[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.09,0:00:05.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oliver was an extremely dashing,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.15,0:00:09.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,handsome, charming and largely unstable male
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.97,0:00:13.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I completely lost my heart to.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.16,0:00:16.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.08,0:00:17.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was a Bernese mountain dog,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.75,0:00:20.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and my ex-husband and I adopted him,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.93,0:00:22.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and about six months in,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.62,0:00:25.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we realized that he was a mess.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.18,0:00:27.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He had such paralyzing separation anxiety
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.96,0:00:29.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we couldn't leave him alone.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.50,0:00:32.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Once, he jumped out of our third floor apartment.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.63,0:00:37.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He ate fabric. He ate things, recyclables.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.05,0:00:38.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He hunted flies that didn't exist.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.95,0:00:40.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He suffered from hallucinations.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.68,0:00:43.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was diagnosed with a canine compulsive disorder
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.98,0:00:47.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's really just the tip of the iceberg.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.33,0:00:51.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But like with humans,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.43,0:00:54.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sometimes it's six months in
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.54,0:00:56.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before you realize that
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.58,0:00:59.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the person that you love has some issues.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.53,0:01:00.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.94,0:01:04.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And most of us do not take the person we're dating
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.87,0:01:07.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,back to the bar where we met them
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.01,0:01:11.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or give them back to the friend that introduced us,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.34,0:01:14.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or sign them back up on Match.com.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.10,0:01:16.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.93,0:01:18.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We love them anyway,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.73,0:01:20.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we stick to it,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.72,0:01:24.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that is what I did with my dog.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.96,0:01:28.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I was a — I'd studied biology.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.76,0:01:31.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have a Ph.D. in history of science
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.38,0:01:32.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from MIT,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.88,0:01:34.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and had you asked me 10 years ago
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.58,0:01:36.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if a dog I loved, or just dogs generally,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.99,0:01:38.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had emotions, I would have said yes,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.82,0:01:40.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I'm not sure that I would have told you
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.29,0:01:42.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they can also wind up with an anxiety disorder,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.59,0:01:46.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a Prozac prescription and a therapist.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.68,0:01:50.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But then, I fell in love, and I realized that they can,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.62,0:01:53.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and actually trying to help my own dog
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.25,0:01:55.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,overcome his panic and his anxiety,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.86,0:01:58.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it just changed my life.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.23,0:02:00.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It cracked open my world.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.76,0:02:03.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I spent the last seven years, actually,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.13,0:02:05.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,looking into this topic of\Nmental illness in other animals.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.73,0:02:07.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can they be mentally ill like people,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.08,0:02:10.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if so, what does it mean about us?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.08,0:02:12.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what I discovered is that I do believe
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.88,0:02:14.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they can suffer from mental illness,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.82,0:02:19.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and actually looking and trying\Nto identify mental illness in them
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.30,0:02:21.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,often helps us be better friends to them
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.38,0:02:25.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and also can help us better understand ourselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.43,0:02:28.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let's talk about diagnosis for a minute.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.88,0:02:31.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many of us think that we can't know
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.56,0:02:34.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what another animal is thinking,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.02,0:02:35.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that is true,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.30,0:02:37.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but any of you in relationships —
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.89,0:02:39.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at least this is my case —
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.75,0:02:41.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just because you ask someone that you're with
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.55,0:02:43.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or your parent or your child how they feel
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.74,0:02:45.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,doesn't mean that they can tell you.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.55,0:02:47.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They may not have words to explain
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.87,0:02:48.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what it is that they're feeling,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.93,0:02:50.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they may not know.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.78,0:02:52.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's actually a pretty recent phenomenon
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.64,0:02:54.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we feel that we have to talk to someone
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.39,0:02:56.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to understand their emotional distress.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.79,0:02:59.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Before the early 20th century,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.22,0:03:01.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,physicians often diagnosed emotional distress
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.74,0:03:05.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in their patients just by observation.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.24,0:03:06.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It also turns out that thinking about
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.92,0:03:08.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mental illness in other animals
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.51,0:03:10.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,isn't actually that much of a stretch.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.71,0:03:12.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most mental disorders in the United States
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.62,0:03:15.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are fear and anxiety disorders,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.34,0:03:17.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when you think about it, fear and anxiety
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.31,0:03:21.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are actually really extremely\Nhelpful animal emotions.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.50,0:03:24.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Usually we feel fear and anxiety\Nin situations that are dangerous,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.60,0:03:25.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and once we feel them,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.90,0:03:27.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we then are motivated to move away
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.53,0:03:29.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from whatever is dangerous.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.36,0:03:34.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The problem is when we begin to feel fear\Nand anxiety in situations that don't call for it.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.33,0:03:37.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mood disorders, too, may actually just be
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.54,0:03:41.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the unfortunate downside of being a feeling animal,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.04,0:03:44.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and obsessive compulsive disorders also
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.21,0:03:47.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are often manifestations of\Na really healthy animal thing
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.62,0:03:50.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is keeping yourself clean and groomed.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.40,0:03:52.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This tips into the territory of mental illness
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.54,0:03:53.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when you do things like
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.69,0:03:56.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,compulsively over-wash your hands or paws,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.29,0:03:58.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or you develop a ritual that's so extreme
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.36,0:04:00.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you can't sit down to a bowl of food
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.45,0:04:03.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,unless you engage in that ritual.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.44,0:04:07.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So for humans, we have the\N"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual,"
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.77,0:04:09.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is basically an atlas
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.90,0:04:12.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the currently agreed-upon mental disorders.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.63,0:04:15.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In other animals, we have YouTube.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.88,0:04:17.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.49,0:04:20.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is just one search I did for "OCD dog"
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.14,0:04:21.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I encourage all of you
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.93,0:04:24.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to look at "OCD cat."
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.88,0:04:28.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You will be shocked by what you see.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.27,0:04:32.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm going to show you just a couple examples.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.77,0:04:35.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is an example of shadow-chasing.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.49,0:04:38.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I know, and it's funny and in some ways it's cute.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.57,0:04:42.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The issue, though, is that dogs\Ncan develop compulsions like this
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.06,0:04:44.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they then engage in all day.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.96,0:04:46.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So they won't go for a walk,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.24,0:04:47.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they won't hang out with their friends,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.89,0:04:49.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they won't eat.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.48,0:04:51.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They'll develop fixations
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.01,0:04:54.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like chasing their tails compulsively.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.13,0:04:57.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's an example of a cat named Gizmo.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.53,0:05:00.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He looks like he's on a stakeout
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.74,0:05:04.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but he does this for many, many, many hours a day.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.05,0:05:07.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He just sits there and he will paw and paw and paw
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.56,0:05:09.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the screen.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.09,0:05:11.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is another example of what's considered
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.57,0:05:13.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a stereotypic behavior.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.35,0:05:16.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a sun bear at the\NOakland Zoo named Ting Ting.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.06,0:05:17.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you just sort of happened upon this scene,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.82,0:05:18.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you might think that Ting Ting
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.78,0:05:20.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is just playing with a stick,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.49,0:05:22.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but Ting Ting does this all day,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.54,0:05:24.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if you pay close attention
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.13,0:05:27.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if I showed you guys\Nthe full half-hour of this clip,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.80,0:05:29.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you'd see that he does the exact same thing
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.83,0:05:31.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the exact same order, and he spins the stick
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.98,0:05:34.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the exact same way every time.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.33,0:05:36.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Other super common behaviors that you may see,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.82,0:05:38.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,particularly in captive animals,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.64,0:05:43.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are pacing stereotypies or swaying stereotypies,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.20,0:05:44.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and actually, humans do this too,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.88,0:05:46.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in us, we'll sway,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.62,0:05:48.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we'll move from side to side.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.21,0:05:50.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many of us do this, and sometimes
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.48,0:05:52.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's an effort to soothe ourselves,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.03,0:05:54.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I think in other animals\Nthat is often the case too.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.68,0:05:56.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it's not just stereotypic behaviors
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.36,0:05:58.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that other animals engage in.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.13,0:06:00.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is Gigi. She's a gorilla that lives
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.26,0:06:01.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the Franklin Park Zoo in Boston.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.92,0:06:04.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She actually has a Harvard psychiatrist,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.13,0:06:05.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and she's been treated for a mood disorder
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.85,0:06:07.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,among other things.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.43,0:06:10.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many animals develop mood disorders.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.43,0:06:11.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Lots of creatures —
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.86,0:06:13.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this horse is just one example —
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.39,0:06:15.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,develop self-destructive behaviors.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.07,0:06:16.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They'll gnaw on things
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.36,0:06:18.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or do other things that may also soothe them,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.50,0:06:20.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even if they're self-destructive,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.20,0:06:21.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which could be considered similar
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.51,0:06:25.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the ways that some humans cut themselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.25,0:06:26.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Plucking.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.56,0:06:30.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Turns out, if you have fur or feathers or skin,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.32,0:06:32.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can pluck yourself compulsively,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.29,0:06:34.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and some parrots actually have been studied
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.62,0:06:37.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to better understand trichotillomania,\Nor compulsive plucking in humans,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.71,0:06:39.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,something that affects
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.16,0:06:41.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,20 million Americans right now.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.44,0:06:43.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Lab rats pluck themselves too.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.51,0:06:45.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In them, it's called barbering.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.74,0:06:48.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Canine veterans of conflicts of Iraq and Afghanistan
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.82,0:06:51.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are coming back with what's\Nconsidered canine PTSD,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.80,0:06:54.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they're having a hard time reentering civilian life
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.51,0:06:55.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when they come back from deployments.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.80,0:06:58.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They can be too scared to\Napproach men with beards
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.40,0:07:01.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or to hop into cars.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.12,0:07:03.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want to be careful and be clear, though.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.88,0:07:06.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I do not think that canine PTSD
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.56,0:07:09.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the same as human PTSD.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.36,0:07:11.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I also do not think that my PTSD
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.84,0:07:12.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is like your PTSD,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.93,0:07:16.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or that my anxiety or that my sadness is like yours.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.63,0:07:18.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are all different.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.34,0:07:21.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We also all have very different susceptibilities.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.17,0:07:24.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So two dogs, raised in the same household,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.91,0:07:27.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,exposed to the very same things,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.26,0:07:31.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one may develop, say, a\Ndebilitating fear of motorcycles,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.16,0:07:33.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or a phobia of the beep of the microwave,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.91,0:07:35.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and another one is going to be just fine.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.76,0:07:38.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So one thing that people ask me pretty frequently:
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.60,0:07:40.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is this just an instance of humans
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.54,0:07:42.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,driving other animals crazy?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.17,0:07:46.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or, is animal mental illness just\Na result of mistreatment or abuse?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.09,0:07:47.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it turns out we're actually
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.62,0:07:51.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so much more complicated than that.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.17,0:07:54.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So one great thing that has happened to me
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.16,0:07:57.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is recently I published a book on this,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.41,0:08:01.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and every day now that I open my email
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.36,0:08:02.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or when I go to a reading
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.81,0:08:04.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or even when I go to a cocktail party,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.92,0:08:06.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people tell me their stories
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.82,0:08:08.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the animals that they have met.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.58,0:08:11.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And recently, I did a reading in California,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.02,0:08:13.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a woman raised her hand\Nafter the talk and she said,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.45,0:08:17.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Dr. Braitman, I think my cat has PTSD."
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.13,0:08:20.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I said, "Well, why? Tell me a little bit about it."
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.49,0:08:23.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, Ping is her cat. She was a rescue,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.91,0:08:26.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and she used to live with an elderly man,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.63,0:08:28.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and one day the man was vacuuming
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.90,0:08:31.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he suffered a heart attack, and he died.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.73,0:08:34.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A week later, Ping was discovered in the apartment
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.66,0:08:36.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,alongside the body of her owner,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.66,0:08:40.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the vacuum had been running the entire time.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.04,0:08:45.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For many months, up to I think\Ntwo years after that incident,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:45.35,0:08:47.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she was so scared she couldn't be in\Nthe house when anyone was cleaning.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.96,0:08:49.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She was quite literally a scaredy cat.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.75,0:08:52.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She would hide in the closet.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.19,0:08:53.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She was un-self-confident and shaky,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.99,0:08:56.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but with the loving support of her family,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.33,0:08:58.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a lot of a time, and their patience,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.73,0:08:59.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,now, three years later,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.98,0:09:03.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she's actually a happy, confident cat.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.22,0:09:06.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another story of trauma and\Nrecovery that I came across
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.18,0:09:07.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was actually a few years ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.68,0:09:09.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was in Thailand to do some research.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.92,0:09:13.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I met a monkey named Boonlua,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.01,0:09:15.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when Boonlua was a baby,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.28,0:09:17.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he was attacked by a pack of dogs,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.30,0:09:22.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they ripped off both of his legs and one arm,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.14,0:09:25.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Boonlua dragged himself to a monastery,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.28,0:09:26.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where the monks took him in.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.83,0:09:29.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They called in a veterinarian,\Nwho treated his wounds.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.44,0:09:31.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Eventually, Boonlua wound up
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.66,0:09:33.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at an elephant facility,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.45,0:09:36.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the keepers really decided\Nto take him under their wing,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.42,0:09:37.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they figured out what he liked,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.78,0:09:39.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which, it turned out, was mint Mentos
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.80,0:09:43.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Rhinoceros beetles and eggs.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.28,0:09:46.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But they worried, because he\Nwas social, that he was lonely,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.45,0:09:48.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they didn't want to put\Nhim in with another monkey,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.22,0:09:49.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they thought with just one arm,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.42,0:09:52.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he wouldn't be able to defend himself or even play.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.22,0:09:54.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so they gave him a rabbit,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.70,0:09:57.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Boonlua was immediately a different monkey.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.52,0:09:59.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was extremely happy to be with this rabbit.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.50,0:10:01.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They groomed each other,\Nthey become close friends,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.78,0:10:04.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then the rabbit had bunnies,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.48,0:10:07.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Boonlua was even happier than he was before,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.34,0:10:09.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it had in a way given him
Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.59,0:10:11.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a reason to wake up in the morning,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.43,0:10:13.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in fact it gave him such a reason to wake up
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.19,0:10:15.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that he decided not to sleep.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.19,0:10:18.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He became extremely protective of these bunnies,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.81,0:10:20.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he stopped sleeping,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.06,0:10:21.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he would sort of nod off
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.50,0:10:23.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while trying to take care of them.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.39,0:10:25.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, he was so protective and so affectionate
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.83,0:10:27.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with these babies that the sanctuary
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.59,0:10:29.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,eventually had to take them away from him
Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.95,0:10:31.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because he was so protective, he was worried
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.88,0:10:33.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that their mother might hurt them.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.76,0:10:35.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So after they were taken away, the sanctuary staff
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.61,0:10:37.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,worried that he would fall into a depression,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.22,0:10:38.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so to avoid that,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.45,0:10:41.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they gave him another rabbit friend.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.45,0:10:44.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.80,0:10:47.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My official opinion is that\Nhe does not look depressed.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.51,0:10:49.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.46,0:10:53.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So one thing that I would really like people to feel
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.82,0:10:56.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that you really should feel empowered
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.90,0:10:59.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to make some assumptions
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.37,0:11:01.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about the creatures that you know well.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:01.20,0:11:02.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So when it comes to your dog
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.100,0:11:05.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or your cat or maybe your one-armed monkey
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.31,0:11:06.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you happen to know,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.74,0:11:10.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you think that they are traumatized or depressed,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.54,0:11:12.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're probably right.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:12.66,0:11:15.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is extremely anthropomorphic,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:15.47,0:11:18.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or the assignation of human characteristics
Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.46,0:11:22.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,onto non-human animals or things.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.12,0:11:24.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't think, though, that that's a problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.26,0:11:26.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't think that we can not anthropomorphize.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.35,0:11:29.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not as if you can take your\Nhuman brain out of your head
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.25,0:11:31.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and put it in a jar and then use it
Dialogue: 0,0:11:31.36,0:11:33.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to think about another animal thinking.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.56,0:11:36.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We will always be one animal wondering
Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.16,0:11:38.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about the emotional experience of another animal.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.68,0:11:41.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So then the choice becomes, how\Ndo you anthropomorphize well?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.67,0:11:43.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or do you anthropomorphize poorly?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.93,0:11:46.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And anthropomorphizing poorly
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.22,0:11:48.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is all too common.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:48.38,0:11:50.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.01,0:11:52.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It may include dressing your corgis\Nup and throwing them a wedding,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.62,0:11:55.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or getting too close to exotic wildlife because
Dialogue: 0,0:11:55.27,0:11:57.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you believe that you had a spiritual connection.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.23,0:11:59.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's all manner of things.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.21,0:12:03.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Anthropomorphizing well, however, I believe is based
Dialogue: 0,0:12:03.11,0:12:05.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on accepting our animal\Nsimilarities with other species
Dialogue: 0,0:12:05.83,0:12:08.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and using them to make assumptions
Dialogue: 0,0:12:08.64,0:12:12.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are informed about other \Nanimals' minds and experiences,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:12.28,0:12:14.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there's actually an entire industry
Dialogue: 0,0:12:14.82,0:12:17.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is in some ways based\Non anthropomorphizing well,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:17.79,0:12:20.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that is the psychopharmaceutical industry.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:20.95,0:12:25.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One in five Americans is currently\Ntaking a psychopharmaceutical drug,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:25.47,0:12:28.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the antidepressants\Nand antianxiety medications
Dialogue: 0,0:12:28.13,0:12:29.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the antipsychotics.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.95,0:12:31.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It turns out that we owe this
Dialogue: 0,0:12:31.78,0:12:34.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,entire psychopharmaceutical arsenal
Dialogue: 0,0:12:34.16,0:12:35.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to other animals.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:35.89,0:12:38.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These drugs were tested in non-human animals first,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:38.40,0:12:42.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and not just for toxicity but for behavioral effects.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:42.34,0:12:45.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The very popular antipsychotic Thorazine
Dialogue: 0,0:12:45.52,0:12:49.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,first relaxed rats before it relaxed people.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:49.26,0:12:51.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The antianxiety medication Librium
Dialogue: 0,0:12:51.43,0:12:55.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was given to cats selected for\Ntheir meanness in the 1950s
Dialogue: 0,0:12:55.25,0:12:57.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and made them into peaceable felines.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:57.64,0:13:02.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And even antidepressants\Nwere first tested in rabbits.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:02.20,0:13:05.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, however, we are not just giving these drugs
Dialogue: 0,0:13:05.10,0:13:07.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to other animals as test subjects,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:07.46,0:13:09.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they're giving them these drugs as patients,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.95,0:13:14.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,both in ethical and much less ethical ways.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:14.43,0:13:18.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,SeaWorld gives mother orcas\Nantianxiety medications
Dialogue: 0,0:13:18.30,0:13:20.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when their calves are taken away.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:20.94,0:13:23.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many zoo gorillas have been given antipsychotics
Dialogue: 0,0:13:23.23,0:13:25.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and antianxiety medications.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:25.29,0:13:28.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But dogs like my own Oliver
Dialogue: 0,0:13:28.16,0:13:31.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are given antidepressants and\Nsome antianxiety medications
Dialogue: 0,0:13:31.40,0:13:33.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to keep them from jumping out of buildings
Dialogue: 0,0:13:33.14,0:13:35.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or jumping into traffic.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:35.20,0:13:38.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just recently, actually, a study came out in "Science"
Dialogue: 0,0:13:38.40,0:13:40.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that showed that even crawdads
Dialogue: 0,0:13:40.23,0:13:42.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,responded to antianxiety medication.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:42.46,0:13:44.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It made them braver, less skittish,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:44.73,0:13:49.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and more likely to explore their environment.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:49.78,0:13:52.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's hard to know how many\Nanimals are on these drugs,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:52.14,0:13:55.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I can tell you that the\Nanimal pharmaceutical industry
Dialogue: 0,0:13:55.60,0:13:57.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is immense and growing,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:57.39,0:14:00.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from seven billion dollars in 2011
Dialogue: 0,0:14:00.11,0:14:05.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to a projected 9.25 billion by the year 2015.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:05.69,0:14:09.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some animals are on these drugs indefinitely.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:09.54,0:14:13.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Others, like one bonobo who lives in Milwaukee
Dialogue: 0,0:14:13.77,0:14:15.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the zoo there was on them
Dialogue: 0,0:14:15.36,0:14:17.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until he started to save his Paxil prescription
Dialogue: 0,0:14:17.51,0:14:19.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then distribute it among the other bonobos.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:19.91,0:14:24.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter) (Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:14:24.92,0:14:27.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,More than psychopharmaceuticals, though,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:27.80,0:14:30.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there are many, many, many other
Dialogue: 0,0:14:30.32,0:14:32.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,therapeutic interventions that help other creatures.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:32.97,0:14:35.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And here is a place where I think actually
Dialogue: 0,0:14:35.33,0:14:37.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that veterinary medicine can teach something
Dialogue: 0,0:14:37.77,0:14:39.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to human medicine,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:39.46,0:14:41.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is, if you take your dog, who is, say,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:41.35,0:14:43.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,compulsively chasing his tail,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:43.15,0:14:44.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into the veterinary behaviorist,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:44.93,0:14:47.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their first action isn't to reach\Nfor the prescription pad;
Dialogue: 0,0:14:47.73,0:14:50.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's to ask you about your dog's life.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:50.69,0:14:53.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They want to know how often your dog gets outside.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:53.62,0:14:56.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They want to know how much\Nexercise your dog is getting.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:56.28,0:14:57.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They want to know how much social time
Dialogue: 0,0:14:57.76,0:15:00.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with other dogs and other humans.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:00.18,0:15:02.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They want to talk to you\Nabout what sorts of therapies,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:02.39,0:15:04.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,largely behavior therapies,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:04.90,0:15:07.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you've tried with that animal.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:07.16,0:15:09.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those are the things that\Noften tend to help the most,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:09.56,0:15:12.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially when combined with\Npsychopharmaceuticals.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:12.89,0:15:15.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The thing, though, I believe, that helps the most,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:15.34,0:15:17.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,particularly with social animals,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:17.30,0:15:20.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is time with other social animals.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:20.44,0:15:24.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In many ways, I feel like I became a service animal
Dialogue: 0,0:15:24.35,0:15:26.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to my own dog,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:26.85,0:15:30.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I have seen parrots do it for people
Dialogue: 0,0:15:30.88,0:15:32.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and people do it for parrots
Dialogue: 0,0:15:32.59,0:15:34.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and dogs do it for elephants
Dialogue: 0,0:15:34.13,0:15:37.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and elephants do it for other elephants.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:37.30,0:15:38.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't know about you;
Dialogue: 0,0:15:38.64,0:15:41.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I get a lot of Internet forwards
Dialogue: 0,0:15:41.22,0:15:43.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of unlikely animal friendships.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:43.43,0:15:46.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I also think it's a huge part of Facebook,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:46.72,0:15:49.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the monkey that adopts the cat
Dialogue: 0,0:15:49.60,0:15:54.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or the great dane who adopted the orphaned fawn,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:54.23,0:15:57.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or the cow that makes friends with the pig,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:57.24,0:16:01.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and had you asked me eight,\Nnine years ago, about these,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:01.17,0:16:03.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I would have told you that they\Nwere hopelessly sentimental
Dialogue: 0,0:16:03.66,0:16:06.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and maybe too anthropomorphic in the wrong way
Dialogue: 0,0:16:06.79,0:16:09.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and maybe even staged, and what I can tell you now
Dialogue: 0,0:16:09.56,0:16:12.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that there is actually something to this.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:12.52,0:16:16.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is legit. In fact, some interesting studies
Dialogue: 0,0:16:16.11,0:16:18.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have pointed to oxytocin levels,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:18.04,0:16:20.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which are a kind of bonding hormone
Dialogue: 0,0:16:20.63,0:16:23.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we release when we're having sex or nursing
Dialogue: 0,0:16:23.04,0:16:25.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or around someone that we care for extremely,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:25.63,0:16:28.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,oxytocin levels raising in both humans and dogs
Dialogue: 0,0:16:28.12,0:16:29.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who care about each other
Dialogue: 0,0:16:29.52,0:16:31.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or who enjoy each other's company,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:31.18,0:16:33.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and beyond that, other studies show that oxytocin
Dialogue: 0,0:16:33.48,0:16:35.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,raised even in other pairs of animals,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:35.62,0:16:39.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so, say, in goats and dogs who were\Nfriends and played with each other,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:39.22,0:16:43.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their levels spiked afterwards.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:43.68,0:16:46.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have a friend who really showed me that
Dialogue: 0,0:16:46.45,0:16:48.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mental health is in fact a two-way street.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:48.88,0:16:52.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,His name is Lonnie Hodge,\Nand he's a veteran of Vietnam.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:52.87,0:16:55.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When he returned, he started working
Dialogue: 0,0:16:55.50,0:16:58.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with survivors of genocide and a lot of people
Dialogue: 0,0:16:58.14,0:16:59.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who had gone through war trauma.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:59.67,0:17:02.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he had PTSD and also a fear of heights,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:02.15,0:17:04.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because in Vietnam, he had been
Dialogue: 0,0:17:04.05,0:17:06.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rappelling backwards out of helicopters
Dialogue: 0,0:17:06.30,0:17:07.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over the skids,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:07.73,0:17:10.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he was givena service dog\Nnamed Gander, a labradoodle,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:10.80,0:17:14.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to help him with PTSD and his fear of heights.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:14.25,0:17:16.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is them actually on the first day that they met,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:16.91,0:17:19.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is amazing, and since then,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:19.50,0:17:21.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they've spent a lot of time together
Dialogue: 0,0:17:21.27,0:17:25.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,visiting with other veterans\Nsuffering from similar issues.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:25.52,0:17:28.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what's so interesting to me about\NLonnie and Gander's relationship
Dialogue: 0,0:17:28.58,0:17:30.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is about a few months in,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:30.36,0:17:33.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Gander actually developed a fear of heights,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:33.68,0:17:37.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,probably because he was\Nwatching Lonnie so closely.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:37.98,0:17:41.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What's pretty great about this, though,\Nis that he's still a fantastic service dog,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:41.45,0:17:43.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because now, when they're both at a great height,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:43.98,0:17:47.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Lonnie is so concerned with Gander's well-being
Dialogue: 0,0:17:47.34,0:17:53.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that he forgets to be scared of the heights himself.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:53.32,0:17:56.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Since I've spent so much time with these stories,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:56.60,0:17:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,digging into archives,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:58.00,0:18:00.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I literally spent years doing this research,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:00.46,0:18:02.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's changed me.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:02.76,0:18:06.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I no longer look at animals at the species level.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:06.69,0:18:08.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I look at them as individuals,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:08.92,0:18:10.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I think about them as creatures
Dialogue: 0,0:18:10.49,0:18:13.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with their own individual weather systems
Dialogue: 0,0:18:13.25,0:18:14.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,guiding their behavior and informing
Dialogue: 0,0:18:14.96,0:18:17.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how they respond to the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:17.27,0:18:20.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I really believe that this has made me
Dialogue: 0,0:18:20.16,0:18:22.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a more curious and a more empathetic person,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:22.52,0:18:25.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,both to the animals that share my bed
Dialogue: 0,0:18:25.97,0:18:28.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and occasionally wind up on my plate,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:28.09,0:18:30.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but also to the people that I know
Dialogue: 0,0:18:30.94,0:18:33.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who are suffering from anxiety
Dialogue: 0,0:18:33.89,0:18:36.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and from phobias and all manner of other things,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:36.52,0:18:38.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I really do believe that
Dialogue: 0,0:18:38.50,0:18:40.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even though you can't know exactly
Dialogue: 0,0:18:40.74,0:18:44.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what's going on in the mind of a pig
Dialogue: 0,0:18:44.13,0:18:46.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or your pug or your partner,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:46.25,0:18:50.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that that shouldn't stop you\Nfrom empathizing with them.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:50.06,0:18:52.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The best thing that we could do for our loved ones
Dialogue: 0,0:18:52.54,0:18:56.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is, perhaps, to anthropomorphize them.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:56.84,0:19:00.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Charles Darwin's father once told him
Dialogue: 0,0:19:00.34,0:19:05.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that everybody could lose their mind at some point.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:05.56,0:19:08.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thankfully, we can often find them again,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:08.39,0:19:10.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but only with each other's help.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:10.56,0:19:12.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:12.62,0:19:16.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)