WEBVTT 00:00:08.199 --> 00:00:13.929 What if you could do whatever you want...and get away with it? 00:00:13.929 --> 00:00:19.339 Suppose, for example, you could steal from your best friend…and not only would he never 00:00:19.339 --> 00:00:21.289 find out it was you… 00:00:21.289 --> 00:00:28.238 He would also think you’re the best friend ever for letting him cry on your shoulder. 00:00:28.239 --> 00:00:29.539 What a sap! 00:00:29.539 --> 00:00:35.250 Meanwhile, you’re living it up with what you stole, and have a devoted tool — er, 00:00:35.250 --> 00:00:37.079 friend — to boot! 00:00:37.079 --> 00:00:43.020 Believe it or not, Plato talks about you in Book II of his Republic! Well, he talks about 00:00:43.020 --> 00:00:48.840 people like you, if you’re the sort of person willing to do whatever it takes to get ahead… 00:00:48.840 --> 00:00:53.650 especially if you can do it without ever getting caught. 00:00:53.649 --> 00:01:00.289 Plato tells us a story — a myth, really — of a lowly shepherd who discovers a mysterious 00:01:00.289 --> 00:01:06.929 chasm. And inside of it was a magic ring. When he turned the ring so that the setting 00:01:06.930 --> 00:01:10.930 faced his palm, he became invisible. 00:01:10.930 --> 00:01:16.960 That night, as he sat with other shepherds around the fire, he started turning the ring, 00:01:16.959 --> 00:01:22.239 and noticed that others, thinking he’d left his place, started talking about him. In actual 00:01:22.239 --> 00:01:25.280 fact, he was invisible. 00:01:25.280 --> 00:01:32.280 He wasted no time seducing the queen and, with her help, murdering the king and seizing 00:01:33.108 --> 00:01:40.108 power. Even though he committed a grave injustice, he certainly benefitted, didn’t he! 00:01:40.188 --> 00:01:47.188 Well, according to Plato, no. Despite now being infinitely richer and more powerful, 00:01:47.459 --> 00:01:52.359 Plato thinks the shepherd has NOT benefited from committing this injustice. 00:01:52.358 --> 00:01:58.828 But why? Surely it’s good to gain some material wealth or social status. Does it really matter 00:01:58.828 --> 00:02:00.868 HOW it’s achieved? 00:02:00.868 --> 00:02:06.618 But Plato doesn’t think that injustice really is in one’s best interest. In fact, just 00:02:06.618 --> 00:02:07.138 the opposite! 00:02:07.138 --> 00:02:14.139 You see, according to Plato, justice is inherently valuable. The just person will always be infinitely 00:02:15.009 --> 00:02:19.399 happier — and thus richer — than the unjust person. 00:02:19.400 --> 00:02:25.489 For Plato does not think that goodness is derived from material or social gain. Thinking 00:02:25.489 --> 00:02:28.819 that it is, is what the shepherd got wrong. 00:02:28.818 --> 00:02:35.009 Justice in the individual is the condition of a harmonious soul governed by reason. You 00:02:35.009 --> 00:02:41.989 see, Plato thinks the soul has three parts: the appetitive part that reflects our urges; 00:02:41.989 --> 00:02:48.188 the spirited part that reflects our emotions; and the rational part that reflects our best 00:02:48.188 --> 00:02:49.568 selves. 00:02:49.568 --> 00:02:56.568 That’s why the just individual will never commit injustices, whether s/he can get away 00:02:57.259 --> 00:02:58.090 with it or not. 00:02:58.090 --> 00:03:04.060 In other words, the just individual knows that committing unjust acts messes with his 00:03:04.060 --> 00:03:07.310 soul, and so also his happiness. 00:03:07.310 --> 00:03:14.310 So, dear Viewer, if you found a ring that could make you invisible, what would you do…?