WEBVTT

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Thank you. Congratulations to the students 
[of the Digital Freedoms association]

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who organized this meeting.

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They are right, not only
because Richard is famous

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but also because the subject
is very interesting to us.

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They are especially interesting
here at Sciences Po

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since first, we try to study
controversies;

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some of you here have studied
controversies

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and Richard himself
is a controversial character.

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I have not found anything on the Web
that allows to find consensus

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nor about what he does, nor what he says, nor
the words he uses, so he's an ideal case study

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for us who study cartographies of
controversies in this institution.

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Somehow we have a controversial character

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on subjects that are important to us.

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Second, obviously, is the subject itself

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and the question of how much
freedom and control

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that are at the core of all these
digital innovations

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are directly interesting, for political science

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sociology, also law.

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All questions that interest us
in this institution.

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It's by the way interesting that
Richard comes here

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a few days after Steve Jobs died, a death that 
he celebrated in his own way if I dare to say

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explaining that his loss was not
a huge disaster

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for all those questions of
digital freedoms

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because - even though Steve Jobs
could be esteemed

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the control he had on software

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and its domination make us
in some way free

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but under the form, as he says it
in several opinions,

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of a "jail made cool" --
a jail that I like myself

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since I am myself an adept
of the Macintosh

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but this is obviously not
the kind of character

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or the kind of freedom that Richard
is thinking about.

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The third reason is that, obviously

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for a lot of questions
that are directly interesting to us

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in this institution about
scientific humanities

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is the link between technical innovation

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and political devices
that interests us directly.

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So we have at least, anyway myself
at the scientific direction

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three reasons to enjoy
the initiative of the students group

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which organized this meeting

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and I am happy to let
Richard Stallman speak

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and please applause him before.

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Projects with the goal of digital
inclusion are making a big assumption.

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They are assuming that participating
in a digital society is good;

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but that’s not necessarily true.

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Being in a digital society can be good or bad

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depending on whether that
digital society is just or unjust.

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There are many ways in which our freedom
is being attacked by digital technology.

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Digital technology can make things worse,
and it will, unless we fight to prevent it.

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Therefore, if we have an unjust digital society

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we should cancel these projects
for digital inclusion

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and launch projects for digital extraction.

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We have to extract people from digital society
if it doesn’t respect their freedom;

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or we have to make it respect their freedom.

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So, what are the threats? First, surveillance.

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Computers are Stalin’s dream.

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They are ideal tools for surveillance

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because anything we do with computers,
the computers can record.

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They can record the information

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in a perfectly indexed
searchable form in a central database

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ideal for any tyrant
who wants to crush opposition.

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Surveillance is sometimes done
with our own computers.

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For instance, if you have a computer
that’s running Microsoft Windows

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that system is doing surveillance.

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There are features in Windows
that send data to some server.

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Data about the use of the computer.

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A surveillance feature was discovered
in the iPhone a few months ago

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and people started calling it
the “spy-phone”.

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Flash player has a surveillance feature too

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and so does the Amazon “Swindle”.

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They call it the Kindle,
but I call it the Swindle, l’escroc

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because it’s meant to swindle
users out of their freedom.

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It makes people identify themselves
whenever they buy a book

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and that means Amazon has a giant list
of all the books each user has read.

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And such a list must not exist anywhere.

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Most portable phones
will transmit their location

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computed using GPS, on remote command.

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And the phone company is accumulating
a giant list of places that the user has been.

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A German from the Green Party
asked the phone company

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to give him the data it had
about where he was.

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He had to sue, he had to go
to court to get this information.

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And when he got it, he received
forty-four thousand location points

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for a period of six months.

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That’s more than two hundred per day.

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So what that means is someone could form
a very good picture of his activities

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just by looking at that data.

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We can stop our own computers
from doing surveillance on us

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if we have control
of the software that they run.

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But the software these people are running,
they don’t have control over.

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It’s non-free software and that’s why
it has malicious features, such as surveillance.

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However, the surveillance is not
always done with our own computers

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it’s also done at one remove.

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For instance ISPs in Europe are required

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to keep data about the user’s
internet communications for a long time

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in case the State decides to investigate
that person later

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for whatever imaginable reason.

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And with a portable phone,
even if you can stop the phone

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from transmitting your GPS location

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the system can determine
the phone’s location approximately

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by comparing the time when
the signals arrive at different towers.

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So the phone system can do surveillance

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even without special cooperation
from the phone itself.

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Likewise, the bicycles
that people rent in Paris.

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Of course the system knows
where you get the bicycle

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and it knows where you return the bicycle

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and I’ve heard reports
that it tracks the bicycles

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as they are moving around as well.

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So they are not something we can really trust.

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But there are also systems that have nothing
to do with us that exist only for tracking.

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For instance, in the UK
all car travel is monitored.

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Every car’s movements
are being recorded in real time

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and can be tracked by the State in real time.

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This is done with cameras on the side of the road.

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Now, the only way we can prevent surveillance

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that’s done at one remove
or by unrelated systems

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is through political action
against increased government power

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to track and monitor everyone.

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Which means of course we have to reject
whatever excuse they come up with.

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For doing such systems, no excuse
is valid to monitor everyone.

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In a free society, when you go out
in public you are not guaranteed anonymity.

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It’s possible for someone
to recognize you and remember.

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And later that person could say
that he saw you at a certain place.

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But that information is diffuse.

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It’s not conveniently assembled to track
everybody and investigate what they did.

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To collect that information is a lot of work

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so it’s only done in special cases
when it’s necessary.

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But computerized surveillance
makes it possible

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to centralize and index all this information

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so that an unjust regime can find it all
and find out all about everyone.

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If a dictator takes power,
which could happen anywhere

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people realize this and they recognize

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that they should not
communicate with other dissidents

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in a way that the State could find out about.

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But if the dictator
has several years of stored records

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of who talks with whom, it’s too late
to take any precautions then.

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Because he already has
everything he needs to realize

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“OK this guy is a dissident and he spoke
with him. Maybe he is a dissident too.”

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“Maybe we should grab him and torture him.”

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So we need to campaign to put
an end to digital surveillance now.

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You can’t wait until there is a dictator
and it would really matter.

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And besides, it doesn’t take an outright
dictatorship to start attacking human rights.

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I wouldn’t quite call
the government of the UK a dictatorship.

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It’s not very democratic and one way
it crushes democracy is using surveillance.

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A few years ago, people believed to be
on their way to a protest

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they were going to protest.

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They were arrested before
they could get there

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because their car was tracked through
this universal car tracking system.

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The second threat is censorship.

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Censorship is not new,
it existed long before computers.

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But 15 years ago, we thought that
the Internet would protect us from censorship

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that it would defeat censorship.

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Then, China and some other obvious tyrannies

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went to great lengths to impose
censorship on the Internet, and we said:

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“well that’s not surprising, what else
would governments like that do?”

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But today we see censorship
imposed in countries

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that are not normally
thought of as dictatorships

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such as for instance the UK, France,
Spain, Italy, Denmark…

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They all have systems of
blocking access to some websites.

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Denmark established a system

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that blocks access to a long list
of webpages, which was secret.

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The citizens were not supposed to know
how the government was censoring them

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but the list was leaked,
and posted on WikiLeaks.

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At that point, Denmark added
the WikiLeaks page to its censorship list.

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So, the whole rest of the world can find out

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how Danes are being censored,
but Danes are not supposed to know.

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A few months ago, Turkey,
which claims to respect some human rights

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announced that every Internet user

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would have to choose between
censorship and more censorship.

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Four different levels of censorship
they get to choose!

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But freedom is not one of the options.

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Australia wanted to impose filtering
on the Internet but that was blocked.

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However Australia has a
different kind of censorship.

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It has censorship of links.

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That is, if a website in Australia has a link

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to some censored site outside Australia

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the one in Australia can be punished.

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Electronic Frontier Australia

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which is an organization
that defends human rights

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in the digital domain in Australia

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posted a link to
a foreign political website.

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It was ordered to delete the link
or face a penalty of $11,000 a day.

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So they deleted it,
what else could they do?

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This is a very harsh system of censorship.

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In Spain, the censorship
that was adopted earlier this year

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allows officials to arbitrarily
shut down an Internet site in Spain

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or impose filtering to block access
to a site outside of Spain.

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And they can do this
without any kind of trial.

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This was one of the motivations
for the Indignados

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who have been protesting in the street.

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There were protests in the street
in Turkey as well after that announcement

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but the government refused to change its policy.

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We must recognize that a country

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that imposes censorship on the Internet
is not a free country.

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And is not a legitimate government either.

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The next threat to our freedom comes
from data formats that restrict the users.

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Sometimes it’s because the format is secret.

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There are many application programs

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that save the user’s data in a secret format

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which is meant to prevent the user

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from taking that data and using it
with some other program.

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The goal is to prevent interoperability.

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Now evidently, if the program
implements a secret format

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that’s because the program
is not free software.

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So this is another kind of malicious feature.

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Surveillance is one kind of malicious feature

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that you find in some non-free programs;

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using secret formats to restrict the users

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is another kind of malicious feature

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that you also find in some non-free programs.

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But if you have a free program
that handles a certain format

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ipso facto that format is not secret.

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This kind of malicious feature
can only exist in a non-free program.

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Surveillance features could theoretically
exist in a free program

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but you don’t find them happening.

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Because the users would fix it.

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The users wouldn’t like this,
so they would fix it.

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In any case, we also find secret data
formats in use for publication of works.

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You find secret data formats
in use for audio

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such as music, for video, for books…

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And these secret formats are known as
Digital Restrictions Management, or DRM

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or digital handcuffs (les menottes numériques).

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So, the works are published in secret formats

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so that only proprietary
programs can play them

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so that these proprietary programs can have
the malicious feature of restricting the users

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stopping them from doing something
that would be natural to do.

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And this is used even by public entities
to communicate with the people.

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For instance Italian public television
makes its programs available on the net

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in a format called VC-1

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which is a standard supposedly,
but it’s a secret standard.

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Now I can’t imagine how any
publicly supported entity

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could justify using a secret format
to communicate with the public.

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This should be illegal.

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In fact I think all use of Digital
Restrictions Management should be illegal.

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No company should be allowed to do this.

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There are also formats that are not secret

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but almost might as well be
secret, for instance Flash.

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Flash is not actually secret but Adobe keeps
making new versions, which are different

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faster than anyone can keep up
and make free software to play those files.

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So it has almost the same effect as being secret.

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Then there are the patented formats,
such as MP3 for audio.

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It’s bad to distribute audio in MP3 format!

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There is free software to handle MP3 format,
to play it and to generate it

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but because it’s patented in many countries

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many distributors of free software
don’t dare include those programs.

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So if they distribute the GNU+Linux system

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their system doesn’t include a player for MP3.

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As a result if anyone
distributes some music in MP3

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that’s putting pressure on people
not to use GNU/Linux.

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Sure, if you’re an expert you can find
a free software and install it

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but there are lots of non experts

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and they might see that
they installed a version of GNU/Linux

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which doesn’t have that software
and it won’t play MP3 files

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and they think it’s the system’s fault.

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They don’t realize it’s MP3′s fault.
But this is the fact.

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Therefore, if you want to support freedom,
don’t distribute MP3 files.

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That’s why I say if you’re recording my speech
and you want to distribute copies

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don’t do it in a patented format
such as MPEG-2, or MPEG-4, or MP3.

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Use a format friendly to free software,
such as the Ogg format or WebM.

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And by the way, if you are going
to distribute copies of the recording

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please put on it the
Creative Commons-No derivatives license.

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This is a statement of my personal views.

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If it were a lecture for a course,
if it were didactic

00:22:09.100 --> 00:22:14.000
then it ought to be free,
but statements of opinion are different.

00:22:23.900 --> 00:22:26.800
Now this leads me to the next threat

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which comes from software
that the users don’t have control over.

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In other words: software
that isn’t free, that is not “libre”.

00:22:37.900 --> 00:22:42.000
In this particular point
French is clearer than English.

00:22:42.100 --> 00:22:46.000
The English word free
means ‘libre’ and ‘gratuit’

00:22:46.100 --> 00:22:52.800
but what I mean when I say free software
is ‘logiciel libre‘. I don’t mean ‘gratuit’.

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I’m not talking about price.

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Price is a side issue, just a detail,
because it doesn't matter ethically.

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You know if I have a copy of a program

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and I sell it to you for one euro
or a hundred euros, who cares?

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Why should anyone think
that that’s good or bad?

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Or suppose I gave it to you ‘gratuitement’…
still, who cares?

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But whether this program respects
your freedom, that’s important!

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So free software is software
that respects users’ freedom.

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What does this mean?

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Ultimately there are just
two possibilities with software:

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either the users control the program
or the program controls the users.

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If the users have certain essential freedoms

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then they control the program

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and those freedoms are
the criterion for free software.

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But if the users don’t fully
have the essential freedoms

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then the program controls the users.

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But somebody controls that program
and, through it, has power over the users.

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So, a non-free program is an instrument

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to give somebody power
over a lot of other people

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and this is unjust power
that nobody should ever have.

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This is why non-free software, les logiciels
privateurs, qui privent de la liberté

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why proprietary software is
an injustice and should not exist?

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Because it leaves the users without freedom.

00:24:47.000 --> 00:24:51.800
Now, the developer who has
control of the program

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often feels tempted
to introduce malicious features

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to further exploit or abuse those users.

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He feels a temptation because
he knows he can get away with it:

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because his program controls the users

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and the users do not have
control of the program.

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If he puts in a malicious feature,
the users can’t fix it;

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they can’t remove the malicious feature.

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I’ve already told you about
two kinds of malicious features:

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surveillance features,
such as are found in Windows

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and the iPhone and Flash player
and the “Swindle”.

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And there are also
features to restrict users

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which work with secret data formats

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and those are found in Windows,
Macintosh, the iPhone, Flash player

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the Amazon “Swindle”, the Playstation 3
and lots and lots of other programs.

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The other kind of malicious
feature is the backdoor.

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That means something in that program

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is listening for remote
commands and obeying them

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and those commands can mistreat the user.

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We know of backdoors in Windows,
in the iPhone, in the Amazon “Swindle”.

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The Amazon “Swindle” has a backdoor
that can remotely delete books.

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We know this by observation,
because Amazon did it:

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in 2009 Amazon remotely deleted
thousands of copies of a particular book.

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Those were authorized copies, people
had obtain them directly from Amazon

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and thus Amazon knew exactly where they were.

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Which is how Amazon knew where
to send the commands to delete those books.

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You know which book Amazon deleted?

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It’s a book everyone should read
because it discusses a totalitarian state

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that did things like
delete books it didn’t like.

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Everybody should read it,
but not on the Amazon “Swindle”.

00:27:31.000 --> 00:27:39.900
Anyway, malicious features are present
in the most widely used non-free programs

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but they are rare in free software, because
with free software the users have control:

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they can read the source code
and they can change it.

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So, if there were a malicious feature

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somebody would sooner or later
spot it and fix it.

00:27:58.100 --> 00:28:01.800
This means that somebody who is considering

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introducing a malicious feature
does not find it so tempting

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because he knows he might
get away with it for a while

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but somebody will spot it, will fix it

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and everybody will loose
trust in the perpetrator.

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It’s not so tempting when
you know you’re going to fail.

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And that’s why we find that malicious
features are rare in free software

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and common in proprietary software.

00:28:35.000 --> 00:28:39.600
Now the essential freedoms are four.

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Freedom 0 is the freedom
to run the program as you wish.

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Freedom 1 is the freedom to study
the source code and change it

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so the program does
your computing the way you wish.

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Freedom 2 is the freedom to help others.

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That’s the freedom to make exact copies
and redistribute them when you wish.

00:29:03.700 --> 00:29:09.000
Freedom 3 is the freedom
to contribute to your community.

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That’s the freedom to make copies
of your modified versions

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if you have made any, and then
distribute them to others when you wish.

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These freedoms, in order to be adequate,
must apply to all activities of life.

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For instance if it says: “This is free
for academic use”, it’s not free.

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Because that’s too limited.
It doesn’t apply to all areas of life.

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In particular, if a program is free

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that means it can be modified
and distributed commercially

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because commerce is an area of life,
an activity in life.

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And this freedom has to apply to all activities.

00:29:57.000 --> 00:30:03.700
Now however, it’s not obligatory
to do any of these things.

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The point is you’re free to do them
if you wish, when you wish.

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But you never have to do them.
You don’t have to do any of them.

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You don’t have to run the program.

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You don’t have to study
or change the source code.

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You don’t have to make any copies.

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You don’t have to distribute
your modified versions.

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The point is you should be free
to do those things if you wish.

00:30:29.000 --> 00:30:34.000
Now, freedom number 1, the freedom to study
and change the source code

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to make the program do
your computing as you wish

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includes something
that might not be obvious at first.

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If the program comes in a product

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and a developer can provide
an upgrade that will run

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then you have to be able to make
your version run in that product.

00:30:56.900 --> 00:31:00.900
If the product would only run
the developer’s versions

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and refuses to run yours, the executable
in that product is not free software.

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Even if it was compiled from free source code

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it’s not free because
you don’t have the freedom

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to make the program do your computing
the way you wish.

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So, freedom 1 has to be real,
not just theoretical.

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It has to include the freedom
to use your version

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not just the freedom to make
some source code that won’t run.

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I launched the free software movement in 1983

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when I announced the plan to develop

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a free software operating system
whose name is GNU.

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Now GNU, the name GNU, is a joke.

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Because part of the hacker’s spirit

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is to have fun even when
you’re doing something very serious.

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Now I can’t think of anything more seriously
important than defending freedom.

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But that didn’t mean I couldn’t give
my system a name that’s a joke.

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So GNU is a joke because
it’s a recursive acronym

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it stands for “GNU is Not Unix”,
so G.N.U.: GNU’s Not Unix.

00:32:31.100 --> 00:32:35.000
So the G in GNU stands for GNU.

00:32:36.000 --> 00:32:39.000
Now in fact this was
a tradition at the time.

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The tradition was:
if there was an existing program

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and you wrote something
similar to it, inspired by it

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you could give credit
by giving your program a name

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that’s a recursive acronym
saying it’s not the other one.

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So I gave credit to Unix for
the technical ideas of Unix

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but with the name GNU, because I decided
to make GNU a Unix-like system

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with the same commands, the same system calls
so that it would be compatible

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so that people who used Unix
can switch over easily.

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But the reason for developing GNU,
that was unique.

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GNU is the only operating system,
as far as I know

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ever developed for the purpose of freedom.

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Not for technical motivations,
not for commercial motivations.

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GNU was written for your freedom.

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Because without a free operating system

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it’s impossible to have
freedom and use a computer.

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And there were none, and
I wanted people to have freedom

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so it was up to me to write one.

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Nowadays there are millions of users
of the GNU operating system

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and most of them don’t know
they are using the GNU operating system

00:34:05.900 --> 00:34:10.000
because there is a widespread
practice which is not nice.

00:34:10.100 --> 00:34:13.600
People call the system “Linux”.

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Many do, but some people don’t
and I hope you’ll be one of them.

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Please, since we started this

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since we wrote the biggest piece of the code

00:34:25.400 --> 00:34:28.000
please give us equal mention

00:34:28.100 --> 00:34:36.800
please call the system GNU+Linux
or GNU/Linux. It’s not much to ask!

00:34:37.300 --> 00:34:40.000
But there is another reason to do this.

00:34:40.100 --> 00:34:44.600
It turns out that the person who wrote Linux

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which is one component of the
system as we use it today

00:34:48.900 --> 00:34:52.000
he doesn’t agree with
the free software movement.

00:34:52.900 --> 00:34:56.800
And so if you call the whole system Linux

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in effect you’re steering people towards
his ideas and away from our ideas.

00:35:03.600 --> 00:35:07.800
Because he’s not gonna say to them
that they deserve freedom.

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He’s going to say to them that he likes
convenient, reliable, powerful software.

00:35:15.100 --> 00:35:19.000
He’s going to tell people that
those are the important values.

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But if you tell them the system is GNU+Linux,
the GNU operating system plus Linux the kernel

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then they’ll know about us
and then they might listen to what we say.

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You deserve freedom, and since freedom
will be lost if we don’t defend it —

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there’s always going to be
a Sarkozy to take it away —

00:35:47.900 --> 00:35:52.800
we need above all to teach
people to demand freedom

00:35:52.900 --> 00:35:56.000
to be ready to stand up for their freedom

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the next time someone threatens to take it away.

00:36:10.000 --> 00:36:15.900
Nowadays, you can tell who doesn't want
to discuss these ideas of freedom

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because they don’t say “logiciel libre”.

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They don’t say “libre”,
they say “open source”.

00:36:23.000 --> 00:36:26.900
That term was coined by
the people like Mr Torvalds

00:36:27.000 --> 00:36:31.800
who would prefer that these
ethical issues don’t get raised.

00:36:31.900 --> 00:36:36.900
And so the way you can help us
raise them is by saying libre.

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You know, it’s up to you where you stand
you’re free to say what you think.

00:36:41.900 --> 00:36:45.000
If you agree with them,
you can say open source.

00:36:45.000 --> 00:36:49.000
If you agree with us, show it: say libre!

00:36:51.900 --> 00:36:55.900
Now the most important
point about free software

00:36:56.000 --> 00:37:02.000
is that schools must teach
exclusively free software.

00:37:02.100 --> 00:37:05.900
All levels of schools from
kindergarten to university

00:37:06.000 --> 00:37:13.900
it’s their moral responsibility to teach
only free software in their education

00:37:14.000 --> 00:37:17.000
and all other educational activities as well

00:37:17.100 --> 00:37:23.000
including those that say that
they’re spreading digital literacy.

00:37:23.100 --> 00:37:30.000
A lot of those activities teach Windows,
which means they’re teaching dependence.

00:37:30.100 --> 00:37:35.000
To teach people the use of proprietary
software is to teach dependence

00:37:36.000 --> 00:37:43.000
and educational activities must never do that
because it’s the opposite of their mission.

00:37:43.600 --> 00:37:49.500
Educational activities have
a social mission to educate good citizens

00:37:49.600 --> 00:37:57.500
of a strong, capable, cooperating,
independent and free society.

00:37:57.900 --> 00:38:03.300
And in the area of computing,
that means: teach free software.

00:38:04.000 --> 00:38:11.000
Never teach a proprietary program
because that’s inculcating dependence.

00:38:11.200 --> 00:38:17.900
Why do you think some proprietary developers
offer gratis copies to schools?

00:38:18.000 --> 00:38:23.000
They want the schools
to make the children dependent.

00:38:23.200 --> 00:38:28.000
And then, when they graduate,
they’re still dependent

00:38:28.100 --> 00:38:32.500
and you know the company is not going
to offer them gratis copies.

00:38:33.000 --> 00:38:37.900
And some of them get jobs
and go to work for companies.

00:38:38.000 --> 00:38:42.000
Not many of them anymore,
but some of them.

00:38:42.100 --> 00:38:46.800
And those companies are not going
to be offered gratis copies.

00:38:46.900 --> 00:38:50.800
Oh no! The idea is if the school
directs the students

00:38:50.900 --> 00:38:53.500
down the path of permanent dependence

00:38:53.600 --> 00:38:57.900
they can drag the rest of society
with them into dependence.

00:38:58.000 --> 00:39:03.500
That’s the plan! It’s just like
giving the school gratis needles

00:39:03.600 --> 00:39:06.900
full of addicting drugs, saying

00:39:07.000 --> 00:39:11.100
“inject this into your students,
the first dose is gratis.”

00:39:11.900 --> 00:39:15.000
Once you’re dependent,
then you have to pay.

00:39:15.100 --> 00:39:18.000
Well, the school would reject the drugs

00:39:18.000 --> 00:39:21.800
because it isn’t right to teach
the students to use addictive drugs

00:39:21.900 --> 00:39:26.900
and it’s got to reject
the proprietary software also.

00:39:27.000 --> 00:39:34.000
Some people say “let’s have the school teach
both proprietary software and free software”

00:39:34.400 --> 00:39:37.800
“so the students become familiar with both.”

00:39:37.900 --> 00:39:44.400
That’s like saying “for lunch
lets give the kids spinach and tobacco”

00:39:44.500 --> 00:39:47.800
“so that they become accustomed to both.”

00:39:47.900 --> 00:39:54.400
No! The schools are only supposed
to teach good habits, not bad ones!

00:39:55.000 --> 00:39:59.700
So there should be no Windows in a school

00:39:59.800 --> 00:40:05.400
no Macintosh, nothing
proprietary in the education.

00:40:05.800 --> 00:40:10.000
But also, for the sake
of educating good programmers.

00:40:10.100 --> 00:40:14.800
You see, some people have
a talent for programming.

00:40:14.900 --> 00:40:19.800
At ten to thirteen years old,
typically, they’re fascinated

00:40:19.900 --> 00:40:24.000
and if they use a program, they want
to know “how does it do this?”

00:40:24.100 --> 00:40:28.800
But when they ask the teacher,
if it’s proprietary, the teacher has to say

00:40:28.900 --> 00:40:31.800
“I’m sorry, it’s a secret, we can’t find out.”

00:40:31.900 --> 00:40:35.100
Which means education is forbidden.

00:40:35.500 --> 00:40:40.400
A proprietary program is
the enemy of the spirit of education.

00:40:40.500 --> 00:40:45.900
It’s knowledge withheld, so
it should not be tolerated in a school

00:40:46.000 --> 00:40:49.600
even though there may be
plenty of people in the school

00:40:49.700 --> 00:40:53.300
who don’t care about programming,
don’t want to learn this.

00:40:53.400 --> 00:40:57.800
Still, because it’s the enemy
of the spirit of education

00:40:57.900 --> 00:41:00.800
it shouldn’t be there in the school.

00:41:00.900 --> 00:41:04.800
But if the program is free,
the teacher can explain what he knows

00:41:04.900 --> 00:41:07.800
and then give out copies
of the source code, saying:

00:41:07.900 --> 00:41:10.600
“read it and you’ll understand everything.”

00:41:10.700 --> 00:41:13.800
And those who are really
fascinated, they will read it!

00:41:13.900 --> 00:41:19.700
And this gives them an opportunity
to start to learn how to be good programmers.

00:41:19.800 --> 00:41:24.000
To learn to be a good programmer,
you’ll need to recognize

00:41:24.100 --> 00:41:30.300
that certain ways of writing code, even if
they make sense to you and they are correct

00:41:30.400 --> 00:41:35.000
they’re not good because other people
will have trouble understanding them.

00:41:35.100 --> 00:41:40.000
Good code is clear code that others
will have an easy time working on

00:41:40.100 --> 00:41:43.000
when they need to make further changes.

00:41:43.100 --> 00:41:46.000
How do you learn to write good clear code?

00:41:46.100 --> 00:41:49.700
You do it by reading lots of code,
and writing lots of code.

00:41:49.800 --> 00:41:53.000
And only free software offers the chance

00:41:53.100 --> 00:41:58.500
to read the code of large
programs that we really use.

00:41:58.600 --> 00:42:02.600
And then you have to write lots of code

00:42:02.700 --> 00:42:06.000
which means you have
to write changes in large programs.

00:42:06.000 --> 00:42:09.900
How do you learn to write
good code for large programs?

00:42:10.000 --> 00:42:15.800
You have to start small, which
does not mean small programs, oh no!

00:42:15.900 --> 00:42:22.800
The challenges of the code for large programs
don’t even begin to appear in small programs.

00:42:22.900 --> 00:42:26.800
So the way you start small at
writing code for large programs

00:42:26.900 --> 00:42:31.300
is by writing small
changes in large programs.

00:42:31.600 --> 00:42:35.000
And only free software
gives you the chance to do that!

00:42:35.100 --> 00:42:43.800
So, if a school wants to offer the possibility
of learning to be a good programmer

00:42:43.900 --> 00:42:46.800
it needs to be a free software school.

00:42:46.900 --> 00:42:49.100
But there is an even deeper reason

00:42:49.200 --> 00:42:52.800
and that is for the sake of moral education

00:42:52.900 --> 00:42:55.700
education in citizenship.

00:42:55.800 --> 00:42:59.800
It’s not enough for a school
to teach facts and skills

00:42:59.900 --> 00:43:07.000
it has to teach the spirit of goodwill,
the habit of helping others.

00:43:07.100 --> 00:43:10.000
Therefore, every class should have this rule:

00:43:10.100 --> 00:43:15.000
“Students, if you bring software to class,
you may not keep it for yourself”

00:43:15.100 --> 00:43:18.900
”you must share copies
with the rest of the class”

00:43:19.000 --> 00:43:24.400
”including the source code
in case anyone here wants to learn!”

00:43:24.600 --> 00:43:28.000
”Because this class is a place
where we share our knowledge.”

00:43:28.100 --> 00:43:34.500
”Therefore, bringing a proprietary program
to class is not permitted.”

00:43:34.900 --> 00:43:39.800
The school must follow
its own rule to set a good example.

00:43:39.900 --> 00:43:43.700
Therefore, the school must bring
only free software to class

00:43:43.800 --> 00:43:49.600
and share copies, including the source code
with anyone in the class that wants copies.

00:43:50.400 --> 00:43:53.800
Those of you who have
a connection with a school

00:43:53.900 --> 00:44:01.400
it’s your duty to campaign and pressure
that school to move to free software.

00:44:01.900 --> 00:44:04.000
And you have to be firm.

00:44:04.100 --> 00:44:10.700
It may take years, but you can succeed
as long as you never give up.

00:44:10.800 --> 00:44:18.000
Keep seeking more allies among the students,
the faculty, the staff, the parents, anyone!

00:44:18.600 --> 00:44:22.900
And always bring it up as an ethical issue.

00:44:23.000 --> 00:44:26.000
If someone else wants
to sidetrack the discussion

00:44:26.100 --> 00:44:30.800
into this practical advantage
and this practical disadvantage

00:44:30.900 --> 00:44:35.900
which means they’re ignoring the most
important question, then you have to say:

00:44:36.000 --> 00:44:41.800
“this is not about how to do
the best job of educating“

00:44:41.900 --> 00:44:48.000
“this is about how to do a good
education instead of an evil one.“

00:44:48.200 --> 00:44:53.800
“It’s how to do education right
instead of wrong“

00:44:53.900 --> 00:44:58.800
“not just how to make it
a little more effective or less.”

00:44:59.000 --> 00:45:06.000
So don’t get distracted with those secondary
issues and ignore what really matters!

00:45:07.000 --> 00:45:12.000
So, moving on to the next menace.

00:45:12.500 --> 00:45:20.600
There are two issues that arise
from the use of internet services.

00:45:20.700 --> 00:45:26.900
One of them is that the server
could abuse your data

00:45:27.000 --> 00:45:31.800
and another is that
it could take control of your computing.

00:45:31.900 --> 00:45:35.800
The first issue, people already know about.

00:45:35.900 --> 00:45:41.800
They are aware that, if you
upload data to an internet service

00:45:41.900 --> 00:45:44.900
there is a question of what
it will do with that data.

00:45:45.000 --> 00:45:48.000
It might do things that mistreat you.

00:45:48.100 --> 00:45:53.800
What could it do? It could lose the data,
it could change the data

00:45:53.900 --> 00:45:57.900
it could refuse to let you get the data back.

00:45:58.000 --> 00:46:04.000
And it could also show the data to
someone else you don’t want to show it to.

00:46:04.200 --> 00:46:07.000
Four different possible things.

00:46:07.100 --> 00:46:13.000
Now, here, I’m talking about the data
that you knowingly gave to that site.

00:46:13.100 --> 00:46:19.000
Of course, many of those
services do surveillance as well.

00:46:19.300 --> 00:46:22.000
For instance, consider Facebook.

00:46:22.100 --> 00:46:28.000
Users send lots of data to Facebook,
and one of the bad things about Facebook

00:46:28.100 --> 00:46:33.000
is that it shows a lot of
that data to lots of other people

00:46:33.100 --> 00:46:40.800
and even if it offers them a setting
to say “no!”, that may not really work.

00:46:40.900 --> 00:46:45.900
After all, if you say “some other people
can see this piece of information,”

00:46:46.000 --> 00:46:48.400
one of them might publish it.

00:46:48.500 --> 00:46:50.400
Now, that’s not Facebook’s fault

00:46:50.500 --> 00:46:54.200
there is nothing they could do to
prevent that but it ought to warn people.

00:46:54.300 --> 00:46:59.800
Instead of saying “mark this as only
to your so-called friends”

00:46:59.900 --> 00:47:05.900
“it should say “keep in mind that your
so-called friends are not really your friends”

00:47:06.000 --> 00:47:10.800
“and if they want to make trouble
for you, they could publish this.”

00:47:10.900 --> 00:47:17.000
Every time, it should say that, if
they want to deal with people ethically.

00:47:21.500 --> 00:47:26.000
As well as all the data users of Facebook
voluntarily give to Facebook

00:47:26.000 --> 00:47:32.700
Facebook is collecting through data
about people’s activities on the net

00:47:32.800 --> 00:47:38.600
through various methods of surveillance.
But that was the first menace.

00:47:38.700 --> 00:47:45.000
For now I am talking about the data
that people know they are giving to these sites.

00:47:47.000 --> 00:47:54.200
Losing data is something that
could always happen by accident.

00:47:54.400 --> 00:47:59.000
That possibility is always there,
no matter how careful someone is.

00:47:59.100 --> 00:48:04.000
Therefore, you need to keep
multiple copies of data that matters.

00:48:04.100 --> 00:48:12.000
If you do that, then, even if someone
decided to delete your data intentionally

00:48:12.100 --> 00:48:16.000
it wouldn’t hurt you that much,
because you’d have other copies of it.

00:48:16.100 --> 00:48:19.800
So, as long as you are
maintaining multiple copies

00:48:19.900 --> 00:48:25.000
you don’t have to worry too much
about someone’s losing your data.

00:48:25.600 --> 00:48:29.600
What about whether you can get it back.

00:48:29.700 --> 00:48:35.700
Well, some services make it possible to get
back all the data that you sent, and some don’t.

00:48:35.800 --> 00:48:41.800
Google services will let the user
get back the data the user has put into them.

00:48:41.900 --> 00:48:45.200
Facebook, famously, does not.

00:48:45.600 --> 00:48:51.900
Of course in the case of Google, this only
applies to the data the user knows Google has.

00:48:52.000 --> 00:48:57.000
Google does lots of surveillance, too
and that data is not included.

00:48:58.800 --> 00:49:02.600
But in any case, if you
can get the data back

00:49:02.700 --> 00:49:07.500
then you could track
whether they have altered it.

00:49:07.600 --> 00:49:13.000
And they are not very likely to start
altering people’s data if the people can tell.

00:49:13.100 --> 00:49:18.900
So maybe we can keep a track
on that particular kind of abuse.

00:49:19.000 --> 00:49:24.400
But the abuse of showing the data to someone
you don’t want it to be shown to

00:49:24.500 --> 00:49:29.000
is very common and almost
impossible for you to prevent

00:49:29.600 --> 00:49:33.100
especially if it’s a US company.

00:49:33.300 --> 00:49:40.000
You see, the most hypocritically
named law in US history

00:49:40.100 --> 00:49:49.900
the so-called USA Patriot Act,
says that Big Brother’s police

00:49:50.000 --> 00:49:56.000
can collect just about all the data
that companies maintain about individuals.

00:49:56.100 --> 00:50:01.700
Not just companies, but other
organizations too, like public libraries.

00:50:01.800 --> 00:50:07.700
The police can get this massively,
without even going to court.

00:50:07.900 --> 00:50:13.000
Now, in a country that was
founded on an idea of freedom

00:50:13.100 --> 00:50:19.000
there is nothing more unpatriotic
than this. But this is what they did.

00:50:19.100 --> 00:50:24.800
So you mustn’t ever trust any
of your data to a US company.

00:50:24.900 --> 00:50:32.000
And they say that foreign subsidiaries
of US companies are subject to this as well

00:50:32.100 --> 00:50:36.000
so the company you are directly
dealing with may be in Europe

00:50:36.000 --> 00:50:43.000
but if it’s owned by a US company,
you got the same problem to deal with.

00:50:48.800 --> 00:50:52.800
However, this is mainly a concern

00:50:52.900 --> 00:50:59.700
when the data you are sending
to the service is not for publication.

00:50:59.700 --> 00:51:03.000
There are some services
where you publish things.

00:51:03.100 --> 00:51:07.800
Of course, if you publish something,
you know everybody is gonna be able to see it.

00:51:07.900 --> 00:51:10.300
So, there is no way they can hurt you

00:51:10.400 --> 00:51:13.100
by showing it to somebody
who wasn’t supposed to see it.

00:51:13.200 --> 00:51:17.700
There is nobody who wasn’t supposed
to see it if you published it.

00:51:17.800 --> 00:51:22.000
So in that case the problem doesn’t exist.

00:51:23.500 --> 00:51:32.000
So these are four sub-issues
of this one threat of abusing our data.

00:51:32.100 --> 00:51:38.800
The idea of the Freedom Box project is
you have your own server in your own home

00:51:38.900 --> 00:51:43.000
and when you want to do something remotely
you do it with your own server

00:51:43.100 --> 00:51:48.800
and the police have to get a court order
in order to search your server.

00:51:48.900 --> 00:51:56.000
So you have the same rights this way that you
would have traditionally in the physical world.

00:51:56.300 --> 00:52:02.000
The point here and in
so many other issues is:

00:52:02.100 --> 00:52:06.400
as we start doing things
digitally instead of physically

00:52:06.500 --> 00:52:15.000
we shouldn’t lose any of our rights, because
the general tendency is that we do lose rights.

00:52:18.200 --> 00:52:25.000
Basically, Stallman’s law says

00:52:25.100 --> 00:52:31.700
that in an epoch when governments
work for the mega-corporations

00:52:31.800 --> 00:52:36.000
instead of reporting to their citizens

00:52:36.100 --> 00:52:45.000
every technological change can be taken
advantage of to reduce our freedom.

00:52:47.000 --> 00:52:51.200
Because reducing our freedom is what
these governments want to do.

00:52:52.000 --> 00:52:55.000
So the question is: when
do they get an opportunity?

00:52:55.100 --> 00:53:01.600
Well, any change that happens for some
other reason is a possible opportunity

00:53:01.700 --> 00:53:07.000
and they will take advantage of it
if that’s their general desire.

00:53:09.500 --> 00:53:12.400
But the other issue
with internet services

00:53:12.500 --> 00:53:16.000
is that they can take
control of your computing

00:53:16.100 --> 00:53:22.000
and that’s not so commonly known.
But It’s becoming more common.

00:53:22.100 --> 00:53:29.700
There are services that offer to do
computing for you on data supplied by you

00:53:30.000 --> 00:53:34.800
things that you should do
in your own computer

00:53:34.900 --> 00:53:41.000
but they invite you to let somebody else’s
computer do that computing work for you.

00:53:41.300 --> 00:53:49.200
And the result is you lose control over it.
It’s just as if you used a non-free program.

00:53:49.700 --> 00:53:55.800
Two different scenarios
but they lead to the same problem.

00:53:55.900 --> 00:54:01.000
If you do your computing
with a non-free program

00:54:01.100 --> 00:54:05.000
well, the users don’t control
the non-free program

00:54:05.100 --> 00:54:08.000
it controls the users,
which would include you.

00:54:08.100 --> 00:54:12.000
So you’ve lost control of
the computing that’s being done.

00:54:12.100 --> 00:54:17.000
But if you do your computing in his server

00:54:17.100 --> 00:54:22.800
well, the programs that are doing it
are the ones he chose.

00:54:22.900 --> 00:54:27.800
You can’t touch them or see them,
so you have no control over them.

00:54:27.900 --> 00:54:31.000
He has control over them, maybe.

00:54:31.100 --> 00:54:36.000
If they are free software and he installs
them then he has control over them.

00:54:36.100 --> 00:54:38.800
But even he might not have control.

00:54:38.900 --> 00:54:42.200
He might be running a proprietary
program in his server

00:54:42.300 --> 00:54:49.400
in which case it’s somebody else who has control
of the computing being done in his server.

00:54:49.500 --> 00:54:52.000
He doesn’t control it and you don’t.

00:54:52.300 --> 00:54:55.500
But suppose he installs a free program

00:54:55.600 --> 00:55:02.000
then he has control over the computing
being done in his computer, but you don’t.

00:55:02.100 --> 00:55:05.000
So, either way, you don’t!

00:55:05.100 --> 00:55:08.000
So the only way to have
control over your computing

00:55:08.100 --> 00:55:14.800
is to do it with
your copy of a free program.

00:55:15.800 --> 00:55:20.000
This practice is called
“Software as a Service”.

00:55:20.400 --> 00:55:28.200
It means doing your computing with
your data in somebody else’s server.

00:55:28.300 --> 00:55:32.200
And I don’t know of anything
that can make this acceptable.

00:55:32.300 --> 00:55:37.000
It’s always something
that takes away your freedom

00:55:37.100 --> 00:55:41.400
and the only solution
I know of is to refuse.

00:55:41.800 --> 00:55:47.800
For instance, there are servers that
will do translation or voice recognition

00:55:47.900 --> 00:55:53.800
and you are letting them have
control over this computing activity

00:55:53.900 --> 00:55:56.000
which we shouldn’t ever do.

00:55:56.100 --> 00:55:59.000
Of course, we are also
giving them data about ourselves

00:55:59.100 --> 00:56:02.000
which they shouldn’t have.

00:56:02.100 --> 00:56:06.400
Imagine if you had
a conversation with somebody

00:56:06.500 --> 00:56:13.100
through a voice-recognition translation
system that was Software as as Service

00:56:13.200 --> 00:56:18.000
and it’s really running
on a server belonging to some company.

00:56:18.100 --> 00:56:24.000
That company also gets to know what
was said in the conversation

00:56:24.100 --> 00:56:32.000
and if it’s a US company that means
Big Brother also gets to know. This is no good.

00:56:35.700 --> 00:56:44.000
The next threat to our freedom in a digital
society is using computers for voting.

00:56:46.000 --> 00:56:50.700
You can’t trust computers for voting.

00:56:50.800 --> 00:56:54.000
Whoever controls the software
in those computers

00:56:54.100 --> 00:57:00.000
has the power to commit
undetectable fraud.

00:57:02.000 --> 00:57:10.700
Elections are special. Because there’s
nobody involved that we dare trust fully.

00:57:10.900 --> 00:57:15.000
Everybody has to be checked,
crosschecked by others

00:57:15.100 --> 00:57:21.700
so that nobody is in the position
to falsify the results by himself.

00:57:21.800 --> 00:57:26.300
Because if anybody is in a position
to do that he might do it!

00:57:26.400 --> 00:57:31.000
So our traditional systems
for voting were designed

00:57:31.100 --> 00:57:37.200
so that nobody was fully trusted,
everybody was being checked by others.

00:57:37.300 --> 00:57:42.000
So that nobody could easily commit fraud.

00:57:42.000 --> 00:57:48.300
But once you introduce a program,
this is impossible!

00:57:48.400 --> 00:57:53.700
How can you tell if a voting machine
would honestly count the votes?

00:57:53.800 --> 00:57:59.000
You’d have to study the program that’s
running in it during the election

00:57:59.200 --> 00:58:05.800
which of course nobody can do, and most
people wouldn’t even know how to do.

00:58:05.900 --> 00:58:10.800
But even the experts who might theoretically
be capable of studying the program

00:58:10.900 --> 00:58:15.400
they can’t do it while people are voting.

00:58:15.500 --> 00:58:18.000
They’d have to do it in advance

00:58:18.100 --> 00:58:21.700
and then how do they know
that the program they studied

00:58:21.800 --> 00:58:26.900
is the one that’s running while
people vote? Maybe it’s been changed.

00:58:27.000 --> 00:58:34.000
Now, if this program is proprietary,
that means some company controls it.

00:58:34.100 --> 00:58:38.000
The election authority can’t even
tell what that program is doing.

00:58:38.100 --> 00:58:41.700
Well, this company then
could rig the election.

00:58:41.800 --> 00:58:47.000
There are accusations that this was done
in the US within the past ten years

00:58:47.100 --> 00:58:51.000
that election results were falsified this way.

00:58:51.100 --> 00:58:54.000
But what if the program is free software?

00:58:54.100 --> 00:58:57.000
That means the election authority

00:58:57.100 --> 00:59:01.400
who owns this voting machine
has control over the software in it

00:59:01.500 --> 00:59:04.000
so the election authority
could rig the election.

00:59:04.100 --> 00:59:07.000
You can’t trust them either.

00:59:07.000 --> 00:59:11.000
You don’t dare trust anybody in voting

00:59:11.100 --> 00:59:17.000
and the reason is, there’s no way
that the voters can verify for themselves

00:59:17.100 --> 00:59:24.700
that their votes were correctly counted,
nor that false votes were not added.

00:59:25.000 --> 00:59:33.000
In other activities of life, you can usually
tell if somebody is trying to cheat you.

00:59:33.100 --> 00:59:36.800
Consider for instance buying
something from a store.

00:59:36.900 --> 00:59:40.000
You order something, maybe
you give a credit card number.

00:59:40.100 --> 00:59:46.000
If the product doesn’t come,
you can complain

00:59:46.100 --> 00:59:48.400
and you can, of course if you got
a good enough memory,

00:59:48.500 --> 00:59:51.200
you will notice if that product doesn’t come.

00:59:51.700 --> 00:59:59.000
You’re not just giving total blind trust
to the store, because you can check.

00:59:59.100 --> 01:00:02.200
But in elections you can’t check.

01:00:02.900 --> 01:00:06.000
I saw once a paper where someone described

01:00:06.100 --> 01:00:10.200
a theoretical system for voting

01:00:10.800 --> 01:00:15.200
which uses some sophisticated mathematics

01:00:15.300 --> 01:00:20.000
so that people could check
that their votes had been counted

01:00:20.100 --> 01:00:23.000
even though everybody’s vote was secret

01:00:23.100 --> 01:00:27.000
and they could also verify
that false votes hadn’t been added.

01:00:27.100 --> 01:00:30.800
It was very exciting, powerful mathematics;

01:00:30.900 --> 01:00:34.000
but even if that mathematics is correct

01:00:34.100 --> 01:00:38.000
that doesn’t mean the system
would be acceptable to use in practice

01:00:38.100 --> 01:00:45.700
because the vulnerabilities of a real
system might be outside of that mathematics.

01:00:45.900 --> 01:00:50.300
For instance, suppose you’re
voting over the Internet

01:00:50.400 --> 01:00:54.200
and suppose you’re using
a machine that’s a zombie.

01:00:54.800 --> 01:00:59.000
It might tell you that
the vote was sent for A

01:00:59.100 --> 01:01:05.000
while actually sending a vote for B.
Who knows whether you’d ever find out?

01:01:05.100 --> 01:01:11.800
In practice, the only way to see
if these systems work and are honest

01:01:11.900 --> 01:01:23.000
is through years, in fact decades, of trying
them and checking in other ways what happened.

01:01:26.400 --> 01:01:33.000
I wouldn’t want my country
to be the pioneer in this.

01:01:34.000 --> 01:01:43.000
So, use paper for voting. Make sure
there are ballots that can be recounted.

01:01:46.000 --> 01:01:54.500
The next threat to our freedom in a digital
society comes from the war on sharing.

01:01:55.000 --> 01:01:59.500
One of the tremendous benefits
of digital technology

01:01:59.800 --> 01:02:08.000
is that it is easy to copy published works
and share these copies with others.

01:02:09.000 --> 01:02:15.300
Sharing is good, and with
digital technology, sharing is easy.

01:02:15.500 --> 01:02:18.700
So, millions of people share.

01:02:18.800 --> 01:02:23.000
Those who profit by having power

01:02:23.100 --> 01:02:28.000
over the distribution of these
works don’t want us to share.

01:02:28.800 --> 01:02:35.000
And since they are businesses,
governments which have betrayed their people

01:02:35.100 --> 01:02:40.800
and work for the empire of mega-corporations
try to serve those businesses

01:02:40.900 --> 01:02:46.000
they are against their own people, they are
for the businesses, for the publishers.

01:02:46.200 --> 01:02:52.800
Well, that’s not good.
And with the help of these governments

01:02:52.900 --> 01:02:58.000
the companies have been waging war on sharing

01:02:58.100 --> 01:03:05.700
and they’ve proposed a series
of cruel draconian measures.

01:03:05.800 --> 01:03:08.800
Why do they propose cruel draconian measures?

01:03:08.900 --> 01:03:13.800
Because nothing less has a chance of success:

01:03:13.900 --> 01:03:19.000
when something is good
and easy, people do it.

01:03:20.000 --> 01:03:24.800
And the only way to stop them
is by being very nasty.

01:03:24.900 --> 01:03:31.000
So of course, what they propose is nasty,
nasty, and the next one is nastier.

01:03:33.000 --> 01:03:41.000
So they tried suing teenagers for hundreds
of thousands of dollars — that was pretty nasty.

01:03:41.600 --> 01:03:46.000
And they tried turning
our technology against us

01:03:46.100 --> 01:03:51.900
Digital Restrictions Management
that means, digital handcuffs.

01:03:52.000 --> 01:03:57.600
But among the people
there were clever programmers too

01:03:57.700 --> 01:04:01.000
and they found ways to break the handcuffs.

01:04:01.100 --> 01:04:08.600
For instance, DVDs were designed to have
encrypted movies in a secret encryption format

01:04:08.700 --> 01:04:14.600
and the idea was that all
the programs to decrypt the video

01:04:14.700 --> 01:04:18.700
would be proprietary with digital handcuffs.

01:04:18.800 --> 01:04:22.000
They would all be designed
to restrict the users.

01:04:22.100 --> 01:04:25.000
And their scheme worked okay for a while.

01:04:25.100 --> 01:04:29.000
But some people in Europe
figured out the encryption

01:04:29.100 --> 01:04:37.000
and they released a free program that
could actually play the video on a DVD.

01:04:40.300 --> 01:04:44.000
Well, the movie companies
didn’t leave it there.

01:04:44.100 --> 01:04:51.700
They went to the US congress and bought
a law making that software illegal.

01:04:51.800 --> 01:04:58.600
The United States invented
censorship of software in 1998

01:04:58.700 --> 01:05:02.000
with the Digital Millennium
Copyright Act [DMCA].

01:05:02.100 --> 01:05:08.000
So the distribution of that free program
was forbidden in the United States.

01:05:08.100 --> 01:05:11.800
Unfortunately it didn’t stop
with the United States.

01:05:11.900 --> 01:05:21.000
The European Union adopted a directive
in 2003 I believe, requiring such laws.

01:05:21.300 --> 01:05:27.900
The directive only says that
commercial distribution has to be banned

01:05:28.000 --> 01:05:34.000
but just about every country in
the European Union has adopted a nastier law.

01:05:34.700 --> 01:05:40.400
In France, the mere possession
of a copy of that program

01:05:40.500 --> 01:05:46.000
is an offense punished by
imprisonment, thanks to Sarkozy.

01:05:47.900 --> 01:05:52.400
I believe that was done by the law DADVSI.

01:05:53.000 --> 01:05:56.300
I guess he hoped that with
an unpronounceable name

01:05:56.400 --> 01:06:00.000
people wouldn’t be able to criticize it.

01:06:02.000 --> 01:06:08.000
So, elections are coming.
Ask the candidates in the parties:

01:06:08.100 --> 01:06:14.400
will you repeal the DADVSI?
And if not, don’t support them.

01:06:14.800 --> 01:06:22.400
You mustn’t give up lost
moral territory forever.

01:06:22.500 --> 01:06:26.000
You’ve got to fight to win it back.

01:06:26.100 --> 01:06:31.600
So, we still are fighting
against digital handcuffs.

01:06:31.800 --> 01:06:36.000
The Amazon “Swindle” has digital handcuffs

01:06:36.100 --> 01:06:41.300
to take away the traditional freedoms
of readers to do things such as:

01:06:41.400 --> 01:06:46.000
give a book to someone else,
or lend a book to someone else.

01:06:46.100 --> 01:06:49.000
That’s a vitally important social act.

01:06:49.100 --> 01:06:55.400
That is what builds society
among people who read: lending books.

01:06:55.500 --> 01:06:59.000
Amazon doesn’t want to let
people lend books freely.

01:06:59.100 --> 01:07:08.000
And then there is also selling a book, perhaps
to a used bookstore. You can’t do that either.

01:07:12.000 --> 01:07:18.000
It looked for a while as if
DRM had disappeared on music

01:07:18.100 --> 01:07:25.900
but now they’re bringing it back
with streaming services such as Spotify.

01:07:26.000 --> 01:07:31.000
These services all require
proprietary client software

01:07:31.100 --> 01:07:37.000
and the reason is so they can put
digital handcuffs on the users.

01:07:37.700 --> 01:07:44.600
So, reject them! They already
showed quite openly

01:07:44.700 --> 01:07:48.000
that you can’t trust them,
because first they said:

01:07:48.100 --> 01:07:51.000
“you can listen as much as you like”,
and then they said:

01:07:51.100 --> 01:07:55.000
“Oh, no! You can only listen
a certain number of hours a month.”

01:07:57.900 --> 01:08:06.800
The issue is not whether that particular
change was good or bad, just or unjust;

01:08:06.900 --> 01:08:11.300
the point is, they have the power
to impose any change in policies.

01:08:11.400 --> 01:08:14.500
So don’t let them have that power.

01:08:14.600 --> 01:08:21.000
You should have your own copy
of any music you want to listen to.

01:08:22.100 --> 01:08:34.500
And then came the next assault on our freedom:
HADOPI, basically punishment on accusation.

01:08:34.600 --> 01:08:41.400
It was started in France but it’s been
exported to many other countries.

01:08:41.800 --> 01:08:50.000
The United States now demand such unjust
policies in its free exploitation treaties.

01:08:50.100 --> 01:09:00.000
A few months ago, Columbia adopted such a law
under orders from its masters in Washington.

01:09:01.000 --> 01:09:05.000
Of course, the ones in Washington
are not the real masters

01:09:05.100 --> 01:09:10.500
they’re just the ones who control the
United States on behalf of the Empire.

01:09:11.000 --> 01:09:19.000
But they’re the ones who also dictate
to Columbia on behalf of the Empire.

01:09:21.900 --> 01:09:27.800
In France, since the
Constitutional Council

01:09:27.900 --> 01:09:33.000
objected to explicitly giving
people punishment without trial

01:09:33.100 --> 01:09:36.800
they invented a kind of trial
which is not a real trial

01:09:36.900 --> 01:09:39.000
which is just a form of a trial

01:09:39.100 --> 01:09:44.300
so they can pretend that people
have a trial before they’re punished.

01:09:44.400 --> 01:09:47.000
But in other countries
they don’t bother with that

01:09:47.100 --> 01:09:52.000
it’s explicit punishment on accusation only.

01:09:53.000 --> 01:09:57.000
Which means that for the sake
of their war on sharing

01:09:57.100 --> 01:10:01.400
they’re prepared to abolish
the basic principles of justice.

01:10:01.500 --> 01:10:08.700
It shows how thoroughly
anti-freedom, anti-justice they are.

01:10:08.800 --> 01:10:12.000
These are not legitimate governments.

01:10:15.500 --> 01:10:19.000
And I’m sure they’ll
come up with more nasty ideas

01:10:19.100 --> 01:10:27.000
because they’re paid to defeat
the people no matter what it takes.

01:10:28.700 --> 01:10:36.000
Now, when they do this, they always say
that it’s for the sake of the artists

01:10:36.100 --> 01:10:42.000
that they have “protect” the “creators”.

01:10:42.100 --> 01:10:45.000
Now those are both propaganda terms.

01:10:45.100 --> 01:10:48.200
I‘m convinced that the reason
they love the word “creators“

01:10:48.300 --> 01:10:53.400
is because it is a comparison with a deity.

01:10:53.500 --> 01:10:57.000
They want us to think of artists as super-human

01:10:57.100 --> 01:11:03.000
and thus deserving special
privileges and power over us

01:11:03.600 --> 01:11:06.800
which is something I disagree with.

01:11:06.900 --> 01:11:15.000
In fact though, the only artists that benefit
very much from this system are the big stars.

01:11:15.300 --> 01:11:20.300
The other artists are getting
crushed into the ground

01:11:20.400 --> 01:11:24.400
by the heels of these same companies.

01:11:25.600 --> 01:11:30.300
But they treat the stars very well,
because the stars have a lot of clout.

01:11:30.400 --> 01:11:34.000
If a star threatens to move to
another company, the company says:

01:11:34.100 --> 01:11:36.500
“oh, we’ll give you what you want.”

01:11:36.600 --> 01:11:44.000
But for any other artist they say: “you don’t
matter, we can treat you any way we like.”

01:11:46.600 --> 01:11:54.200
So the superstars have been corrupted by the
millions of dollars or euros that they get

01:11:54.300 --> 01:12:01.300
to the point where they’ll do
almost anything for more money.

01:12:01.900 --> 01:12:06.200
For instance, J. K. Rowling is a good example.

01:12:07.800 --> 01:12:12.800
J. K. Rowling, a few years ago,
went to court in Canada

01:12:12.900 --> 01:12:21.200
and obtained an order that people who
had bought her books must not read them.

01:12:21.800 --> 01:12:27.000
She got an order telling
people not to read her books.

01:12:27.500 --> 01:12:34.900
Here’s what happened. A bookstore put
the books on display for sale too early

01:12:35.000 --> 01:12:38.600
before the day they
were supposed to go on sale.

01:12:38.700 --> 01:12:40.700
And people came into the store and said:

01:12:40.800 --> 01:12:44.600
“oh, I want that!” and they bought it
and took away their copies.

01:12:44.700 --> 01:12:50.800
Then, they discovered the mistake
so they took the copies off of display.

01:12:52.200 --> 01:13:01.700
But Rowling wanted to crush any circulation
of any information from those books

01:13:01.800 --> 01:13:04.900
so she went to court, and the court ordered

01:13:05.000 --> 01:13:10.000
those people not to read
the books that they now owned.

01:13:11.900 --> 01:13:19.000
In response, I call for a total
boycott of Harry Potter.

01:13:20.200 --> 01:13:25.000
But I don’t say you shouldn’t read
those books or watch the movies

01:13:25.100 --> 01:13:30.000
I only say you shouldn’t buy
the books or pay for the movies.

01:13:30.300 --> 01:13:36.300
I leave it to Rowling to tell
people not to read the books.

01:13:37.800 --> 01:13:44.000
As far as I’m concerned, if you borrow
the book and read it, that’s okay.

01:13:44.800 --> 01:13:52.900
Just don’t give her any money!
But this happened with paper books.

01:13:53.000 --> 01:13:57.000
The court could make this order
but it couldn’t get the books back

01:13:57.100 --> 01:13:59.900
from the people who had bought them.

01:14:00.000 --> 01:14:06.400
Imagine if they were ebooks. Imagine if
they were ebooks on the “Swindle”.

01:14:06.500 --> 01:14:12.000
Amazon could send commands to erase them.

01:14:16.000 --> 01:14:25.400
So, I don’t have much respect for stars
who will go to such lengths for more money.

01:14:25.500 --> 01:14:31.300
But most artists aren’t like that, they
never got enough money to be corrupted.

01:14:31.800 --> 01:14:39.000
Because the current system of copyright
supports most artists very badly.

01:14:39.100 --> 01:14:47.000
And so, when these companies demand
to expand the war on sharing

01:14:47.100 --> 01:14:50.000
supposedly for the sake of the artists

01:14:50.100 --> 01:14:54.400
I’m against what they want but I would
like to support the artists better.

01:14:54.500 --> 01:15:01.000
I appreciate their work and I realize if we
want them to do more work we should support them.

01:15:01.100 --> 01:15:05.000
I have two proposals
for how to support artists

01:15:05.100 --> 01:15:09.000
methods that are compatible with sharing.

01:15:09.100 --> 01:15:15.000
That would allow us to end the war
on sharing and still support artists.

01:15:15.100 --> 01:15:18.000
One method uses tax money.

01:15:18.100 --> 01:15:24.800
We get a certain amount of public
funds to distribute among artists.

01:15:25.700 --> 01:15:32.400
But, how much should each artist get?
We have to measure popularity.

01:15:32.500 --> 01:15:38.100
The current system supposedly supports
artists based on their popularity.

01:15:38.200 --> 01:15:44.800
So I’m saying let’s keep that, let’s
continue on this system based on popularity.

01:15:44.900 --> 01:15:48.000
We can measure the popularity
of all the artists

01:15:48.100 --> 01:15:54.100
with some kind of polling or sampling,
so that we don’t have to do surveillance.

01:15:54.200 --> 01:15:57.000
We can respect people’s anonymity.

01:15:57.100 --> 01:16:01.000
We get a raw popularity figure for each artist.

01:16:01.100 --> 01:16:05.000
How do we convert that into an amount of money?

01:16:05.100 --> 01:16:12.000
The obvious way is: distribute
the money in proportion to popularity.

01:16:12.600 --> 01:16:21.000
So if A is a thousand times as popular as B
A will get a thousand times as much money as B.

01:16:21.300 --> 01:16:25.000
That’s not efficient distribution of the money.

01:16:25.100 --> 01:16:28.000
It’s not putting the money to good use.

01:16:28.100 --> 01:16:36.000
It’s easy for a star A to be a thousand times
as popular as a fairly successful artist B.

01:16:36.100 --> 01:16:44.000
If we use linear proportion, we’ll give A
a thousand times as much money as we give B.

01:16:44.100 --> 01:16:50.000
And that means that, either we have
to make A tremendously rich

01:16:50.100 --> 01:16:54.500
or we are not supporting B enough.

01:16:55.000 --> 01:16:59.000
The money we use to make
A tremendously rich

01:16:59.100 --> 01:17:06.200
is failing to do an effective job of
supporting the arts; so, it’s inefficient.

01:17:06.300 --> 01:17:12.000
Therefore I say: let’s use the cube root.
Cube root looks sort of like this.

01:17:12.100 --> 01:17:17.700
The point is: if A is a thousand
times as popular as B

01:17:17.800 --> 01:17:22.200
with the cube root A
will get ten times as much as B

01:17:22.800 --> 01:17:25.800
not a thousand times as much,
just ten times as much.

01:17:25.900 --> 01:17:30.000
The use of the cube root
shifts a lot of the money

01:17:30.100 --> 01:17:36.000
from the stars to the artists
of moderate popularity.

01:17:36.600 --> 01:17:44.000
And that means, with less money we can adequately
support a much larger number of artists.

01:17:44.100 --> 01:17:49.000
There are two reasons why this system
would use less money than we pay now.

01:17:49.100 --> 01:17:53.000
First of all because it would be
supporting artists but not companies.

01:17:53.100 --> 01:18:01.600
Second because it would shift the money from
the stars to the artists of moderate popularity.

01:18:02.000 --> 01:18:09.300
Now, it would remain the case that the more
popular you are, the more money you get.

01:18:09.700 --> 01:18:17.000
So the star A would still get more
than B, but not astronomically more.

01:18:19.800 --> 01:18:24.000
That’s one method, and because
it won’t be so much money

01:18:24.100 --> 01:18:27.100
it doesn’t matter so much
how we get the money.

01:18:27.200 --> 01:18:31.000
It could be from a special tax
on Internet connectivity

01:18:31.100 --> 01:18:36.000
it could just be some of the general budget
that gets allocated to this purpose.

01:18:36.100 --> 01:18:39.900
We won’t care because
it won’t be so much money;

01:18:40.000 --> 01:18:43.300
much less than we’re paying now.

01:18:43.900 --> 01:18:47.800
The other method I’ve proposed
is voluntary payments.

01:18:47.900 --> 01:18:55.000
Suppose each player had a button
you could use to send one euro.

01:18:55.900 --> 01:19:01.000
A lot of people would send it,
after all it’s not that much money.

01:19:01.100 --> 01:19:06.400
I think a lot of you might
push that button every day

01:19:06.500 --> 01:19:12.300
to give one euro to some artist
who had made a work that you liked.

01:19:12.700 --> 01:19:15.000
But nothing would demand this

01:19:15.100 --> 01:19:19.200
you wouldn’t be required or ordered
or pressured to send the money;

01:19:19.300 --> 01:19:21.800
you would do it because you felt like it.

01:19:21.900 --> 01:19:25.000
But there are some people
who wouldn’t do it

01:19:25.100 --> 01:19:29.000
because they’re poor and they
can’t afford to give one euro.

01:19:29.100 --> 01:19:32.000
And it’s good that they won’t give it.

01:19:32.100 --> 01:19:36.000
We don’t have to squeeze money
out of poor people to support the artists.

01:19:36.100 --> 01:19:41.000
There are enough non poor people
who’ll be happy to do it.

01:19:41.100 --> 01:19:48.000
Why wouldn’t you give one euro to some
artists today, if you appreciated their work?

01:19:48.100 --> 01:19:56.400
It’s too inconvenient to give it to them.
So my proposal is to remove the inconvenience.

01:19:56.500 --> 01:20:02.000
If the only reason not to give that euro is
you would have one euro less

01:20:02.100 --> 01:20:06.000
you would do it fairly often.

01:20:07.800 --> 01:20:13.000
So these are my two proposals
for how to support artists

01:20:13.100 --> 01:20:19.000
while encouraging sharing
because sharing is good.

01:20:19.100 --> 01:20:25.000
Let’s put an end to the war on sharing,
laws like DADVSI and HADOPI.

01:20:25.200 --> 01:20:29.000
It’s not just the methods
that they propose that are evil

01:20:29.100 --> 01:20:31.000
their purpose is evil.

01:20:31.100 --> 01:20:36.000
That’s why they propose
cruel and draconian measures.

01:20:36.100 --> 01:20:41.000
They’re trying to do something
that’s nasty by nature.

01:20:41.100 --> 01:20:45.300
So let’s support artists in other ways.

01:20:45.900 --> 01:20:52.000
The last threat to our freedom
in digital society is the fact

01:20:52.100 --> 01:21:01.000
that we don’t have a firm right
to do the things we do, in cyberspace.

01:21:02.000 --> 01:21:05.800
In the physical world,
if you have certain views

01:21:05.900 --> 01:21:11.400
and you want to give people copies
of a text that defends those views

01:21:11.500 --> 01:21:16.000
you’re free to do so. You could
even buy a printer to print them

01:21:16.100 --> 01:21:20.900
and you’re free to hand them out on the street

01:21:21.000 --> 01:21:25.000
or you’re free to rent
a store and hand them out there.

01:21:25.100 --> 01:21:29.000
If you want to collect
money to support your cause

01:21:29.100 --> 01:21:33.800
you can just have a can and people
could put money into the can.

01:21:33.900 --> 01:21:42.000
You don’t need to get somebody else’s
approval or cooperation to do these things.

01:21:42.100 --> 01:21:47.200
But, in the Internet, you do need that.

01:21:47.300 --> 01:21:51.000
For instance if you want
to distribute a text on the Internet

01:21:51.100 --> 01:21:58.000
you need companies to help you do it.
You can’t do it by yourself.

01:21:58.100 --> 01:22:06.000
So if you want to have a website, you need
the support of an ISP or a hosting company

01:22:06.100 --> 01:22:09.000
and you need a domain name registrar.

01:22:09.100 --> 01:22:14.400
You need them to continue
to let you do what you’re doing.

01:22:14.500 --> 01:22:20.700
So you’re doing it effectively
on sufferance, not by right.

01:22:20.900 --> 01:22:25.800
And if you want to receive money,
you can’t just hold out a can.

01:22:25.900 --> 01:22:33.000
You need the cooperation
of a payment company.

01:22:37.700 --> 01:22:45.800
And we saw that this makes all of our
digital activities vulnerable to suppression.

01:22:45.900 --> 01:22:49.000
We learned this when the United States government

01:22:49.100 --> 01:22:54.000
launched a distributed denial of service
attack [DDoS] against WikiLeaks.

01:22:54.100 --> 01:23:00.900
Now I’m making a bit of a joke because
the words “distributed denial of service attack”

01:23:01.000 --> 01:23:05.000
usually refer to a different kind of attack.

01:23:05.100 --> 01:23:09.000
But they fit perfectly with
what the United States did.

01:23:09.000 --> 01:23:16.000
The United States went to the various kinds
of network services that WikiLeaks depended on

01:23:16.100 --> 01:23:22.400
and told them to cut off
service to WikiLeaks. And they did.

01:23:22.500 --> 01:23:27.300
For instance, WikiLeaks had rented
a virtual Amazon server

01:23:27.800 --> 01:23:35.000
and the US government told Amazon: “cut off
service for WikiLeaks.” And it did, arbitrarily.

01:23:36.000 --> 01:23:41.400
And then, Amazon had certain domain names
such as wikileaks.org

01:23:41.700 --> 01:23:47.000
the US government tried to get
all those domains shut off.

01:23:47.100 --> 01:23:53.000
But it didn’t succeed, some of them were
outside its control and were not shut off.

01:23:55.000 --> 01:24:02.500
Then, there were the payment companies.
The US went to PayPal and said:

01:24:02.600 --> 01:24:07.300
“Stop transferring money to WikiLeaks
or we’ll make life difficult for you.”

01:24:07.400 --> 01:24:11.000
And PayPal shut off payments to WikiLeaks.

01:24:11.100 --> 01:24:18.000
And then it went to Visa and Mastercard and
got them to shut off payments to WikiLeaks.

01:24:18.100 --> 01:24:27.000
Others started collecting money on WikiLeaks
behalf and their accounts were shut off too.

01:24:27.100 --> 01:24:31.300
But in this case, maybe something can be done.

01:24:31.600 --> 01:24:38.000
There’s a company in Iceland which began
collecting money on behalf of WikiLeaks

01:24:38.100 --> 01:24:41.700
and so Visa and Mastercard shut off its account;

01:24:41.800 --> 01:24:46.000
it couldn’t receive money
from its customers either.

01:24:46.100 --> 01:24:51.700
Now, that business is suing Visa and
Mastercard apparently under European Union law

01:24:51.800 --> 01:24:56.600
because Visa and Mastercard
together have a near-monopoly.

01:24:56.700 --> 01:25:01.500
They’re not allowed to arbitrarily
deny service to anyone.

01:25:01.600 --> 01:25:05.000
Well, this is an example
of how things need to be

01:25:05.100 --> 01:25:10.500
for all kinds of services
that we use in the Internet.

01:25:10.700 --> 01:25:17.000
If you rented a store to hand out
statements of what you think

01:25:17.100 --> 01:25:22.400
or any other kind of information
that you can lawfully distribute

01:25:22.500 --> 01:25:27.800
the landlord couldn’t kick you out just
because he didn’t like what you were saying.

01:25:27.900 --> 01:25:32.800
As long as you keep paying the rent,
you have the right to continue in that store

01:25:32.900 --> 01:25:37.000
for a certain agreed-on period
of time that you signed.

01:25:37.100 --> 01:25:41.000
So you have some rights
that you can enforce.

01:25:41.100 --> 01:25:44.300
And they couldn’t shut off
your telephone line

01:25:44.400 --> 01:25:48.500
because the phone company
doesn’t like what you said

01:25:48.600 --> 01:25:55.000
or because some powerful entity didn’t like
what you said and threatened the phone company.

01:25:55.100 --> 01:26:03.300
No! As long as you pay the bills
and obey certain basic rules

01:26:03.400 --> 01:26:11.000
they can’t shut off your phone line.
This is what it’s like to have some rights!

01:26:11.100 --> 01:26:18.300
Well, if we move our activities from
the physical world to the virtual world

01:26:18.700 --> 01:26:27.000
then either we have the same rights in the
virtual world, or we have been harmed.

01:26:28.000 --> 01:26:37.000
So, the precarity of all our Internet activities
is the last of the menaces I wanted to mention.

01:26:37.100 --> 01:26:46.000
Now I’d like to say that for more information
about free software, look at GNU.org.

01:26:46.100 --> 01:26:52.400
Also look at fsf.org, which is the website
of the Free Software Foundation.

01:26:52.500 --> 01:26:58.400
You can go there and find many ways
you can help us, for instance.

01:26:58.500 --> 01:27:03.500
You can also become a member of the Free
Software Foundation through that site

01:27:03.600 --> 01:27:11.100
if you're going to do e-commerce.
If you'd like to join and pay cash

01:27:11.200 --> 01:27:14.100
right here you can do that too.
I've got cards you can fill out.

01:27:14.200 --> 01:27:24.000
There is also the Free Software Foundation
of Europe fsfe.org. You can join FSFE also.

01:27:24.500 --> 01:27:28.000
Can you accept membership in cash?

01:27:28.100 --> 01:27:31.000
Is there someone who wants to join right now?

01:27:31.100 --> 01:27:37.000
Ok, so you can join FSFE also
paying with cash.

01:27:39.000 --> 01:27:42.000
Now it's time and, by the way

01:27:42.100 --> 01:27:47.700
I know the case of the FSF
we get most of our funds from members

01:27:47.800 --> 01:27:53.000
so joining is really important
and probably for FSFE as well.

01:27:53.100 --> 01:27:57.000
Now it's time for me to raise funds
in another way.

01:27:57.100 --> 01:28:04.000
This is an adorable gnu
that needs a home.

01:28:05.000 --> 01:28:11.400
And I'm going to auction it on behalf
of the Free Software Foundation.

01:28:11.800 --> 01:28:17.000
If you buy the gnu, I'll sign
a card for you, if you like

01:28:17.600 --> 01:28:22.000
and if you have a penguin
you need to get a gnu

01:28:22.100 --> 01:28:28.000
because as we all know a penguin
can hardly function without a gnu.

01:28:31.000 --> 01:28:38.000
When you bid, please wave your arm
and shout the quantity you are bidding

01:28:38.100 --> 01:28:40.600
so that I notice you.

01:28:40.700 --> 01:28:44.000
If you are bidding, I think you
want me to notice that you're bidding.

01:28:46.000 --> 01:28:51.000
The FSF can accept payments
either in cash or with a credit card.

01:28:51.100 --> 01:28:56.000
If the credit card works for ordering
by telephone then it won't work with us.

01:28:57.000 --> 01:29:03.000
So, I'm going to start with 20 euros.
Do I get 20 euros?

01:29:03.600 --> 01:29:07.000
I've got 20 euros, do I have 25?

01:29:09.100 --> 01:29:12.000
How much?

01:29:16.000 --> 01:29:20.000
Trente?
Ok, I've got 30 euros, do I have 35?

01:29:21.100 --> 01:29:24.800
How much?
I've got 35, do I get 40?

01:29:25.000 --> 01:29:28.200
I have 42

01:29:32.000 --> 01:29:36.000
I have 42 euros, do I have 50?

01:29:36.800 --> 01:29:40.400
How much?
I've got 50, do I get 60?

01:29:46.000 --> 01:29:49.000
I've got 60, do I get 70?

01:29:52.100 --> 01:29:56.000
How much?
I've got 70, do I get 80?

01:30:02.000 --> 01:30:05.000
I've got 80, do I get 90?

01:30:05.100 --> 01:30:11.000
I've got 80 euros, do I get 90
for this adorable gnu?

01:30:14.400 --> 01:30:20.000
How much?
I've got 100 euros, do I get 110?

01:30:25.000 --> 01:30:29.000
I've got 110, do I get 120?

01:30:30.000 --> 01:30:34.000
I've got 120, do I get 130?

01:30:39.000 --> 01:30:46.000
I've got 130, do I get 140?

01:30:46.100 --> 01:30:51.000
How much?
I've got 140, do I get 150?

01:30:54.700 --> 01:30:58.000
I've got 150, do I get 160?

01:30:58.500 --> 01:31:02.000
I've got 160, do I get 170?

01:31:05.000 --> 01:31:10.000
How much?
I've got 170, do I get 180?

01:31:14.100 --> 01:31:18.200
Do you bid?
I've got 200

01:31:25.000 --> 01:31:29.000
I've got 200, do I get 210?

01:31:32.600 --> 01:31:36.000
I've got 210, do I get 220?

01:31:44.000 --> 01:31:49.800
I've got 220, do I get 230?

01:31:49.900 --> 01:31:54.600
Do I get 230 for this adorable gnu
that needs a home?

01:31:54.700 --> 01:32:00.000
Do I get 230 to the Free Software
Foundation to defend freedom?

01:32:01.700 --> 01:32:05.000
Last chance to bid. How much?

01:32:06.200 --> 01:32:10.000
I've got 230, do I get 240?

01:32:14.000 --> 01:32:17.100
I've got 240, do I get 250?

01:32:20.000 --> 01:32:23.500
For this adorable gnu
to defend freedom?

01:32:23.600 --> 01:32:28.000
How much?
I've got 300

01:32:32.000 --> 01:32:44.000
I've got 300, do I get 320 for this
adorable gnu to defend freedom?

01:32:46.500 --> 01:32:53.000
I've got 320, do I get 340?

01:32:55.600 --> 01:33:00.000
How much? 340?
I've got 340, do I get 360?

01:33:04.000 --> 01:33:08.000
What? I've got 340.

01:33:09.000 --> 01:33:14.100
No, no I don't want to go up by such
small increments, we'll be here all night

01:33:14.200 --> 01:33:18.000
I've got 340, do I get 360?

01:33:19.600 --> 01:33:23.000
I've got 360, do I get 380?

01:33:23.100 --> 01:33:30.000
I've got 380, do I get 400?

01:33:30.100 --> 01:33:34.500
to defend freedom?
for this adorable gnu, do I get 400?

01:33:34.700 --> 01:33:41.000
I've got 380, do I get 400?
Last chance to bid, 400 or more.

01:33:41.100 --> 01:33:46.000
Last chance, going...

01:33:46.500 --> 01:33:54.200
I've got 400, do I get 420?

01:33:57.100 --> 01:34:07.000
How much?
I've got 420, do I get 440?

01:34:07.800 --> 01:34:13.000
Last chance to bid 440 or more
for this adorable gnu.

01:34:13.700 --> 01:34:20.600
Do I get 440?
Last chance, going, going

01:34:21.000 --> 01:34:25.000
sold for 420.

01:34:29.200 --> 01:34:37.700
Please note that there are stickers
which are gratuit to take.

01:34:37.800 --> 01:34:40.300
Please take as many as you can
and make good use of.

01:34:40.400 --> 01:34:48.700
There are also various small things
to sell, like badges and elegant pins

01:34:48.900 --> 01:34:51.600
and the money supports
the Free Software Foundation.

01:34:51.700 --> 01:34:53.000
Anyway now it's time for me
to answer questions.