[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.65,0:00:06.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, this is my grandfather,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.61,0:00:08.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Salman Schocken,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.11,0:00:12.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who was born into a poor and uneducated family
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.55,0:00:15.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with six children to feed,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.99,0:00:19.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when he was 14 years old, he was forced to
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.68,0:00:23.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,drop out of school in order to help put bread on the table.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.64,0:00:27.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He never went back to school.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.06,0:00:31.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead, he went on to build a glittering empire
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.21,0:00:33.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of department stores.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.32,0:00:36.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Salman was the consummate perfectionist,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.57,0:00:39.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and every one of his stores was a jewel
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.14,0:00:41.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of Bauhaus architecture.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.06,0:00:44.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was also the ultimate self-learner,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.25,0:00:47.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and like everything else, he did it in grand style.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.16,0:00:49.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He surrounded himself with an entourage
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.84,0:00:53.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of young, unknown scholars like Martin Buber
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.23,0:00:56.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Shai Agnon and Franz Kafka,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.37,0:00:59.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he paid each one of them a monthly salary
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.30,0:01:02.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that they could write in peace.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.35,0:01:07.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And yet, in the late '30s, Salman saw what's coming.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.28,0:01:10.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He fled Germany, together with his family,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.60,0:01:12.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,leaving everything else behind.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.69,0:01:15.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,His department stores confiscated,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.90,0:01:18.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he spent the rest of his life in a relentless pursuit
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.99,0:01:21.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of art and culture.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.46,0:01:23.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This high school dropout
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.39,0:01:25.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,died at the age of 82,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.67,0:01:29.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a formidable intellectual, cofounder and first CEO
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.80,0:01:31.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.95,0:01:33.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and founder of Schocken Books,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.71,0:01:37.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an acclaimed imprint that was later acquired
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.08,0:01:38.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by Random House.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.75,0:01:42.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Such is the power of self-study.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.73,0:01:45.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And these are my parents.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.24,0:01:49.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They too did not enjoy the privilege of college education.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.29,0:01:53.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were too busy building a family and a country.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.26,0:01:57.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And yet, just like Salman, they were lifelong,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.29,0:02:01.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tenacious self-learners, and our home was stacked
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.05,0:02:05.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with thousands of books, records and artwork.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.21,0:02:07.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I remember quite vividly my father telling me
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.61,0:02:12.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that when everyone in the neighborhood will have a TV set,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.44,0:02:17.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then we'll buy a normal F.M. radio. (Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.06,0:02:20.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's me,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.09,0:02:21.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was going to say holding my first abacus,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.81,0:02:24.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but actually holding what my father would consider
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.82,0:02:27.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an ample substitute to an iPad. (Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.77,0:02:31.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So one thing that I took from home is this notion
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.44,0:02:34.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that educators don't necessarily have to teach.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.28,0:02:37.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead, they can provide an environment and resources
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.51,0:02:42.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that tease out your natural ability to learn on your own.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.65,0:02:46.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Self-study, self-exploration, self-empowerment:
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.75,0:02:50.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these are the virtues of a great education.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.07,0:02:54.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I'd like to share with you a story about a self-study,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.26,0:02:56.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,self-empowering computer science course
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.82,0:03:01.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I built, together with my brilliant colleague Noam Nisan.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.00,0:03:03.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As you can see from the pictures, both Noam and I
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.76,0:03:07.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had an early fascination with first principles,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.18,0:03:08.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and over the years, as our knowledge of
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.70,0:03:12.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,science and technology became more sophisticated,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.28,0:03:15.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this early awe with the basics
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.47,0:03:17.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has only intensified.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.57,0:03:21.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it's not surprising that, about 12 years ago, when
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.27,0:03:24.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Noam and I were already computer science professors,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.75,0:03:28.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we were equally frustrated by the same phenomenon.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.50,0:03:31.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As computers became increasingly more complex,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.32,0:03:34.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our students were losing the forest for the trees,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.53,0:03:37.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and indeed, it is impossible to connect
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.61,0:03:40.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the soul of the machine if you interact
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.26,0:03:43.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a black box P.C. or a Mac which is shrouded
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.66,0:03:47.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by numerous layers of closed, proprietary software.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.04,0:03:50.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So Noam and I had this insight that if we want our students
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.73,0:03:52.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to understand how computers work,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.75,0:03:55.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and understand it in the marrow of their bones,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.84,0:03:57.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then perhaps the best way to go about it
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.40,0:04:01.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to have them build a complete, working,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.99,0:04:05.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,general-purpose, useful computer, hardware and software,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.70,0:04:09.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the ground up, from first principles.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.23,0:04:13.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, we had to start somewhere, and so Noam and I
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.44,0:04:16.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,decided to base our cathedral, so to speak,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.93,0:04:20.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the simplest possible building block,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.07,0:04:22.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is something called NAND.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.87,0:04:26.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is nothing more than a trivial logic gate
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.81,0:04:29.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with four input-output states.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.85,0:04:32.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we now start this journey by telling our students
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.51,0:04:34.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that God gave us NAND — (Laughter) —
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.58,0:04:38.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and told us to build a computer, and when we asked how,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.57,0:04:41.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,God said, "One step at a time."
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.75,0:04:44.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then, following this advice, we start
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.84,0:04:47.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with this lowly, humble NAND gate,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.80,0:04:49.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we walk our students through an elaborate sequence
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.74,0:04:53.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of projects in which they gradually build a chip set,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.48,0:04:57.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a hardware platform, an assembler, a virtual machine,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.59,0:05:01.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a basic operating system and a compiler
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.17,0:05:07.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for a simple, Java-like language that we call "JACK."
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.36,0:05:09.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The students celebrate the end of this tour de force
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.91,0:05:12.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by using JACK to write all sorts of cool games
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.74,0:05:15.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like Pong, Snake and Tetris.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.73,0:05:19.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can imagine the tremendous joy of playing
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.35,0:05:22.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a Tetris game that you wrote in JACK
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.37,0:05:25.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then compiled into machine language in a compiler
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.16,0:05:27.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you wrote also, and then seeing the result
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.57,0:05:30.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,running on a machine that you built starting
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.45,0:05:33.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with nothing more than a few thousand NAND gates.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.74,0:05:36.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a tremendous personal triumph of going
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.93,0:05:41.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from first principles all the way to a fantastically complex
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.65,0:05:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and useful system.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.00,0:05:48.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Noam and I worked five years to facilitate
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.40,0:05:51.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this ascent and to create the tools and infrastructure
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.61,0:05:54.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that will enable students to build it in one semester.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.78,0:05:58.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is the great team that helped us make it happen.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.82,0:06:03.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The trick was to decompose the computer's construction
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.07,0:06:06.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into numerous stand-alone modules,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.02,0:06:09.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,each of which could be individually specified,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.92,0:06:15.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,built and unit-tested in isolation from the rest of the project.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.16,0:06:18.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And from day one, Noam and I decided to put
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.14,0:06:21.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all these building blocks freely available in open source
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.68,0:06:23.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the Web.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.16,0:06:27.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So chip specifications, APIs, project descriptions,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.63,0:06:31.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,software tools, hardware simulators, CPU emulators,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.54,0:06:35.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,stacks of hundreds of slides, lectures --
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.24,0:06:37.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we laid out everything on the Web
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.46,0:06:40.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and invited the world to come over,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.49,0:06:42.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,take whatever they need,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.03,0:06:44.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and do whatever they want with it.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.42,0:06:48.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then something fascinating happened.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.32,0:06:49.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The world came.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.90,0:06:53.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in short order, thousands of people
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.06,0:06:54.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were building our machine.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.60,0:06:58.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And NAND2Tetris became one of the first
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.52,0:07:01.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,massive, open, online courses,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.76,0:07:04.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,although seven years ago we had no idea that what
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.50,0:07:06.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we were doing is called MOOCs.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.66,0:07:10.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We just observed how self-organized courses
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.52,0:07:13.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were kind of spontaneously spawning
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.60,0:07:14.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,out of our materials.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.98,0:07:18.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, Pramode C.E.,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.07,0:07:19.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an engineer from Kerala, India,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.98,0:07:21.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has organized groups of self-learners
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.79,0:07:24.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who build our computer under his good guidance.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.84,0:07:27.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Parag Shah, another engineer, from Mumbai,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.86,0:07:30.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has unbundled our projects into smaller,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.70,0:07:32.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more manageable bites that he now serves
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.72,0:07:36.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in his pioneering do-it-yourself computer science program.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.53,0:07:39.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The people who are attracted to these courses
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.94,0:07:42.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,typically have a hacker mentality.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.36,0:07:44.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They want to figure out how things work,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.46,0:07:46.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they want to do it in groups,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.22,0:07:49.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like this hackers club in Washington, D.C.,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.03,0:07:52.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that uses our materials to offer community courses.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.70,0:07:55.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And because these materials are widely available
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.64,0:07:58.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and open-source, different people take them
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.34,0:08:01.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to very different and unpredictable directions.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.28,0:08:04.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, Yu Fangmin, from Guangzhou,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.20,0:08:07.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has used FPGA technology
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.04,0:08:10.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to build our computer and show others how to do the same
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.77,0:08:14.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using a video clip, and Ben Craddock developed
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.13,0:08:17.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a very nice computer game that unfolds
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.73,0:08:22.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,inside our CPU architecture, which is quite a complex
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.70,0:08:25.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,3D maze that Ben developed
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.18,0:08:29.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using the Minecraft 3D simulator engine.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.09,0:08:32.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Minecraft community went bananas over this project,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.11,0:08:35.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Ben became an instant media celebrity.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.49,0:08:38.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And indeed, for quite a few people,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.40,0:08:42.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,taking this NAND2Tetris pilgrimage, if you will,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.47,0:08:45.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has turned into a life-changing experience.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:45.18,0:08:48.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, take Dan Rounds, who is a music
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.37,0:08:51.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and math major from East Lansing, Michigan.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.14,0:08:54.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A few weeks ago, Dan posted a victorious post
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.59,0:08:57.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on our website, and I'd like to read it to you.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.21,0:09:00.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So here's what Dan said.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.66,0:09:03.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I did the coursework because understanding computers
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.48,0:09:06.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is important to me, just like literacy and numeracy,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.82,0:09:09.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I made it through. I never worked harder on anything,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.84,0:09:12.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,never been challenged to this degree.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.55,0:09:14.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But given what I now feel capable of doing,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.94,0:09:17.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I would certainly do it again.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.09,0:09:19.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To anyone considering NAND2Tetris,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.34,0:09:23.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's a tough journey, but you'll be profoundly changed."
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.09,0:09:27.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So Dan demonstrates the many self-learners
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.99,0:09:32.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who take this course off the Web, on their own traction,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.64,0:09:37.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on their own initiative, and it's quite amazing because
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.22,0:09:41.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these people cannot care less about
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.81,0:09:43.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,grades.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.05,0:09:46.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are doing it because of one motivation only.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.96,0:09:50.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They have a tremendous passion to learn.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.44,0:09:52.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And with that in mind,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.37,0:09:56.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'd like to say a few words about traditional college grading.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.97,0:09:59.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm sick of it.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.33,0:10:00.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are obsessed with grades
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.77,0:10:02.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we are obsessed with data,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.63,0:10:07.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and yet grading takes away all the fun from failing,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.22,0:10:09.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a huge part of education
Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.70,0:10:11.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is about failing.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.29,0:10:13.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Courage, according to Churchill,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.76,0:10:16.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the ability to go from one defeat to another
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.71,0:10:19.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without losing enthusiasm. (Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.32,0:10:23.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And [Joyce] said that mistakes
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.15,0:10:24.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are the portals of discovery.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.62,0:10:27.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And yet we don't tolerate mistakes,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.97,0:10:29.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we worship grades.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.28,0:10:33.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we collect your B pluses and your A minuses
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.06,0:10:35.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we aggregate them into a number like 3.4,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.90,0:10:37.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is stamped on your forehead
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.81,0:10:40.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and sums up who you are.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:40.25,0:10:43.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, in my opinion, we went too far with this nonsense,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.54,0:10:46.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and grading became degrading.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.22,0:10:51.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So with that, I'd like to say a few words about upgrading,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.12,0:10:55.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and share with you a glimpse from my current project,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.54,0:10:57.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is different from the previous one,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.57,0:10:59.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it shares exactly the same characteristics
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.59,0:11:03.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of self-learning, learning by doing,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.42,0:11:06.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,self-exploration and community-building,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.19,0:11:12.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this project deals with K-12 math education,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:12.05,0:11:13.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,beginning with early age math,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.95,0:11:18.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we do it on tablets because we believe that
Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.45,0:11:22.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,math, like anything else, should be taught hands on.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.85,0:11:26.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So here's what we do. Basically, we developed
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.01,0:11:29.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,numerous mobile apps, every one of them explaining
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.76,0:11:31.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a particular concept in math.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:31.26,0:11:34.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So for example, let's take area.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.70,0:11:37.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you deal with a concept like area --
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.18,0:11:42.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well, we also provide a set of tools that the child
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.42,0:11:45.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is invited to experiment with in order to learn.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.05,0:11:49.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if area is what interests us, then one thing
Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.00,0:11:53.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is natural to do is to tile the area
Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.14,0:11:56.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of this particular shape and simply count
Dialogue: 0,0:11:56.79,0:12:00.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how many tiles it takes to cover it completely.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:00.65,0:12:03.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this little exercise here gives you a first
Dialogue: 0,0:12:03.14,0:12:06.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,good insight of the notion of area.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.56,0:12:09.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Moving along, what about the area of this figure?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:09.36,0:12:14.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, if you try to tile it, it doesn't work too well, does it.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:14.01,0:12:16.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So instead, you can experiment
Dialogue: 0,0:12:16.32,0:12:18.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with these different tools here by some process
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.100,0:12:21.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of guided trial and error,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.04,0:12:23.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and at some point you will discover that one thing
Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.87,0:12:26.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you can do among several legitimate transformations
Dialogue: 0,0:12:26.96,0:12:29.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the following one. You can cut the figure,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.79,0:12:33.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can rearrange the parts, you can glue them
Dialogue: 0,0:12:33.41,0:12:36.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then proceed to tile just like we did before.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.52,0:12:41.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:12:41.80,0:12:44.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now this particular transformation
Dialogue: 0,0:12:44.52,0:12:48.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,did not change the area of the original figure,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:48.51,0:12:50.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so a six-year-old who plays with this
Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.69,0:12:53.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has just discovered a clever algorithm
Dialogue: 0,0:12:53.58,0:12:57.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to compute the area of any given parallelogram.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:57.62,0:12:59.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We don't replace teachers, by the way.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:59.47,0:13:02.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We believe that teachers should be empowered, not replaced.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:02.60,0:13:05.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Moving along, what about the area of a triangle?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:05.90,0:13:08.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So after some guided trial and error,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:08.69,0:13:12.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the child will discover, with or without help,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:12.63,0:13:16.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that he or she can duplicate the original figure
Dialogue: 0,0:13:16.49,0:13:19.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then take the result, transpose it,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:19.89,0:13:23.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,glue it to the original and then proceed [with] what we did before:
Dialogue: 0,0:13:23.64,0:13:31.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cut, rearrange, paste — oops— paste and glue,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:31.37,0:13:32.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and tile.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:32.97,0:13:36.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now this transformation has doubled the area
Dialogue: 0,0:13:36.79,0:13:40.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the original figure, and therefore we have just learned
Dialogue: 0,0:13:40.64,0:13:44.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the area of the triangle equals the area of this rectangle
Dialogue: 0,0:13:44.41,0:13:46.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,divided by two.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:46.86,0:13:50.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we discovered it by self-exploration.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:50.31,0:13:56.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, in addition to learning some useful geometry,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:56.39,0:14:00.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the child has been exposed to some pretty sophisticated
Dialogue: 0,0:14:00.78,0:14:03.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,science strategies, like reduction,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:03.80,0:14:06.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is the art of
Dialogue: 0,0:14:06.72,0:14:10.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,transforming a complex problem into a simple one,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:10.30,0:14:12.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or generalization, which is at the heart
Dialogue: 0,0:14:12.67,0:14:15.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of any scientific discipline,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:15.52,0:14:18.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or the fact that some properties are invariant
Dialogue: 0,0:14:18.11,0:14:21.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,under some transformations.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:21.13,0:14:24.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And all this is something that a very young child
Dialogue: 0,0:14:24.42,0:14:28.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can pick up using such mobile apps.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:28.72,0:14:31.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So presently, we are doing the following:
Dialogue: 0,0:14:31.82,0:14:36.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First of all, we are decomposing the K-12 math curriculum
Dialogue: 0,0:14:36.13,0:14:39.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into numerous such apps.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:39.02,0:14:41.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And because we cannot do it on our own,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:41.60,0:14:44.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we've developed a very fancy authoring tool
Dialogue: 0,0:14:44.69,0:14:47.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that any author, any parent or actually anyone
Dialogue: 0,0:14:47.96,0:14:50.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who has an interest in math education,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:50.32,0:14:53.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can use this authoring tool to develop similar apps
Dialogue: 0,0:14:53.59,0:14:56.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on tablets without programming.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:56.100,0:15:00.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And finally, we are putting together an adaptive ecosystem
Dialogue: 0,0:15:00.22,0:15:03.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that will match different learners
Dialogue: 0,0:15:03.04,0:15:08.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with different apps according to their evolving learning style.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:08.42,0:15:10.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The driving force behind this project
Dialogue: 0,0:15:10.94,0:15:13.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is my colleague Shmulik London,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:13.89,0:15:16.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and, you see, just like
Dialogue: 0,0:15:16.53,0:15:20.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Salman did about 90 years ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:20.60,0:15:24.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the trick is to surround yourself with brilliant people,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:24.58,0:15:27.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because at the end,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:27.33,0:15:29.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's all about people.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:29.24,0:15:32.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And a few years ago, I was walking in Tel Aviv
Dialogue: 0,0:15:32.65,0:15:35.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I saw this graffiti on a wall,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:35.48,0:15:37.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I found it so compelling
Dialogue: 0,0:15:37.28,0:15:39.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that by now I preach it to my students,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:39.42,0:15:41.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I'd like to try to preach it to you.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:41.68,0:15:43.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, I don't know how many people here are familiar
Dialogue: 0,0:15:43.42,0:15:45.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the term "mensch."
Dialogue: 0,0:15:45.25,0:15:47.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It basically means to be human
Dialogue: 0,0:15:47.86,0:15:49.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to do the right thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:49.80,0:15:52.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And with that, what this graffiti says is,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:52.22,0:15:54.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"High-tech schmigh-tech.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:54.31,0:15:56.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The most important thing is to be a mensch." (Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:15:56.87,0:16:00.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you. (Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:16:00.27,0:16:05.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)