[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.37,0:00:04.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You've heard of your IQ,\Nyour general intelligence,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.06,0:00:05.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but what's your Psy-Q?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.77,0:00:07.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How much do you know\Nabout what makes you tick,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.100,0:00:10.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and how good are you\Nat predicting other people's behavior
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.78,0:00:12.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or even your own?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.05,0:00:15.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And how much of what you think you know\Nabout psychology is wrong?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.20,0:00:18.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's find out by counting down\Nthe top myths of psychology.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.08,0:00:22.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You've probably heard it said\Nthat when it comes to their psychology,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.49,0:00:25.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's almost as if men are from Mars\Nand women are from Venus.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.44,0:00:27.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But how different\Nare men and women, really?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.56,0:00:29.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To find out, let's start\Nby looking at something
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.85,0:00:31.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on which men and women really do differ
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.76,0:00:35.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and plotting some psychological\Ngender differences on the same scale.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.06,0:00:37.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One thing men and women\Ndo really differ on
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.12,0:00:38.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is how far they can throw a ball.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.72,0:00:40.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if we look at the data for men here,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.64,0:00:43.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we see what is called\Na normal distribution curve.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.13,0:00:46.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A few men can throw a ball really far,\Na few men, not far at all,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.24,0:00:48.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but most, a kind of average distance.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.06,0:00:50.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And women share\Nthe same distribution as well,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.25,0:00:52.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but actually, there's\Nquite a big difference.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.42,0:00:54.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, the average man\Ncan throw a ball further
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.77,0:00:56.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than about 98 percent of all women.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.62,0:01:00.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now let's look at what some psychological\Ngender differences look like
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.07,0:01:01.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the same standardized scale.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.50,0:01:04.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Any psychologist will tell you
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.09,0:01:06.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that men are better\Nat spatial awareness than women --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.68,0:01:09.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,things like map-reading,\Nfor example -- and it's true.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.29,0:01:11.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But let's have a look\Nat the size of this difference.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.82,0:01:14.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's tiny; the lines are so close\Ntogether, they almost overlap.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.100,0:01:18.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, the average woman is better\Nthan 33 percent of all men,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.83,0:01:20.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and of course, if that was 50 percent,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.96,0:01:23.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then the two genders\Nwould be exactly equal.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.57,0:01:27.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's worth bearing in mind that this\Ndifference and the next one I'll show you
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.32,0:01:30.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are pretty much the biggest\Npsychological gender differences
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.18,0:01:31.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ever discovered in psychology.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.65,0:01:32.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's the next one.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.83,0:01:34.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Any psychologist will tell you
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.31,0:01:36.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that women are better\Nwith language and grammar than men.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.02,0:01:39.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's performance\Non the standardized grammar test.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.47,0:01:41.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There, the women. There go the men.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.20,0:01:43.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Again, yes, women are better on average,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.17,0:01:44.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the lines are so close
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.44,0:01:47.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that 33 percent of men\Nare better than the average woman.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.58,0:01:49.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And again, if it was 50 percent,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.15,0:01:51.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that would represent\Ncomplete gender equality.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.34,0:01:54.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it's not really\Na case of Mars and Venus.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.45,0:01:56.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's more a case of, if anything,\NMars and Snickers:
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.02,0:02:00.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,basically the same, but one's maybe\Nslightly nuttier than the other.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.71,0:02:04.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When making a cake, do you prefer\Nto use a recipe book with pictures?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.27,0:02:06.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yeah, a few people.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.48,0:02:08.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Have a friend talk you through?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.98,0:02:11.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or have a go, making it up\Nas you go along?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.05,0:02:13.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Quite a few people there.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.30,0:02:14.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK, so if you said A,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.85,0:02:17.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then this means\Nthat you're a visual learner,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.36,0:02:20.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you learn best when information\Nis presented in a visual style.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.66,0:02:23.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you said B, it means\Nyou're an auditory learner,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.33,0:02:27.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you learn best when information\Nis presented to you in an auditory format.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.13,0:02:30.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you said C, it means\Nthat you're a kinesthetic learner,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.06,0:02:33.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you learn best when you get stuck in\Nand do things with your hands.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.47,0:02:35.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Except, of course,\Nas you've probably guessed,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.68,0:02:38.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it doesn't, because\Nthe whole thing is a complete myth.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.52,0:02:42.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Learning styles are made up and are not\Nsupported by scientific evidence.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.28,0:02:45.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We know this because in tightly\Ncontrolled experimental studies
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.73,0:02:47.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when learners are given material to learn,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.92,0:02:50.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,either in their preferred style\Nor an opposite style,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.57,0:02:54.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it makes no difference at all\Nto the amount of information they retain.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.26,0:02:56.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you think about it\Nfor just a second,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.35,0:02:58.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's obvious that this has to be true.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.20,0:03:02.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's obvious that the best presentation\Nformat depends not on you,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.63,0:03:04.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but on what you're trying to learn.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.35,0:03:07.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Could you learn to drive a car,\Nfor example, just by listening to someone
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.83,0:03:08.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,telling you what to do,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.02,0:03:10.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with no kinesthetic experience?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.53,0:03:14.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Could you solve simultaneous equations\Nby talking them through in your head,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.18,0:03:15.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without writing them down?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.48,0:03:18.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Could you revise for your architecture\Nexams using interpretive dance
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.78,0:03:20.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you're a kinesthetic learner?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.35,0:03:23.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No; what you need to do is match\Nthe material to be learned
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.17,0:03:24.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the presentation format,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.50,0:03:25.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not you.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.98,0:03:28.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I know many of you are A-level students
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.92,0:03:31.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that will have recently gotten\Nyour GCSE results.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.24,0:03:33.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you didn't quite get\Nwhat you were hoping for,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.74,0:03:36.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then you can't really blame\Nyour learning style.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.06,0:03:39.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But one thing that you might want\Nto think about blaming is your genes.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.52,0:03:43.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what this is all about is that a recent\Nstudy at University College London
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.44,0:03:47.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,found that 58 percent of the variation\Nbetween different students
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.59,0:03:49.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and their GCSE results
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.14,0:03:50.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was down to genetic factors.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.91,0:03:54.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That sounds like a very precise figure.\NSo how can we tell?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.24,0:03:57.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, when we want to unpack\Nthe relative contributions
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.48,0:03:59.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of genes and the environment,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.60,0:04:01.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what we can do is a twin study.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.64,0:04:05.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Identical twins share\N100 percent of their environment
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.34,0:04:07.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and 100 percent of their genes,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.41,0:04:10.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whereas nonidentical twins\Nshare 100 percent of their environment,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.88,0:04:14.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but just like any brother and sister,\Nshare only 50 percent of their genes.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.45,0:04:18.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So by comparing how similar\NGCSE results are in identical twins
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.77,0:04:20.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,versus nonidentical twins
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.86,0:04:22.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and doing some clever maths,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.26,0:04:26.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can get an idea of how much variation\Nin performance is due to the environment,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.26,0:04:27.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and how much is due to genes.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.97,0:04:31.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it turns out that it's about\N58 percent due to genes.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.90,0:04:35.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This isn't to undermine the hard work\Nthat you and your teachers here put in.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.93,0:04:39.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you didn't quite get the GCSE results\Nthat you were hoping for,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.10,0:04:41.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then you can always try\Nblaming your parents,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.24,0:04:42.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or at least their genes.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.39,0:04:45.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One thing that you shouldn't blame
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.06,0:04:47.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is being a left-brained\Nor right-brained learner,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.63,0:04:49.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because again, this is a myth.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.59,0:04:52.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The myth here is that\Nthe left brain is logical,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.88,0:04:54.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's good with equations like this,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.60,0:04:58.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the right brain is more creative,\Nso the right brain is better at music.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.25,0:04:59.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But again, this is a myth,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.54,0:05:01.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because nearly everything you do
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.09,0:05:03.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,involves nearly all parts\Nof your brain talking together,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.84,0:05:07.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even just the most mundane thing\Nlike having a normal conversation.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.69,0:05:10.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, perhaps one reason\Nwhy this myth has survived
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.59,0:05:12.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that there is\Na slight grain of truth to it.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.98,0:05:16.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A related version of the myth is that\Nleft-handed people are more creative
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.74,0:05:17.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than right-handed people,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.02,0:05:21.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which kind of makes sense because\Nyour brain controls the opposite hand.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.47,0:05:25.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in left-handed people, the right side\Nof the brain is slightly more active
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.19,0:05:26.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than the left side of the brain,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.01,0:05:29.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the idea is the right-hand side\Nis more creative.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.54,0:05:32.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, it isn't true per se\Nthat left-handed people are more creative
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.79,0:05:34.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than right-handed people.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.06,0:05:36.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what is true is that\Nambidextrous people,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.38,0:05:39.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or people who use both hands\Nfor different tasks,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.06,0:05:42.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are more creative thinkers\Nthan one-handed people,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.84,0:05:44.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because being ambidextrous involves
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.63,0:05:47.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,having both sides of the brain\Ntalk to each other a lot,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.35,0:05:51.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which seems to be involved\Nin creative and flexible thinking.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.24,0:05:54.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The myth of the creative left-hander\Narises from the fact
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.03,0:05:56.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that being ambidextrous\Nis more common amongst left-handers
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.86,0:05:58.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than right-handers,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.03,0:06:01.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so a grain of truth in the idea\Nof the creative left-hander,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.16,0:06:02.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but not much.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.97,0:06:05.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A related myth that you've\Nprobably heard of
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.08,0:06:07.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that we only use\N10 percent of our brains.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.40,0:06:08.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is, again, a complete myth.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.100,0:06:11.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nearly everything that we do,\Neven the most mundane thing,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.76,0:06:13.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,uses nearly all of our brains.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.07,0:06:17.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That said, it is of course true
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.26,0:06:21.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that most of us don't use our brainpower\Nquite as well as we could.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.27,0:06:24.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what could we do\Nto boost our brainpower?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.75,0:06:27.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Maybe we could listen\Nto a nice bit of Mozart.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.03,0:06:29.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Have you heard of the idea\Nof the Mozart effect?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.66,0:06:32.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The idea is that listening\Nto Mozart makes you smarter
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.62,0:06:35.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and improves your performance on IQ tests.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.50,0:06:37.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now again, what's interesting\Nabout this myth
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.64,0:06:41.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that although it's basically a myth,\Nthere is a grain of truth to it.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.07,0:06:43.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the original study found that
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.36,0:06:46.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,participants who were played\NMozart music for a few minutes
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.43,0:06:48.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,did better on a subsequent IQ test
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.42,0:06:51.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than participants who simply\Nsat in silence.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.03,0:06:55.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But a follow-up study recruited\Nsome people who liked Mozart music
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.66,0:06:57.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then another group of people
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.24,0:06:59.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who were fans of\Nthe horror stories of Stephen King.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.77,0:07:03.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they played the people\Nthe music or the stories.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.52,0:07:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The people who preferred\NMozart music to the stories
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.02,0:07:08.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,got a bigger IQ boost\Nfrom the Mozart than the stories,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.83,0:07:11.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the people who preferred\Nthe stories to the Mozart music
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.69,0:07:14.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,got a bigger IQ boost\Nfrom listening to the Stephen King stories
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.85,0:07:16.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than the Mozart music.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.06,0:07:18.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the truth is that listening\Nto something that you enjoy
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.83,0:07:21.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,perks you up a bit\Nand gives you a temporary IQ boost
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.100,0:07:23.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on a narrow range of tasks.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.68,0:07:26.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's no suggestion that\Nlistening to Mozart,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.04,0:07:27.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or indeed Stephen King stories,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.67,0:07:30.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is going to make you any smarter\Nin the long run.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.62,0:07:33.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another version of the Mozart myth
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.94,0:07:38.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that listening to Mozart can make you\Nnot only cleverer but healthier, too.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.50,0:07:41.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unfortunately, this doesn't\Nseem to be true
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.59,0:07:44.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of someone who listened\Nto the music of Mozart almost every day,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.63,0:07:45.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mozart himself,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.82,0:07:48.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who suffered from gonorrhea,\Nsmallpox, arthritis,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.100,0:07:53.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and, what most people think eventually\Nkilled him in the end, syphilis.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.85,0:07:57.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This suggests that Mozart should have been\Na bit more careful, perhaps,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.27,0:07:59.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when choosing his sexual partners.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.44,0:08:01.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But how do we choose a partner?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.34,0:08:06.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So a myth that I have to say\Nis sometimes spread a bit by sociologists
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.62,0:08:10.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that our preferences in a romantic\Npartner are a product of our culture,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.19,0:08:12.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they're very culturally specific.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.08,0:08:14.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in fact, the data don't back this up.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.35,0:08:18.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A famous study surveyed people from\N[37] different cultures across the globe
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.42,0:08:19.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from Americans to Zulus,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.86,0:08:21.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on what they look for in a partner.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.27,0:08:24.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in every single culture\Nacross the globe,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.47,0:08:28.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,men placed more value\Non physical attractiveness in a partner
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.37,0:08:29.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than did women,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.56,0:08:31.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in every single culture, too,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.17,0:08:35.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,women placed more importance than did men\Non ambition and high earning power.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.02,0:08:37.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In every culture, too,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.28,0:08:39.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,men preferred women\Nwho were younger than themselves,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.82,0:08:42.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an average of, I think it was 2.66 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.84,0:08:44.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in every culture, too,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.31,0:08:46.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,women preferred men\Nwho were older than them,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.92,0:08:49.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so an average of 3.42 years,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.69,0:08:52.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is why we've got here,\N"Everybody needs a Sugar Daddy."
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.83,0:08:53.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.85,0:08:56.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So moving on from trying\Nto score with a partner
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.17,0:08:59.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to trying to score in basketball\Nor football or whatever your sport is.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.86,0:09:03.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The myth here is that sportsmen go through\N"hot hand" streaks, Americans call them,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.02,0:09:06.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or "purple patches,"\Nwe sometimes say in England,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.34,0:09:08.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where they just can't miss,\Nlike this guy here.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.88,0:09:12.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in fact, what happens is that\Nif you analyze the pattern
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.79,0:09:14.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of hits and misses statistically,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.43,0:09:16.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it turns out that it's\Nnearly always at random.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.88,0:09:19.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Your brain creates patterns\Nfrom the randomness.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.25,0:09:20.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you toss a coin,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.79,0:09:24.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a streak of heads or tails is going\Nto come out somewhere in the randomness,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.62,0:09:27.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and because the brain likes to see\Npatterns where there are none,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.77,0:09:30.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we look at these streaks\Nand attribute meaning to them
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.39,0:09:32.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and say, "Yeah he's really on form today,"
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.44,0:09:34.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whereas actually you would\Nget the same pattern
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.69,0:09:37.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you were just getting\Nhits and misses at random.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.59,0:09:41.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,An exception to this, however,\Nis penalty shootouts.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.77,0:09:44.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A recent study looking at\Npenalty shootouts in football
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.71,0:09:46.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,showed that players\Nwho represent countries
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.83,0:09:49.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a very bad record\Nin penalty shootouts,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.17,0:09:51.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like, for example, England,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.35,0:09:55.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tend to be quicker to take their shots\Nthan countries with a better record,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.26,0:09:58.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and presumably as a result,\Nthey're more likely to miss.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:58.89,0:10:00.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which raises the question
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.73,0:10:03.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of if there's any way we could improve\Npeople's performance.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.79,0:10:05.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And one thing you might think about doing
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.79,0:10:09.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is punishing people for their misses\Nand seeing if that improves them.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.20,0:10:12.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This idea, the effect that punishment\Ncan improve performance,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.76,0:10:14.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was what participants\Nthought they were testing
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.100,0:10:17.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in Milgram's famous learning\Nand punishment experiment
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.62,0:10:20.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you've probably heard about\Nif you're a psychology student.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.65,0:10:23.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The story goes that participants\Nwere prepared to give
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.22,0:10:26.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what they believed to be fatal\Nelectric shocks to a fellow participant
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.54,0:10:28.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when they got a question wrong,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.60,0:10:31.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just because someone\Nin a white coat told them to.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.35,0:10:33.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this story is a myth\Nfor three reasons.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.68,0:10:38.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Firstly, and most crucially, the lab coat\Nwasn't white. It was, in fact, grey.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.58,0:10:43.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Secondly, the participants\Nwere told before the study
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.34,0:10:45.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and reminded any time\Nthey raised a concern,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.71,0:10:48.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that although the shocks were painful,\Nthey were not fatal
Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.45,0:10:51.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and indeed caused\Nno permanent damage whatsoever.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.43,0:10:53.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And thirdly, participants\Ndidn't give the shocks
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.82,0:10:56.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just because someone\Nin the coat told them to.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.64,0:10:58.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When they were interviewed\Nafter the study,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.67,0:11:01.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all the participants said\Nthat they firmly believed
Dialogue: 0,0:11:01.10,0:11:04.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the learning and punishment study\Nserved a worthy scientific purpose
Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.66,0:11:06.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which would have\Nenduring gains for science,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.81,0:11:12.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as opposed to the momentary, nonfatal\Ndiscomfort caused to the participants.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.93,0:11:16.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK, so I've been talking\Nfor about 12 minutes now,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:16.74,0:11:19.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you've probably been\Nsitting there listening to me,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.36,0:11:21.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,analyzing my speech patterns\Nand body language
Dialogue: 0,0:11:21.64,0:11:25.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and trying to work out if you should\Ntake any notice of what I'm saying,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:25.09,0:11:27.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether I'm telling the truth\Nor whether I'm lying.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:27.52,0:11:29.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if so, you've probably\Ncompletely failed,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.67,0:11:31.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because although we all think\Nwe can catch a liar
Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.00,0:11:34.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from their body language\Nand speech patterns,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.21,0:11:37.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hundreds of psychological tests\Nover the years have shown that all of us,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.67,0:11:39.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including police officers and detectives,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.67,0:11:43.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are basically at chance when it comes\Nto detecting lies from body language
Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.22,0:11:44.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and verbal patterns.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:44.39,0:11:46.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Interestingly, there is one exception:
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.33,0:11:48.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,TV appeals for missing relatives.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:48.50,0:11:51.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's quite easy to predict\Nwhen the relatives are missing
Dialogue: 0,0:11:51.64,0:11:55.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when the appealers have, in fact,\Nmurdered the relatives themselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:55.10,0:11:58.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So hoax appealers are more likely\Nto shake their heads, to look away,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:58.66,0:12:00.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to make errors in their speech,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:00.39,0:12:03.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whereas genuine appealers\Nare more likely to express hope
Dialogue: 0,0:12:03.09,0:12:04.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the person will return safely
Dialogue: 0,0:12:04.76,0:12:06.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to avoid brutal language.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.20,0:12:10.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, for example, they might say\N"taken from us" rather than "killed."
Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.08,0:12:13.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Speaking of which,\Nit's about time I killed this talk,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:13.64,0:12:16.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but before I do, I just want\Nto give you, in 30 seconds,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:16.62,0:12:19.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the overarching myth of psychology.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:19.99,0:12:24.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The myth is that psychology is just\Na collection of interesting theories,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:24.67,0:12:28.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all of which say something useful\Nand all of which have something to offer.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:28.26,0:12:30.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What I hope to have shown you\Nin the past few minutes
Dialogue: 0,0:12:30.77,0:12:32.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that this isn't true.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:32.09,0:12:35.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we need to do is assess\Npsychological theories
Dialogue: 0,0:12:35.50,0:12:37.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by seeing what predictions they make,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:37.34,0:12:40.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether that is that listening to Mozart\Nmakes you smarter,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:40.14,0:12:44.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you learn better when information is\Npresented in your preferred learning style
Dialogue: 0,0:12:44.62,0:12:45.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or whatever it is,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:45.82,0:12:48.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all of these are testable\Nempirical predictions,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:48.39,0:12:50.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the only way we can make progress
Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.22,0:12:52.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to test these predictions\Nagainst the data
Dialogue: 0,0:12:52.35,0:12:54.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in tightly controlled\Nexperimental studies.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:54.52,0:12:57.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's only by doing so\Nthat we can hope to discover
Dialogue: 0,0:12:57.45,0:13:00.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which of these theories\Nare well supported,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:00.08,0:13:03.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and which, like all the ones\NI've told you about today, are myths.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:03.72,0:13:04.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:04.98,0:13:08.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)