WEBVTT 00:00:01.527 --> 00:00:04.315 Something happened in the early morning hours 00:00:04.315 --> 00:00:07.900 of May 2nd, 2000, that had a profound effect 00:00:07.900 --> 00:00:10.206 on the way our society operates. 00:00:10.206 --> 00:00:13.484 Ironically, hardly anyone noticed at the time. 00:00:13.484 --> 00:00:16.144 The change was silent, imperceptible, 00:00:16.144 --> 00:00:18.989 unless you knew exactly what to look for. 00:00:18.989 --> 00:00:21.340 On that morning, U.S. President Bill Clinton 00:00:21.340 --> 00:00:23.612 ordered that a special switch be thrown 00:00:23.612 --> 00:00:27.045 in the orbiting satellites of the Global Positioning System. 00:00:27.045 --> 00:00:30.909 Instantaneously, every civilian GPS receiver 00:00:30.909 --> 00:00:35.471 around the globe went from errors the size of a football field 00:00:35.471 --> 00:00:39.406 to errors the size of a small room. NOTE Paragraph 00:00:42.314 --> 00:00:46.105 It's hard to overstate the effect that this change 00:00:46.105 --> 00:00:48.657 in accuracy has had on us. 00:00:48.657 --> 00:00:50.904 Before this switch was thrown, we didn't have 00:00:50.904 --> 00:00:53.163 in-car navigation systems giving turn-by-turn 00:00:53.163 --> 00:00:55.755 directions, because back then, GPS couldn't tell you 00:00:55.755 --> 00:00:58.449 what block you were on, let alone what street. NOTE Paragraph 00:00:58.449 --> 00:01:01.697 For geolocation, accuracy matters, 00:01:01.697 --> 00:01:04.955 and things have only improved over the last 10 years. 00:01:04.955 --> 00:01:07.074 With more base stations, more ground stations, 00:01:07.074 --> 00:01:10.043 better receivers and better algorithms, 00:01:10.043 --> 00:01:13.106 GPS can now not only tell you what street you are on, 00:01:13.106 --> 00:01:17.608 but what part of the street. NOTE Paragraph 00:01:17.608 --> 00:01:19.854 This level of accuracy 00:01:19.854 --> 00:01:22.780 has unleashed a firestorm of innovation. 00:01:22.780 --> 00:01:25.451 In fact, many of you navigated here today 00:01:25.451 --> 00:01:29.044 with the help of your TomTom or your smartphone. 00:01:29.044 --> 00:01:32.269 Paper maps are becoming obsolete. NOTE Paragraph 00:01:32.269 --> 00:01:36.408 But we now stand on the verge of another revolution 00:01:36.408 --> 00:01:38.403 in geolocation accuracy. 00:01:38.403 --> 00:01:41.136 What if I told you that the two-meter positioning 00:01:41.136 --> 00:01:44.567 that our current cell phones and our TomToms give us 00:01:44.567 --> 00:01:48.464 is pathetic compared to what we could be getting? 00:01:48.464 --> 00:01:51.297 For some time now, it's been known that if you pay attention 00:01:51.297 --> 00:01:53.832 to the carrier phase of the GPS signal, 00:01:53.832 --> 00:01:56.313 and if you have an Internet connection, 00:01:56.313 --> 00:01:59.129 then you can go from meter level to centimeter level, 00:01:59.129 --> 00:02:02.096 even millimeter-level positioning. NOTE Paragraph 00:02:02.096 --> 00:02:05.376 So why don't we have this capability on our phones? 00:02:05.376 --> 00:02:09.746 Only, I believe, for a lack of imagination. 00:02:09.746 --> 00:02:12.913 Manufacturers haven't built this carrier phase technique 00:02:12.913 --> 00:02:15.019 into their cheap GPS chips 00:02:15.019 --> 00:02:17.173 because they're not sure what the general public would do 00:02:17.173 --> 00:02:20.749 with geolocation so accurate that you could pinpoint 00:02:20.749 --> 00:02:24.587 the wrinkles in the palm of your hand. 00:02:24.587 --> 00:02:26.974 But you and I and other innovators, 00:02:26.974 --> 00:02:31.014 we can see the potential in this next leap in accuracy. 00:02:31.014 --> 00:02:33.726 Imagine, for example, an augmented reality app 00:02:33.726 --> 00:02:37.263 that overlays a virtual world to millimeter-level precision 00:02:37.263 --> 00:02:39.271 on top of the physical world. 00:02:39.271 --> 00:02:42.158 I could build for you a structure up here in 3D, 00:02:42.158 --> 00:02:44.526 millimeter accurate, that only you could see, 00:02:44.526 --> 00:02:47.419 or my friends at home. NOTE Paragraph 00:02:47.419 --> 00:02:51.934 So this level of positioning, this is what we're looking for, 00:02:51.934 --> 00:02:55.858 and I believe that, within the next few years, I predict, 00:02:55.858 --> 00:03:00.841 that this kind of hyper-precise, carrier phase-based positioning 00:03:00.841 --> 00:03:04.065 will become cheap and ubiquitous, 00:03:04.065 --> 00:03:06.610 and the consequences will be fantastic. NOTE Paragraph 00:03:06.610 --> 00:03:11.266 The Holy Grail, of course, is the GPS dot. 00:03:11.266 --> 00:03:13.946 Do you remember the movie "The Da Vinci Code?" 00:03:13.946 --> 00:03:17.394 Here's Professor Langdon examining a GPS dot, 00:03:17.394 --> 00:03:20.771 which his accomplice tells him is a tracking device 00:03:20.771 --> 00:03:23.832 accurate within two feet anywhere on the globe, 00:03:23.832 --> 00:03:26.738 but we know that in the world of nonfiction, 00:03:26.738 --> 00:03:29.602 the GPS dot is impossible, right? 00:03:29.602 --> 00:03:32.226 For one thing, GPS doesn't work indoors, 00:03:32.226 --> 00:03:35.410 and for another, they don't make devices quite this small, 00:03:35.410 --> 00:03:37.738 especially when those devices have to relay 00:03:37.738 --> 00:03:40.713 their measurements back over a network. NOTE Paragraph 00:03:40.713 --> 00:03:43.051 Well, these objections were perfectly reasonable 00:03:43.051 --> 00:03:46.065 a few years ago, but things have changed. 00:03:46.065 --> 00:03:48.921 There's been a strong trend toward miniaturization, 00:03:48.921 --> 00:03:52.640 better sensitivity, so much so that, a few years ago, 00:03:52.640 --> 00:03:55.344 a GPS tracking device looked like this clunky box 00:03:55.344 --> 00:03:57.520 to the left of the keys. 00:03:57.520 --> 00:04:00.171 Compare that with the device released just months ago 00:04:00.171 --> 00:04:03.963 that's now packaged into something the size of a key fob, 00:04:03.963 --> 00:04:06.516 and if you take a look at the state of the art 00:04:06.516 --> 00:04:09.262 for a complete GPS receiver, which is only a centimeter 00:04:09.262 --> 00:04:11.349 on a side and more sensitive than ever, 00:04:11.349 --> 00:04:14.858 you realize that the GPS dot will soon move 00:04:14.858 --> 00:04:19.257 from fiction to nonfiction. NOTE Paragraph 00:04:19.257 --> 00:04:23.499 Imagine what we could do with a world full of GPS dots. 00:04:23.499 --> 00:04:26.405 It's not just that you'll never lose your wallet or your keys 00:04:26.405 --> 00:04:30.976 anymore, or your child when you're at Disneyland. 00:04:30.976 --> 00:04:34.757 You'll buy GPS dots in bulk, and you'll stick them on 00:04:34.757 --> 00:04:38.724 everything you own worth more than a few tens of dollars. NOTE Paragraph 00:04:38.724 --> 00:04:41.196 I couldn't find my shoes one recent morning, 00:04:41.196 --> 00:04:44.564 and, as usual, had to ask my wife if she had seen them. 00:04:44.564 --> 00:04:48.356 But I shouldn't have to bother my wife with that kind of triviality. 00:04:48.356 --> 00:04:50.967 I should be able to ask my house where my shoes are. 00:04:50.967 --> 00:04:53.106 (Laughter) NOTE Paragraph 00:04:53.106 --> 00:04:56.614 Those of you who have made the switch to Gmail, 00:04:56.614 --> 00:04:59.492 remember how refreshing it was to go from 00:04:59.492 --> 00:05:03.636 organizing all of your email to simply searching it. 00:05:03.636 --> 00:05:08.138 The GPS dot will do the same for our possessions. NOTE Paragraph 00:05:08.138 --> 00:05:12.824 Now, of course, there is a flip side to the GPS dot. 00:05:12.824 --> 00:05:15.213 I was in my office some months back 00:05:15.213 --> 00:05:17.756 and got a telephone call. 00:05:17.756 --> 00:05:21.377 The woman on the other end of the line, we'll call her Carol, 00:05:21.377 --> 00:05:23.456 was panicked. 00:05:23.456 --> 00:05:26.249 Apparently, an ex-boyfriend of Carol's from California 00:05:26.249 --> 00:05:29.564 had found her in Texas and was following her around. 00:05:29.564 --> 00:05:33.401 So you might ask at this point why she's calling you. 00:05:33.401 --> 00:05:34.800 Well, so did I. 00:05:34.800 --> 00:05:38.791 But it turned out there was a technical twist to Carol's case. 00:05:38.791 --> 00:05:41.525 Every time her ex-boyfriend would show up, 00:05:41.525 --> 00:05:45.875 at the most improbable times and the most improbable locations, 00:05:45.875 --> 00:05:48.571 he was carrying an open laptop, 00:05:48.571 --> 00:05:51.414 and over time Carol realized that he had planted 00:05:51.414 --> 00:05:53.962 a GPS tracking device on her car, 00:05:53.962 --> 00:05:56.871 so she was calling me for help to disable it. NOTE Paragraph 00:05:56.871 --> 00:05:58.859 "Well, you should go to a good mechanic 00:05:58.859 --> 00:06:02.143 and have him look at your car," I said. NOTE Paragraph 00:06:02.143 --> 00:06:04.847 "I already have," she told me. 00:06:04.847 --> 00:06:06.991 "He didn't see anything obvious, 00:06:06.991 --> 00:06:10.528 and he said he'd have to take the car apart piece by piece." NOTE Paragraph 00:06:10.528 --> 00:06:13.849 "Well then, you'd better go to the police," I said. NOTE Paragraph 00:06:13.849 --> 00:06:16.953 "I already have," she replied. 00:06:16.953 --> 00:06:19.399 "They're not sure this rises to the level of harassment, 00:06:19.399 --> 00:06:23.152 and they're not set up technically to find the device." NOTE Paragraph 00:06:23.152 --> 00:06:24.658 "Okay, what about the FBI?" NOTE Paragraph 00:06:24.658 --> 00:06:28.821 "I've talked to them too, and same story." NOTE Paragraph 00:06:28.821 --> 00:06:30.491 We then talked about her coming to my lab 00:06:30.491 --> 00:06:33.039 and us performing a radio sweep of her car, 00:06:33.039 --> 00:06:35.538 but I wasn't even sure that would work, 00:06:35.538 --> 00:06:37.589 given that some of these devices are configured 00:06:37.589 --> 00:06:39.823 to only transmit when they're inside safe zones 00:06:39.823 --> 00:06:43.127 or when the car is moving. NOTE Paragraph 00:06:43.127 --> 00:06:44.621 So, there we were. 00:06:44.621 --> 00:06:47.590 Carol isn't the first, and certainly won't be the last, 00:06:47.590 --> 00:06:52.525 to find herself in this kind of fearsome environment, 00:06:52.525 --> 00:06:58.410 worrisome situation caused by GPS tracking. NOTE Paragraph 00:06:58.410 --> 00:07:00.213 In fact, as I looked into her case, 00:07:00.213 --> 00:07:03.675 I discovered to my surprise that it's not clearly illegal 00:07:03.675 --> 00:07:08.108 for you or me to put a tracking device on someone else's car. 00:07:08.108 --> 00:07:11.988 The Supreme Court ruled last month that a policeman 00:07:11.988 --> 00:07:16.320 has to get a warrant if he wants to do prolonged tracking, 00:07:16.320 --> 00:07:19.836 but the law isn't clear about civilians doing this to one another, 00:07:19.836 --> 00:07:22.466 so it's not just Big Brother we have to worry about, 00:07:22.466 --> 00:07:25.737 but Big Neighbor. (Laughter) NOTE Paragraph 00:07:25.737 --> 00:07:30.385 There is one alternative that Carol could have taken, 00:07:30.385 --> 00:07:36.088 very effective. It's called the Wave Bubble. 00:07:36.088 --> 00:07:39.023 It's an open-source GPS jammer, 00:07:39.023 --> 00:07:41.578 developed by Limor Fried, 00:07:41.578 --> 00:07:45.371 a graduate student at MIT, and Limor calls it 00:07:45.371 --> 00:07:49.256 "a tool for reclaiming our personal space." 00:07:49.256 --> 00:07:51.521 With a flip of the switch you create a bubble around you 00:07:51.521 --> 00:07:53.768 within which GPS signals can't reside. 00:07:53.768 --> 00:07:56.124 They get drowned out by the bubble. 00:07:56.124 --> 00:07:59.771 And Limor designed this, in part, because, like Carol, 00:07:59.771 --> 00:08:02.417 she felt threatened by GPS tracking. 00:08:02.417 --> 00:08:04.993 Then she posted her design to the web, 00:08:04.993 --> 00:08:08.735 and if you don't have time to build your own, 00:08:08.735 --> 00:08:09.509 you can buy one. 00:08:09.509 --> 00:08:11.567 Chinese manufacturers now sell thousands 00:08:11.567 --> 00:08:15.340 of nearly identical devices on the Internet. NOTE Paragraph 00:08:15.340 --> 00:08:19.492 So you might be thinking, the Wave Bubble sounds great. 00:08:19.492 --> 00:08:23.145 I should have one. Might come in handy if somebody ever puts a tracking device on my car. 00:08:23.145 --> 00:08:26.927 But you should be aware that its use is very much illegal 00:08:26.927 --> 00:08:28.726 in the United States. 00:08:28.726 --> 00:08:29.473 And why is that? 00:08:29.473 --> 00:08:32.566 Well, because it's not a bubble at all. 00:08:32.566 --> 00:08:34.965 Its jamming signals don't stop at the edge 00:08:34.965 --> 00:08:37.437 of your personal space or at the edge of your car. 00:08:37.437 --> 00:08:43.673 They go on to jam innocent GPS receivers for miles around you. (Laughter) NOTE Paragraph 00:08:43.673 --> 00:08:46.424 Now, if you're Carol or Limor, 00:08:46.424 --> 00:08:49.049 or someone who feels threatened by GPS tracking, 00:08:49.049 --> 00:08:52.824 it might not feel wrong to turn on a Wave Bubble, 00:08:52.824 --> 00:08:56.804 but in fact, the results can be disastrous. 00:08:56.804 --> 00:08:59.524 Imagine, for example, you're the captain of a cruise ship 00:08:59.524 --> 00:09:02.043 trying to make your way through a thick fog 00:09:02.043 --> 00:09:05.883 and some passenger in the back turns on a Wave Bubble. 00:09:05.883 --> 00:09:08.598 All of a sudden your GPS readout goes blank, 00:09:08.598 --> 00:09:11.884 and now it's just you and the fog 00:09:11.884 --> 00:09:14.484 and whatever you can pull off the radar system 00:09:14.484 --> 00:09:17.608 if you remember how to work it. 00:09:17.608 --> 00:09:23.544 They -- in fact, they don't update or upkeep lighthouses 00:09:23.544 --> 00:09:28.197 anymore, and LORAN, the only backup to GPS, 00:09:28.197 --> 00:09:30.617 was discontinued last year. NOTE Paragraph 00:09:30.617 --> 00:09:35.530 Our modern society has a special relationship with GPS. 00:09:35.530 --> 00:09:37.800 We're almost blindly reliant on it. 00:09:37.800 --> 00:09:41.451 It's built deeply into our systems and infrastructure. 00:09:41.451 --> 00:09:45.079 Some call it "the invisible utility." 00:09:45.079 --> 00:09:48.801 So, turning on a Wave Bubble might not just cause inconvenience. 00:09:48.801 --> 00:09:53.171 It might be deadly. NOTE Paragraph 00:09:53.171 --> 00:09:57.379 But as it turns out, for purposes of protecting your privacy 00:09:57.379 --> 00:10:00.868 at the expense of general GPS reliability, 00:10:00.868 --> 00:10:03.028 there's something even more potent 00:10:03.028 --> 00:10:06.820 and more subversive than a Wave Bubble, 00:10:06.820 --> 00:10:10.209 and that is a GPS spoofer. NOTE Paragraph 00:10:10.209 --> 00:10:13.034 The idea behind the GPS spoofer is simple. 00:10:13.034 --> 00:10:17.011 Instead of jamming the GPS signals, you fake them. 00:10:17.011 --> 00:10:20.129 You imitate them, and if you do it right, the device 00:10:20.129 --> 00:10:23.296 you're attacking doesn't even know it's being spoofed. NOTE Paragraph 00:10:23.296 --> 00:10:24.928 So let me show you how this works. 00:10:24.928 --> 00:10:27.653 In any GPS receiver, there's a peak inside 00:10:27.653 --> 00:10:30.288 that corresponds to the authentic signals. 00:10:30.288 --> 00:10:33.103 These three red dots represent the tracking points 00:10:33.103 --> 00:10:35.982 that try to keep themselves centered on that peak. 00:10:35.982 --> 00:10:39.047 But if you send in a fake GPS signal, 00:10:39.047 --> 00:10:43.513 another peak pops up, and if you can get these two peaks 00:10:43.513 --> 00:10:48.231 perfectly aligned, the tracking points can't tell the difference, 00:10:48.231 --> 00:10:51.542 and they get hijacked by the stronger counterfeit signal, 00:10:51.542 --> 00:10:55.502 with the authentic peak getting forced off. 00:10:55.502 --> 00:10:57.669 At this point, the game is over. 00:10:57.669 --> 00:11:01.406 The fake signals now completely control this GPS receiver. NOTE Paragraph 00:11:01.406 --> 00:11:02.901 So is this really possible? 00:11:02.901 --> 00:11:04.624 Can someone really manipulate 00:11:04.624 --> 00:11:06.606 the timing and positioning of a GPS receiver 00:11:06.606 --> 00:11:09.485 just like that, with a spoofer? 00:11:09.485 --> 00:11:11.500 Well, the short answer is yes. 00:11:11.500 --> 00:11:14.304 The key is that civil GPS signals 00:11:14.304 --> 00:11:15.406 are completely open. 00:11:15.406 --> 00:11:19.397 They have no encryption. They have no authentication. 00:11:19.397 --> 00:11:22.892 They're wide open, vulnerable to a kind of spoofing attack. 00:11:22.892 --> 00:11:25.467 Even so, up until very recently, 00:11:25.467 --> 00:11:27.859 nobody worried about GPS spoofers. 00:11:27.859 --> 00:11:29.837 People figured that it would be too complex 00:11:29.837 --> 00:11:32.652 or too expensive for some hacker to build one. NOTE Paragraph 00:11:32.652 --> 00:11:36.604 But I, and a friend of mine from graduate school, 00:11:36.604 --> 00:11:38.756 we didn't see it that way. 00:11:38.756 --> 00:11:41.229 We knew it wasn't going to be so hard, 00:11:41.229 --> 00:11:43.157 and we wanted to be the first to build one 00:11:43.157 --> 00:11:45.237 so we could get out in front of the problem 00:11:45.237 --> 00:11:49.343 and help protect against GPS spoofing. 00:11:49.343 --> 00:11:52.688 I remember vividly the week it all came together. 00:11:52.688 --> 00:11:56.137 We built it at my home, which means that 00:11:56.137 --> 00:12:00.526 I got a little extra help from my three-year-old son Ramon. 00:12:00.526 --> 00:12:02.944 Here's Ramon — (Laughter) — 00:12:02.944 --> 00:12:06.629 looking for a little attention from Dad that week. 00:12:06.629 --> 00:12:08.899 At first, the spoofer was just a jumble of cables 00:12:08.899 --> 00:12:11.781 and computers, though we eventually got it packaged 00:12:11.781 --> 00:12:13.453 into a small box. NOTE Paragraph 00:12:13.453 --> 00:12:16.262 Now, the Dr. Frankenstein moment, 00:12:16.262 --> 00:12:18.989 when the spoofer finally came alive 00:12:18.989 --> 00:12:21.590 and I glimpsed its awful potential, 00:12:21.590 --> 00:12:24.326 came late one night when I tested the spoofer 00:12:24.326 --> 00:12:26.412 against my iPhone. 00:12:26.412 --> 00:12:28.029 Let me show you some actual footage from that 00:12:28.029 --> 00:12:29.965 very first experiment. 00:12:29.965 --> 00:12:33.559 I had come to completely trust this little blue dot 00:12:33.559 --> 00:12:35.194 and its reassuring blue halo. 00:12:35.194 --> 00:12:36.269 They seemed to speak to me. 00:12:36.269 --> 00:12:40.929 They'd say, "Here you are. Here you are." (Laughter) 00:12:40.929 --> 00:12:43.799 And "you can trust us." 00:12:43.799 --> 00:12:48.917 So something felt very wrong about the world. 00:12:48.917 --> 00:12:51.500 It was a sense, almost, of betrayal, 00:12:51.500 --> 00:12:55.691 when this little blue dot started at my house, 00:12:55.691 --> 00:12:57.303 and went running off toward the north 00:12:57.303 --> 00:13:01.198 leaving me behind. I wasn't moving. 00:13:01.198 --> 00:13:05.431 What I then saw in this little moving blue dot 00:13:05.431 --> 00:13:08.149 was the potential for chaos. 00:13:08.149 --> 00:13:12.291 I saw airplanes and ships veering off course, with the captain 00:13:12.291 --> 00:13:16.565 learning only too late that something was wrong. 00:13:16.565 --> 00:13:19.065 I saw the GPS-derived timing 00:13:19.065 --> 00:13:20.796 of the New York Stock Exchange 00:13:20.796 --> 00:13:22.746 being manipulated by hackers. 00:13:22.746 --> 00:13:25.714 You can scarcely imagine the kind of havoc 00:13:25.714 --> 00:13:28.364 you could cause if you knew what you were doing 00:13:28.364 --> 00:13:31.717 with a GPS spoofer. NOTE Paragraph 00:13:31.717 --> 00:13:36.861 There is, though, one redeeming feature 00:13:36.861 --> 00:13:39.317 of the GPS spoofer. 00:13:39.317 --> 00:13:43.918 It's the ultimate weapon against an invasion of GPS dots. 00:13:43.918 --> 00:13:47.005 Imagine, for example, you're being tracked. 00:13:47.005 --> 00:13:49.529 Well, you can play the tracker for a fool, 00:13:49.529 --> 00:13:52.490 pretending to be at work when you're really on vacation. 00:13:52.490 --> 00:13:55.205 Or, if you're Carol, you could lure your ex-boyfriend 00:13:55.205 --> 00:13:56.522 into some empty parking lot 00:13:56.522 --> 00:13:58.823 where the police are waiting for him. NOTE Paragraph 00:13:58.823 --> 00:14:04.026 So I'm fascinated by this conflict, a looming conflict, 00:14:04.026 --> 00:14:06.691 between privacy on the one hand 00:14:06.691 --> 00:14:10.890 and the need for a clean radio spectrum on the other. 00:14:10.890 --> 00:14:13.935 We simply cannot tolerate GPS jammers and spoofers, 00:14:13.935 --> 00:14:17.671 and yet, given the lack of effective legal means 00:14:17.671 --> 00:14:21.770 for protecting our privacy from the GPS dot, 00:14:21.770 --> 00:14:23.642 can you really blame people for wanting to turn them on, 00:14:23.642 --> 00:14:26.058 for wanting to use them? NOTE Paragraph 00:14:26.058 --> 00:14:29.111 I hold out hope that we'll be able to reconcile 00:14:29.111 --> 00:14:32.297 this conflict with some sort of, 00:14:32.297 --> 00:14:37.727 some yet uninvented technology. 00:14:37.727 --> 00:14:40.853 But meanwhile, grab some popcorn, 00:14:40.853 --> 00:14:42.980 because things are going to get interesting. NOTE Paragraph 00:14:42.980 --> 00:14:44.320 Within the next few years, 00:14:44.320 --> 00:14:48.574 many of you will be the proud owner of a GPS dot. 00:14:48.574 --> 00:14:50.922 Maybe you'll have a whole bag full of them. 00:14:50.922 --> 00:14:54.374 You'll never lose track of your things again. 00:14:54.374 --> 00:14:58.403 The GPS dot will fundamentally reorder your life. 00:14:58.403 --> 00:15:01.085 But will you be able to resist the temptation 00:15:01.085 --> 00:15:04.077 to track your fellow man? 00:15:04.077 --> 00:15:05.909 Or will you be able to resist the temptation 00:15:05.909 --> 00:15:09.204 to turn on a GPS spoofer or a Wave Bubble 00:15:09.204 --> 00:15:11.972 to protect your own privacy? NOTE Paragraph 00:15:11.972 --> 00:15:15.604 So, as usual, what we see just beyond the horizon 00:15:15.604 --> 00:15:18.944 is full of promise and peril. 00:15:18.944 --> 00:15:22.132 It'll be fascinating to see how this all turns out. NOTE Paragraph 00:15:22.132 --> 00:15:24.766 Thanks. (Applause)