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Merci. Félicitations aux étudiants[br][de l'association Libertés Numériques -- NdR]

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d’avoir organisé cette réunion.

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Ils ont eu raison, non seulement[br]à cause de la célébrité de Richard

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mais aussi parce que les sujets[br]nous intéressent beaucoup.

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Ils nous intéressent particulièrement[br]ici à Sciences Po

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puisque nous essayons d’abord[br]d’étudier les controverses;

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certains d’entre vous ici[br]étudient les controverses

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et Richard est lui-même[br]un personnage controversé.

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Je n’ai rien trouvé sur le Web[br]qui permette de donner un accord

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ni sur ce qu’il fait, ni sur ce qu’il dit, ni sur[br]les mots qu’il utilise, donc il est un cas d’école

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pour nous qui étudions les cartographies[br]de controverse dans cette maison.

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On a en quelque sorte la présentation[br]d’un personnage controversé

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sur des sujets qui nous importent.

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Le deuxième point évidemment,[br]c’est que le sujet lui-même

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et la question des degrés[br]de liberté et de contrôle

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qui sont au cœur de toutes[br]ces innovations autour du numérique

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nous intéressent directement,[br]pour des raisons de sciences politiques

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pour des raisons de sociologie,[br]pour des raisons également de droit

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toutes questions qui[br]nous intéressent dans cette maison.

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C’est d’ailleurs assez intéressant[br]que Richard vienne chez nous

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quelques jours après la mort de Steve Jobs,[br]mort qu’il a célébrée à sa façon si j’ose dire

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en expliquant que la disparition[br]de Steve Jobs n’était pas un énorme malheur

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pour l’ensemble des questions[br]de liberté numérique

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à cause du fait que — même[br]si on pouvait estimer Steve Jobs

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le contrôle qu’il exerçait sur les logiciels

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et la domination qui nous rend[br]en quelque sorte libres

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mais sous la forme, comme il le dit[br]dans plusieurs de ses propos

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d’une espèce de prison dorée —[br]prison dorée que j’adore

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puisque je suis moi-même[br]un adepte du Macintosh

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mais ce n’est pas évidemment[br]le genre de personnage

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le genre de liberté auxquels pense Richard.

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La troisième raison, c’est évidemment que

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pour des tas de questions[br]qui nous intéressent directement

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dans cette maison autour[br]des humanités scientifiques

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la liaison entre les innovations techniques

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et les dipositifs politiques[br]nous intéresse directement.

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Donc nous avons au moins,[br]en tout cas moi à la direction scientifique

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trois raisons de nous réjouir[br]de l’initiative du groupe d’élèves

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qui a organisé cette réunion

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et je suis heureux de laisser[br]la parole à Richard Stallman

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et je vous prie de l’applaudir avant qu’il ne parle.

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Aidez-nous à continuer les sous titres SVP !

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il y a de multiples façons par lesquelles notre liberté est attaquée par les technologies numériques

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les technologies numériques peuvent rendre les choses pires et elles le feront tant que nous ne nous batterons pas pour le prévenir

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So, projects with the goal of digital inclusion are making a big aassumption:

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They are assuming that participating in a digital society is good.

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But that's not necessarily true!

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Being in a digital society can be good or bad depending on wether that digiatl society is just or unjust.

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And there are many ways in which our freedom is being attacked by digital technology.

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Digital technology can make things worse and it will unless we fight to prevent it.

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Therefor, if we have an unjust digital society we should cancel these projects for digital inclusion and launch projects for digital extraction.

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We have to be - We have to extract people from digital society if it does not respect their freedom.

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Or we have to make it respect their freedom.

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So, what are the threats?

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First: Surveillance.

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Computers are Stalin's dreams. They are ideal tools for surveillance because everything we do with computers, the computer can record.

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They can record the information in a perfectly indexed and searchable form in a central database.

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Ideal for any tyran who want to crush opposition.

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Surveillance is sometimes done with our own computers.

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For instance, if you have a computer that's running Microsoft Windows, that system is doing surveillance.

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There are features in Windows that send data to some server.

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Data about the use of the computer.

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A surveillance feature was discovered in the iPhone a few month ago and

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people started to call it the SpyPhone.

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FlashPlayer has a surveillance feature too and so does the Amazon "Swindle".

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They call it the Kindle but I call it swindle ????? because it's meant to swindle users out of their freedom.

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It makes people identify themselves whenever they buy a book.

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And that means Amazon has a giant list of all the books each user has read ...

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And such a list must not exist anywhere.

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Most portable phone will transmit their location using - computed using GPS on remote command

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and the phone's company is accumulating a giant list of places that the user has been.

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A German MP in a green party asked the phone company to give him the data it had about where he was.

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He had to sue, to go to court, to get this information.

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When he got it, he received 44000 location points for a period of 6 months.

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That's more than 200 per day.

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So what that means is someone could form a very good picture of his activities just by looking at that data.

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Surveillance is also done - well

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We can stop our own's computers from doing surveillance on us if we have control of the software that they run.

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But the software these people are running, they don't have control over it.

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Non free software ... and that's why it has malicious features such as the surveillance.

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However, the surveillance is not always done with our own computers.

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It's also done at one remove (???).

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For instance, ISPs in Europe are required to keep data about the user's internet communication for a long time

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in case the state decides to investigate that person later for whatever immaginable reason.

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And with a portable phone, even if you can stop the phone from transmitting your GPS location,

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the system can determine the phone's location approximately by comparing when the signals arrive

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at tdifferent towers. So the phone's system can do surveillance even without special cooperation from the phone itself.