometimes say in England,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where they just can't miss,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like this guy here.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in fact, what happens is that\Nif you analyze the pattern
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of hits and misses statistically,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it turns out that it's\Nnearly always at random.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Your brain creates patterns\Nfrom the randomness.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if you toss a coin, you know,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a streak of heads or tails is going\Nto come out somewhere in randomness,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and becomes the brain likes\Nto see patterns where there are none,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we look at these streaks\Nand attribute meanings to them
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and say, "Yeah he's really on form today,"
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whereas actually you would\Nget the same pattern
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you were just getting\Nhits and misses at random.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So an exception to this, however,\Nis penalty shootouts.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A recent study looking\Nat penalty shootouts in football
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,shows that players who represent countries
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a very bad record\Nin penalty shootouts,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like, for example, England,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tend to be quicker to take their shots\Nthan countries with a better record,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and presumably as a result,\Nthey're more likely to miss.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which raises the question
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of if there's any way that we\Ncould improve people's performance,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and one thing you might think about doing
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is punishing people for their misses
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and seeing if that improves things.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This idea, the effect that punishment\Ncan improve performance,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is what participants\Nthought they were testing
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in Milgram's famous learning\Nand punishment experiment
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you've probably heard about\Nif you're a psychology student.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The story goes that participants\Nwere prepared to give
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what they believed to be fatal\Nelectric shocks to a fellow participant
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when they got a question wrong,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just because someone\Nin a white coat told them too.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this story is a myth\Nfor three reasons.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Firstly and most crucially,\Nthe lab coat wasn't white.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was, in fact, grey.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Secondly, the participants\Nwere told before the study
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and reminded any time\Nthey raised a concern,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that although the shocks were painful,\Nthey were not fatal
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and indeed caused\Nno permanent damage whatsoever.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And thirdly, participants\Ndidn't give the shocks
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just because someone\Nin the coat told them to.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When they were interviewed\Nafter the study,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all the participants said\Nthat they firmly believed
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the learning and punishment study\Nserved a worthy scientific purpose
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which would have\Nenduring gains for science
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as opposed to the momentary\Nnon-fatal discomfort
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,caused to the participants.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay, so I've been talking\Nfor about 12 minutes now,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you've probably been sitting there
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,listening to me, analyzing\Nmy speech patterns and body language
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and trying to work out if you should\Ntake any notice of what I'm saying,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether I'm telling the truth\Nor whether I'm lying,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but if so you've\Nprobably completely failed,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because although we all think\Nwe can catch a liar
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from their body language\Nand speech patterns,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hundreds of psychological tests\Nover the years have shown
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that all of us, including\Npolice officers and detectives,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are basically at chance when it comes\Nto detecting lies from body language
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and verbal patterns.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Interestingly, there is one exception:
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,TV appeals for missing relatives.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's quite easy to predict\Nwhen the relatives are missing
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when the appealers have in fact\Nmurdered the relatives themselves.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So hoax appealers are more likely\Nto shake their heads, to look away,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to make errors in their speech,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whereas genuine appealers are more likely
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to express hope that the person\Nwill return safely
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to avoid brutal language.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, for example, they might say\N"taken from us" rather than "killed."
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Speaking of which,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's about time I killed this talk,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but before I do, I just want to give you
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in 30 seconds
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the overarching myth of psychology.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the myth is that psychology
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is just a collection\Nof interesting theories,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all of which say something useful
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and all of which have something to offer.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What I hope to have shown you\Nin the past few minutes
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that this isn't true.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we need to do is assess\Npsychological theories
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by seeing what predictions they make,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether that is that listening to Mozart\Nmakes you smarter,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you learn better when information
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is presented in your\Npreferred learning style,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or whatever it is, all of these\Nare testable empirical predictions,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the only way we can make progress
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to test these predictions\Nagainst the data
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in tightly controlled\Nexperimental studies,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's only by doing so\Nthat we can hope to discover
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which of these theories\Nare well-supported,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and which, like all the ones\NI've told you about today, are myths.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)