0:00:10.000,0:00:14.000
Thank you. Congratulations to the students [br][of the Digital Freedoms association]

0:00:14.100,0:00:16.000
who organized this meeting.

0:00:16.100,0:00:19.900
They are right, not only[br]because Richard is famous

0:00:20.000,0:00:22.200
but also because the subject[br]is very interesting to us.

0:00:22.300,0:00:25.000
They are especially interesting[br]here at Sciences Po

0:00:25.100,0:00:29.200
since first, we try to study[br]controversies;

0:00:29.300,0:00:31.200
some of you here have studied[br]controversies

0:00:31.300,0:00:34.100
and Richard himself[br]is a controversial character.

0:00:34.200,0:00:37.000
I have not found anything on the Web[br]that allows to find consensus

0:00:37.100,0:00:45.100
nor about what he does, nor what he says, nor[br]the words he uses, so he's an ideal case study

0:00:45.200,0:00:48.700
for us who study cartographies of[br]controversies in this institution.

0:00:48.800,0:00:51.700
Somehow we have a controversial character

0:00:51.800,0:00:53.700
on subjects that are important to us.

0:00:53.800,0:00:56.800
Second, obviously, is the subject itself

0:00:56.900,0:01:01.000
and the question of how much[br]freedom and control

0:01:04.650,0:01:08.200
that are at the core of all these[br]digital innovations

0:01:08.300,0:01:11.000
are directly interesting, for political science

0:01:11.100,0:01:14.300
sociology, also law.

0:01:14.400,0:01:18.000
All questions that interest us[br]in this institution.

0:01:18.100,0:01:21.800
It's by the way interesting that[br]Richard comes here

0:01:21.900,0:01:28.100
a few days after Steve Jobs died, a death that [br]he celebrated in his own way if I dare to say

0:01:28.200,0:01:32.200
explaining that his loss was not[br]a huge disaster

0:01:32.300,0:01:36.100
for all those questions of[br]digital freedoms

0:01:36.200,0:01:40.000
because - even though Steve Jobs[br]could be esteemed

0:01:40.100,0:01:42.800
the control he had on software

0:01:42.900,0:01:47.000
and its domination make us[br]in some way free

0:01:47.100,0:01:51.000
but under the form, as he says it[br]in several opinions,

0:01:51.100,0:01:54.200
of a "jail made cool" --[br]a jail that I like myself

0:01:54.300,0:01:56.600
since I am myself an adept[br]of the Macintosh

0:01:56.700,0:01:59.000
but this is obviously not[br]the kind of character

0:01:59.100,0:02:01.600
or the kind of freedom that Richard[br]is thinking about.

0:02:01.700,0:02:04.000
The third reason is that, obviously

0:02:04.100,0:02:06.700
for a lot of questions[br]that are directly interesting to us

0:02:06.800,0:02:09.000
in this institution about[br]scientific humanities

0:02:09.100,0:02:11.700
is the link between technical innovation

0:02:11.800,0:02:14.700
and political devices[br]that interests us directly.

0:02:14.800,0:02:17.700
So we have at least, anyway myself[br]at the scientific direction

0:02:17.800,0:02:23.000
three reasons to enjoy[br]the initiative of the students group

0:02:23.100,0:02:25.000
which organized this meeting

0:02:25.100,0:02:28.000
and I am happy to let[br]Richard Stallman speak

0:02:28.100,0:02:31.100
and please applause him before.

0:02:37.700,0:02:43.100
Projects with the goal of digital[br]inclusion are making a big assumption.

0:02:43.200,0:02:48.600
They are assuming that participating[br]in a digital society is good;

0:02:48.700,0:02:51.000
but that’s not necessarily true.

0:02:51.100,0:02:54.800
Being in a digital society can be good or bad

0:02:54.900,0:03:00.800
depending on whether that[br]digital society is just or unjust.

0:03:02.000,0:03:09.000
There are many ways in which our freedom[br]is being attacked by digital technology.

0:03:09.100,0:03:17.100
Digital technology can make things worse,[br]and it will, unless we fight to prevent it.

0:03:20.900,0:03:26.000
Therefore, if we have an unjust digital society

0:03:26.100,0:03:30.000
we should cancel these projects[br]for digital inclusion

0:03:30.100,0:03:34.000
and launch projects for digital extraction.

0:03:34.500,0:03:41.400
We have to extract people from digital society[br]if it doesn’t respect their freedom;

0:03:41.500,0:03:44.800
or we have to make it respect their freedom.

0:03:45.100,0:03:50.000
So, what are the threats? First, surveillance.

0:03:50.100,0:03:54.000
Computers are Stalin’s dream.

0:03:54.100,0:03:57.600
They are ideal tools for surveillance

0:03:57.700,0:04:03.000
because anything we do with computers,[br]the computers can record.

0:04:03.100,0:04:05.000
They can record the information

0:04:05.100,0:04:10.900
in a perfectly indexed[br]searchable form in a central database

0:04:11.000,0:04:17.100
ideal for any tyrant[br]who wants to crush opposition.

0:04:19.800,0:04:24.100
Surveillance is sometimes done[br]with our own computers.

0:04:24.700,0:04:30.000
For instance, if you have a computer[br]that’s running Microsoft Windows

0:04:30.100,0:04:33.000
that system is doing surveillance.

0:04:33.100,0:04:38.300
There are features in Windows[br]that send data to some server.

0:04:38.400,0:04:41.000
Data about the use of the computer.

0:04:41.100,0:04:45.700
A surveillance feature was discovered[br]in the iPhone a few months ago

0:04:45.800,0:04:48.800
and people started calling it[br]the “spy-phone”.

0:04:51.000,0:04:54.600
Flash player has a surveillance feature too

0:04:54.800,0:04:58.200
and so does the Amazon “Swindle”.

0:04:58.700,0:05:04.000
They call it the Kindle,[br]but I call it the Swindle, l’escroc

0:05:04.500,0:05:08.200
because it’s meant to swindle[br]users out of their freedom.

0:05:08.800,0:05:14.000
It makes people identify themselves[br]whenever they buy a book

0:05:14.200,0:05:21.000
and that means Amazon has a giant list[br]of all the books each user has read.

0:05:21.400,0:05:25.100
And such a list must not exist anywhere.

0:05:27.100,0:05:32.000
Most portable phones[br]will transmit their location

0:05:32.100,0:05:38.100
computed using GPS, on remote command.

0:05:38.900,0:05:45.900
And the phone company is accumulating[br]a giant list of places that the user has been.

0:05:46.100,0:05:51.100
A German from the Green Party[br]asked the phone company

0:05:51.200,0:05:56.000
to give him the data it had[br]about where he was.

0:05:56.500,0:05:59.800
He had to sue, he had to go[br]to court to get this information.

0:05:59.900,0:06:06.000
And when he got it, he received[br]forty-four thousand location points

0:06:06.100,0:06:08.100
for a period of six months.

0:06:08.200,0:06:12.400
That’s more than two hundred per day.

0:06:12.800,0:06:20.000
So what that means is someone could form[br]a very good picture of his activities

0:06:20.100,0:06:24.000
just by looking at that data.

0:06:28.000,0:06:32.800
We can stop our own computers[br]from doing surveillance on us

0:06:32.900,0:06:37.100
if we have control[br]of the software that they run.

0:06:38.000,0:06:43.000
But the software these people are running,[br]they don’t have control over.

0:06:43.100,0:06:49.100
It’s non-free software and that’s why[br]it has malicious features, such as surveillance.

0:06:49.700,0:06:54.600
However, the surveillance is not[br]always done with our own computers

0:06:54.700,0:06:57.700
it’s also done at one remove.

0:06:57.800,0:07:02.100
For instance ISPs in Europe are required

0:07:02.200,0:07:09.000
to keep data about the user’s[br]internet communications for a long time

0:07:09.100,0:07:16.100
in case the State decides to investigate[br]that person later

0:07:16.200,0:07:19.100
for whatever imaginable reason.

0:07:22.000,0:07:26.900
And with a portable phone,[br]even if you can stop the phone

0:07:27.000,0:07:30.000
from transmitting your GPS location

0:07:30.100,0:07:34.100
the system can determine[br]the phone’s location approximately

0:07:34.200,0:07:40.700
by comparing the time when[br]the signals arrive at different towers.

0:07:41.000,0:07:45.000
So the phone system can do surveillance

0:07:45.100,0:07:49.400
even without special cooperation[br]from the phone itself.

0:07:54.000,0:07:59.700
Likewise, the bicycles[br]that people rent in Paris.

0:07:59.800,0:08:02.900
Of course the system knows[br]where you get the bicycle

0:08:03.000,0:08:06.000
and it knows where you return the bicycle

0:08:06.000,0:08:10.000
and I’ve heard reports[br]that it tracks the bicycles

0:08:10.600,0:08:14.000
as they are moving around as well.

0:08:15.100,0:08:23.000
So they are not something we can really trust.

0:08:23.300,0:08:30.900
But there are also systems that have nothing[br]to do with us that exist only for tracking.

0:08:31.000,0:08:37.800
For instance, in the UK[br]all car travel is monitored.

0:08:37.900,0:08:43.500
Every car’s movements[br]are being recorded in real time

0:08:43.600,0:08:47.200
and can be tracked by the State in real time.

0:08:47.300,0:08:52.000
This is done with cameras on the side of the road.

0:08:52.400,0:08:57.100
Now, the only way we can prevent surveillance

0:08:57.200,0:09:01.000
that’s done at one remove[br]or by unrelated systems

0:09:01.100,0:09:07.100
is through political action[br]against increased government power

0:09:07.200,0:09:11.100
to track and monitor everyone.

0:09:11.500,0:09:17.000
Which means of course we have to reject[br]whatever excuse they come up with.

0:09:18.000,0:09:25.000
For doing such systems, no excuse[br]is valid to monitor everyone.

0:09:25.600,0:09:31.800
In a free society, when you go out[br]in public you are not guaranteed anonymity.

0:09:31.900,0:09:36.500
It’s possible for someone[br]to recognize you and remember.

0:09:36.600,0:09:41.800
And later that person could say[br]that he saw you at a certain place.

0:09:42.000,0:09:45.000
But that information is diffuse.

0:09:45.100,0:09:52.000
It’s not conveniently assembled to track[br]everybody and investigate what they did.

0:09:52.100,0:09:55.700
To collect that information is a lot of work

0:09:55.800,0:10:01.000
so it’s only done in special cases[br]when it’s necessary.

0:10:02.800,0:10:06.000
But computerized surveillance[br]makes it possible

0:10:06.100,0:10:09.800
to centralize and index all this information

0:10:09.900,0:10:16.900
so that an unjust regime can find it all[br]and find out all about everyone.

0:10:17.000,0:10:21.000
If a dictator takes power,[br]which could happen anywhere

0:10:21.400,0:10:25.500
people realize this and they recognize

0:10:25.600,0:10:31.500
that they should not[br]communicate with other dissidents

0:10:31.600,0:10:36.000
in a way that the State could find out about.

0:10:36.100,0:10:40.400
But if the dictator[br]has several years of stored records

0:10:40.500,0:10:46.000
of who talks with whom, it’s too late[br]to take any precautions then.

0:10:46.300,0:10:51.000
Because he already has[br]everything he needs to realize

0:10:51.100,0:10:56.000
“OK this guy is a dissident and he spoke[br]with him. Maybe he is a dissident too.”

0:10:56.100,0:11:00.100
“Maybe we should grab him and torture him.”

0:11:02.000,0:11:11.800
So we need to campaign to put[br]an end to digital surveillance now.

0:11:12.000,0:11:17.300
You can’t wait until there is a dictator[br]and it would really matter.

0:11:17.600,0:11:26.000
And besides, it doesn’t take an outright[br]dictatorship to start attacking human rights.

0:11:27.000,0:11:31.600
I wouldn’t quite call[br]the government of the UK a dictatorship.

0:11:31.700,0:11:39.000
It’s not very democratic and one way[br]it crushes democracy is using surveillance.

0:11:39.100,0:11:45.000
A few years ago, people believed to be[br]on their way to a protest

0:11:45.100,0:11:47.000
they were going to protest.

0:11:47.100,0:11:50.000
They were arrested before[br]they could get there

0:11:50.100,0:11:58.000
because their car was tracked through[br]this universal car tracking system.

0:12:03.900,0:12:07.000
The second threat is censorship.

0:12:07.100,0:12:11.700
Censorship is not new,[br]it existed long before computers.

0:12:11.800,0:12:17.700
But 15 years ago, we thought that[br]the Internet would protect us from censorship

0:12:17.800,0:12:20.700
that it would defeat censorship.

0:12:20.800,0:12:25.000
Then, China and some other obvious tyrannies

0:12:25.100,0:12:30.800
went to great lengths to impose[br]censorship on the Internet, and we said:

0:12:30.900,0:12:34.800
“well that’s not surprising, what else[br]would governments like that do?”

0:12:34.900,0:12:39.000
But today we see censorship[br]imposed in countries

0:12:39.100,0:12:44.900
that are not normally[br]thought of as dictatorships

0:12:45.000,0:12:53.300
such as for instance the UK, France,[br]Spain, Italy, Denmark…

0:12:54.400,0:13:00.700
They all have systems of[br]blocking access to some websites.

0:13:00.900,0:13:04.000
Denmark established a system

0:13:04.100,0:13:10.900
that blocks access to a long list[br]of webpages, which was secret.

0:13:11.000,0:13:15.800
The citizens were not supposed to know[br]how the government was censoring them

0:13:15.900,0:13:19.800
but the list was leaked,[br]and posted on WikiLeaks.

0:13:19.900,0:13:26.000
At that point, Denmark added[br]the WikiLeaks page to its censorship list.

0:13:27.500,0:13:30.000
So, the whole rest of the world can find out

0:13:30.100,0:13:35.000
how Danes are being censored,[br]but Danes are not supposed to know.

0:13:35.900,0:13:43.800
A few months ago, Turkey,[br]which claims to respect some human rights

0:13:43.900,0:13:47.000
announced that every Internet user

0:13:47.100,0:13:51.000
would have to choose between[br]censorship and more censorship.

0:13:51.500,0:13:54.900
Four different levels of censorship[br]they get to choose!

0:13:55.000,0:14:02.000
But freedom is not one of the options.

0:14:04.400,0:14:09.100
Australia wanted to impose filtering[br]on the Internet but that was blocked.

0:14:09.200,0:14:13.000
However Australia has a[br]different kind of censorship.

0:14:13.100,0:14:15.900
It has censorship of links.

0:14:16.000,0:14:20.500
That is, if a website in Australia has a link

0:14:20.600,0:14:23.900
to some censored site outside Australia

0:14:24.000,0:14:27.000
the one in Australia can be punished.

0:14:27.100,0:14:29.000
Electronic Frontier Australia

0:14:29.100,0:14:32.900
which is an organization[br]that defends human rights

0:14:33.000,0:14:36.700
in the digital domain in Australia

0:14:36.800,0:14:41.200
posted a link to[br]a foreign political website.

0:14:41.900,0:14:49.000
It was ordered to delete the link[br]or face a penalty of $11,000 a day.

0:14:49.500,0:14:52.000
So they deleted it,[br]what else could they do?

0:14:52.100,0:14:55.800
This is a very harsh system of censorship.

0:14:55.900,0:15:01.800
In Spain, the censorship[br]that was adopted earlier this year

0:15:02.000,0:15:12.700
allows officials to arbitrarily[br]shut down an Internet site in Spain

0:15:12.800,0:15:17.400
or impose filtering to block access[br]to a site outside of Spain.

0:15:17.500,0:15:22.000
And they can do this[br]without any kind of trial.

0:15:22.100,0:15:27.000
This was one of the motivations[br]for the Indignados

0:15:29.400,0:15:33.000
who have been protesting in the street.

0:15:34.300,0:15:38.800
There were protests in the street[br]in Turkey as well after that announcement

0:15:38.900,0:15:42.800
but the government refused to change its policy.

0:15:42.900,0:15:46.600
We must recognize that a country

0:15:46.700,0:15:50.800
that imposes censorship on the Internet[br]is not a free country.

0:15:51.000,0:15:57.000
And is not a legitimate government either.

0:16:05.800,0:16:13.300
The next threat to our freedom comes[br]from data formats that restrict the users.

0:16:13.900,0:16:17.000
Sometimes it’s because the format is secret.

0:16:17.100,0:16:20.000
There are many application programs

0:16:20.100,0:16:25.000
that save the user’s data in a secret format

0:16:25.900,0:16:28.800
which is meant to prevent the user

0:16:28.900,0:16:33.000
from taking that data and using it[br]with some other program.

0:16:33.100,0:16:38.000
The goal is to prevent interoperability.

0:16:38.700,0:16:45.000
Now evidently, if the program[br]implements a secret format

0:16:45.100,0:16:48.800
that’s because the program[br]is not free software.

0:16:48.900,0:16:51.900
So this is another kind of malicious feature.

0:16:52.000,0:16:55.100
Surveillance is one kind of malicious feature

0:16:55.200,0:16:58.900
that you find in some non-free programs;

0:16:59.000,0:17:01.900
using secret formats to restrict the users

0:17:02.000,0:17:04.900
is another kind of malicious feature

0:17:05.000,0:17:09.000
that you also find in some non-free programs.

0:17:10.000,0:17:15.000
But if you have a free program[br]that handles a certain format

0:17:15.900,0:17:19.000
ipso facto that format is not secret.

0:17:19.100,0:17:26.000
This kind of malicious feature[br]can only exist in a non-free program.

0:17:26.300,0:17:31.100
Surveillance features could theoretically[br]exist in a free program

0:17:31.200,0:17:35.000
but you don’t find them happening.

0:17:35.500,0:17:37.900
Because the users would fix it.

0:17:38.000,0:17:42.000
The users wouldn’t like this,[br]so they would fix it.

0:17:45.000,0:17:53.700
In any case, we also find secret data[br]formats in use for publication of works.

0:17:53.900,0:17:58.700
You find secret data formats[br]in use for audio

0:17:58.800,0:18:02.800
such as music, for video, for books…

0:18:03.000,0:18:11.000
And these secret formats are known as[br]Digital Restrictions Management, or DRM

0:18:11.500,0:18:16.400
or digital handcuffs (les menottes numériques).

0:18:19.000,0:18:23.200
So, the works are published in secret formats

0:18:23.300,0:18:27.900
so that only proprietary[br]programs can play them

0:18:28.000,0:18:35.700
so that these proprietary programs can have[br]the malicious feature of restricting the users

0:18:35.800,0:18:40.000
stopping them from doing something[br]that would be natural to do.

0:18:44.600,0:18:49.900
And this is used even by public entities[br]to communicate with the people.

0:18:50.000,0:18:56.400
For instance Italian public television[br]makes its programs available on the net

0:18:56.500,0:18:59.000
in a format called VC-1

0:18:59.100,0:19:05.000
which is a standard supposedly,[br]but it’s a secret standard.

0:19:06.500,0:19:12.000
Now I can’t imagine how any[br]publicly supported entity

0:19:12.100,0:19:17.800
could justify using a secret format[br]to communicate with the public.

0:19:17.900,0:19:20.800
This should be illegal.

0:19:20.900,0:19:25.100
In fact I think all use of Digital[br]Restrictions Management should be illegal.

0:19:25.200,0:19:29.000
No company should be allowed to do this.

0:19:31.600,0:19:35.700
There are also formats that are not secret

0:19:35.800,0:19:41.000
but almost might as well be[br]secret, for instance Flash.

0:19:42.500,0:19:49.300
Flash is not actually secret but Adobe keeps[br]making new versions, which are different

0:19:49.400,0:19:57.000
faster than anyone can keep up[br]and make free software to play those files.

0:19:57.100,0:20:01.000
So it has almost the same effect as being secret.

0:20:02.800,0:20:11.100
Then there are the patented formats,[br]such as MP3 for audio.

0:20:11.200,0:20:16.100
It’s bad to distribute audio in MP3 format!

0:20:16.600,0:20:21.900
There is free software to handle MP3 format,[br]to play it and to generate it

0:20:22.000,0:20:25.600
but because it’s patented in many countries

0:20:25.700,0:20:31.900
many distributors of free software[br]don’t dare include those programs.

0:20:32.000,0:20:35.800
So if they distribute the GNU+Linux system

0:20:35.900,0:20:39.800
their system doesn’t include a player for MP3.

0:20:39.900,0:20:48.000
As a result if anyone[br]distributes some music in MP3

0:20:48.100,0:20:54.700
that’s putting pressure on people[br]not to use GNU/Linux.

0:20:54.800,0:20:58.500
Sure, if you’re an expert you can find[br]a free software and install it

0:20:58.600,0:21:00.800
but there are lots of non experts

0:21:00.900,0:21:04.800
and they might see that[br]they installed a version of GNU/Linux

0:21:04.900,0:21:09.800
which doesn’t have that software[br]and it won’t play MP3 files

0:21:09.900,0:21:12.500
and they think it’s the system’s fault.

0:21:12.600,0:21:18.800
They don’t realize it’s MP3′s fault.[br]But this is the fact.

0:21:18.900,0:21:25.300
Therefore, if you want to support freedom,[br]don’t distribute MP3 files.

0:21:25.400,0:21:29.900
That’s why I say if you’re recording my speech[br]and you want to distribute copies

0:21:30.000,0:21:38.800
don’t do it in a patented format[br]such as MPEG-2, or MPEG-4, or MP3.

0:21:38.900,0:21:49.000
Use a format friendly to free software,[br]such as the Ogg format or WebM.

0:21:50.500,0:21:54.000
And by the way, if you are going[br]to distribute copies of the recording

0:21:54.100,0:22:01.000
please put on it the[br]Creative Commons-No derivatives license.

0:22:01.100,0:22:04.000
This is a statement of my personal views.

0:22:04.100,0:22:09.000
If it were a lecture for a course,[br]if it were didactic

0:22:09.100,0:22:14.000
then it ought to be free,[br]but statements of opinion are different.

0:22:23.900,0:22:26.800
Now this leads me to the next threat

0:22:26.900,0:22:32.200
which comes from software[br]that the users don’t have control over.

0:22:32.900,0:22:37.800
In other words: software[br]that isn’t free, that is not “libre”.

0:22:37.900,0:22:42.000
In this particular point[br]French is clearer than English.

0:22:42.100,0:22:46.000
The English word free[br]means ‘libre’ and ‘gratuit’

0:22:46.100,0:22:52.800
but what I mean when I say free software[br]is ‘logiciel libre‘. I don’t mean ‘gratuit’.

0:22:52.900,0:22:54.900
I’m not talking about price.

0:22:55.000,0:23:01.000
Price is a side issue, just a detail,[br]because it doesn't matter ethically.

0:23:01.100,0:23:04.000
You know if I have a copy of a program

0:23:04.100,0:23:10.100
and I sell it to you for one euro[br]or a hundred euros, who cares?

0:23:10.200,0:23:14.000
Why should anyone think[br]that that’s good or bad?

0:23:14.100,0:23:20.900
Or suppose I gave it to you ‘gratuitement’…[br]still, who cares?

0:23:21.000,0:23:26.800
But whether this program respects[br]your freedom, that’s important!

0:23:26.900,0:23:31.500
So free software is software[br]that respects users’ freedom.

0:23:31.900,0:23:34.000
What does this mean?

0:23:34.100,0:23:37.800
Ultimately there are just[br]two possibilities with software:

0:23:37.900,0:23:44.000
either the users control the program[br]or the program controls the users.

0:23:44.100,0:23:48.000
If the users have certain essential freedoms

0:23:48.100,0:23:51.300
then they control the program

0:23:51.400,0:23:57.000
and those freedoms are[br]the criterion for free software.

0:23:57.900,0:24:01.800
But if the users don’t fully[br]have the essential freedoms

0:24:01.900,0:24:04.900
then the program controls the users.

0:24:05.000,0:24:12.000
But somebody controls that program[br]and, through it, has power over the users.

0:24:12.100,0:24:16.800
So, a non-free program is an instrument

0:24:16.900,0:24:21.700
to give somebody power[br]over a lot of other people

0:24:21.800,0:24:26.300
and this is unjust power[br]that nobody should ever have.

0:24:26.400,0:24:36.600
This is why non-free software, les logiciels[br]privateurs, qui privent de la liberté

0:24:37.000,0:24:42.000
why proprietary software is[br]an injustice and should not exist?

0:24:43.000,0:24:46.900
Because it leaves the users without freedom.

0:24:47.000,0:24:51.800
Now, the developer who has[br]control of the program

0:24:51.900,0:24:56.900
often feels tempted[br]to introduce malicious features

0:24:57.000,0:25:01.600
to further exploit or abuse those users.

0:25:01.700,0:25:05.400
He feels a temptation because[br]he knows he can get away with it:

0:25:05.500,0:25:08.800
because his program controls the users

0:25:08.900,0:25:11.700
and the users do not have[br]control of the program.

0:25:11.800,0:25:16.600
If he puts in a malicious feature,[br]the users can’t fix it;

0:25:16.700,0:25:19.600
they can’t remove the malicious feature.

0:25:19.700,0:25:22.800
I’ve already told you about[br]two kinds of malicious features:

0:25:22.900,0:25:26.800
surveillance features,[br]such as are found in Windows

0:25:26.900,0:25:32.100
and the iPhone and Flash player[br]and the “Swindle”.

0:25:35.000,0:25:40.000
And there are also[br]features to restrict users

0:25:40.200,0:25:42.800
which work with secret data formats

0:25:42.900,0:25:49.800
and those are found in Windows,[br]Macintosh, the iPhone, Flash player

0:25:49.900,0:25:58.000
the Amazon “Swindle”, the Playstation 3[br]and lots and lots of other programs.

0:26:00.000,0:26:04.000
The other kind of malicious[br]feature is the backdoor.

0:26:04.100,0:26:07.000
That means something in that program

0:26:07.100,0:26:11.600
is listening for remote[br]commands and obeying them

0:26:11.700,0:26:16.000
and those commands can mistreat the user.

0:26:16.100,0:26:26.000
We know of backdoors in Windows,[br]in the iPhone, in the Amazon “Swindle”.

0:26:26.700,0:26:33.800
The Amazon “Swindle” has a backdoor[br]that can remotely delete books.

0:26:33.900,0:26:38.900
We know this by observation,[br]because Amazon did it:

0:26:39.000,0:26:46.900
in 2009 Amazon remotely deleted[br]thousands of copies of a particular book.

0:26:47.000,0:26:52.900
Those were authorized copies, people[br]had obtain them directly from Amazon

0:26:53.000,0:26:58.200
and thus Amazon knew exactly where they were.

0:26:58.800,0:27:03.700
Which is how Amazon knew where[br]to send the commands to delete those books.

0:27:03.800,0:27:11.800
You know which book Amazon deleted?

0:27:12.000,0:27:18.000
It’s a book everyone should read[br]because it discusses a totalitarian state

0:27:18.100,0:27:22.100
that did things like[br]delete books it didn’t like.

0:27:22.700,0:27:28.000
Everybody should read it,[br]but not on the Amazon “Swindle”.

0:27:31.000,0:27:39.900
Anyway, malicious features are present[br]in the most widely used non-free programs

0:27:40.000,0:27:46.800
but they are rare in free software, because[br]with free software the users have control:

0:27:47.000,0:27:50.000
they can read the source code[br]and they can change it.

0:27:50.100,0:27:53.900
So, if there were a malicious feature

0:27:54.000,0:27:58.000
somebody would sooner or later[br]spot it and fix it.

0:27:58.100,0:28:01.800
This means that somebody who is considering

0:28:01.900,0:28:06.300
introducing a malicious feature[br]does not find it so tempting

0:28:06.400,0:28:09.800
because he knows he might[br]get away with it for a while

0:28:09.900,0:28:12.900
but somebody will spot it, will fix it

0:28:13.000,0:28:18.200
and everybody will loose[br]trust in the perpetrator.

0:28:18.900,0:28:23.400
It’s not so tempting when[br]you know you’re going to fail.

0:28:23.800,0:28:29.000
And that’s why we find that malicious[br]features are rare in free software

0:28:29.000,0:28:34.000
and common in proprietary software.

0:28:35.000,0:28:39.600
Now the essential freedoms are four.

0:28:39.700,0:28:44.000
Freedom 0 is the freedom[br]to run the program as you wish.

0:28:44.100,0:28:49.800
Freedom 1 is the freedom to study[br]the source code and change it

0:28:49.900,0:28:54.000
so the program does[br]your computing the way you wish.

0:28:54.800,0:28:58.000
Freedom 2 is the freedom to help others.

0:28:58.100,0:29:03.600
That’s the freedom to make exact copies[br]and redistribute them when you wish.

0:29:03.700,0:29:09.000
Freedom 3 is the freedom[br]to contribute to your community.

0:29:09.100,0:29:13.700
That’s the freedom to make copies[br]of your modified versions

0:29:13.800,0:29:20.800
if you have made any, and then[br]distribute them to others when you wish.

0:29:21.000,0:29:27.700
These freedoms, in order to be adequate,[br]must apply to all activities of life.

0:29:27.800,0:29:34.000
For instance if it says: “This is free[br]for academic use”, it’s not free.

0:29:34.100,0:29:38.400
Because that’s too limited.[br]It doesn’t apply to all areas of life.

0:29:38.500,0:29:42.000
In particular, if a program is free

0:29:42.100,0:29:47.900
that means it can be modified[br]and distributed commercially

0:29:48.000,0:29:53.000
because commerce is an area of life,[br]an activity in life.

0:29:53.100,0:29:56.900
And this freedom has to apply to all activities.

0:29:57.000,0:30:03.700
Now however, it’s not obligatory[br]to do any of these things.

0:30:03.800,0:30:07.900
The point is you’re free to do them[br]if you wish, when you wish.

0:30:08.000,0:30:12.600
But you never have to do them.[br]You don’t have to do any of them.

0:30:12.700,0:30:14.600
You don’t have to run the program.

0:30:14.700,0:30:17.000
You don’t have to study[br]or change the source code.

0:30:17.100,0:30:20.000
You don’t have to make any copies.

0:30:20.100,0:30:22.800
You don’t have to distribute[br]your modified versions.

0:30:22.900,0:30:28.000
The point is you should be free[br]to do those things if you wish.

0:30:29.000,0:30:34.000
Now, freedom number 1, the freedom to study[br]and change the source code

0:30:34.100,0:30:37.900
to make the program do[br]your computing as you wish

0:30:38.000,0:30:41.900
includes something[br]that might not be obvious at first.

0:30:42.000,0:30:46.200
If the program comes in a product

0:30:47.000,0:30:51.900
and a developer can provide[br]an upgrade that will run

0:30:52.000,0:30:56.800
then you have to be able to make[br]your version run in that product.

0:30:56.900,0:31:00.900
If the product would only run[br]the developer’s versions

0:31:01.000,0:31:07.000
and refuses to run yours, the executable[br]in that product is not free software.

0:31:07.300,0:31:10.800
Even if it was compiled from free source code

0:31:10.900,0:31:13.800
it’s not free because[br]you don’t have the freedom

0:31:13.900,0:31:18.000
to make the program do your computing[br]the way you wish.

0:31:18.500,0:31:23.000
So, freedom 1 has to be real,[br]not just theoretical.

0:31:23.100,0:31:27.000
It has to include the freedom[br]to use your version

0:31:27.100,0:31:31.800
not just the freedom to make[br]some source code that won’t run.

0:31:33.000,0:31:37.000
I launched the free software movement in 1983

0:31:37.500,0:31:40.000
when I announced the plan to develop

0:31:40.100,0:31:44.400
a free software operating system[br]whose name is GNU.

0:31:45.400,0:31:50.000
Now GNU, the name GNU, is a joke.

0:31:51.500,0:31:54.000
Because part of the hacker’s spirit

0:31:54.100,0:31:58.800
is to have fun even when[br]you’re doing something very serious.

0:31:58.900,0:32:06.800
Now I can’t think of anything more seriously[br]important than defending freedom.

0:32:11.800,0:32:16.000
But that didn’t mean I couldn’t give[br]my system a name that’s a joke.

0:32:20.000,0:32:24.000
So GNU is a joke because[br]it’s a recursive acronym

0:32:24.100,0:32:31.000
it stands for “GNU is Not Unix”,[br]so G.N.U.: GNU’s Not Unix.

0:32:31.100,0:32:35.000
So the G in GNU stands for GNU.

0:32:36.000,0:32:39.000
Now in fact this was[br]a tradition at the time.

0:32:39.100,0:32:43.900
The tradition was:[br]if there was an existing program

0:32:44.000,0:32:48.500
and you wrote something[br]similar to it, inspired by it

0:32:48.600,0:32:52.500
you could give credit[br]by giving your program a name

0:32:52.600,0:32:57.200
that’s a recursive acronym[br]saying it’s not the other one.

0:32:58.000,0:33:03.000
So I gave credit to Unix for[br]the technical ideas of Unix

0:33:03.300,0:33:09.700
but with the name GNU, because I decided[br]to make GNU a Unix-like system

0:33:09.800,0:33:15.700
with the same commands, the same system calls[br]so that it would be compatible

0:33:15.800,0:33:19.800
so that people who used Unix[br]can switch over easily.

0:33:19.900,0:33:23.800
But the reason for developing GNU,[br]that was unique.

0:33:23.900,0:33:28.600
GNU is the only operating system,[br]as far as I know

0:33:28.700,0:33:33.300
ever developed for the purpose of freedom.

0:33:33.400,0:33:37.700
Not for technical motivations,[br]not for commercial motivations.

0:33:37.800,0:33:41.000
GNU was written for your freedom.

0:33:41.100,0:33:44.800
Because without a free operating system

0:33:44.900,0:33:49.300
it’s impossible to have[br]freedom and use a computer.

0:33:49.900,0:33:54.000
And there were none, and[br]I wanted people to have freedom

0:33:54.100,0:33:57.000
so it was up to me to write one.

0:33:57.100,0:34:00.900
Nowadays there are millions of users[br]of the GNU operating system

0:34:01.000,0:34:05.800
and most of them don’t know[br]they are using the GNU operating system

0:34:05.900,0:34:10.000
because there is a widespread[br]practice which is not nice.

0:34:10.100,0:34:13.600
People call the system “Linux”.

0:34:13.700,0:34:18.800
Many do, but some people don’t[br]and I hope you’ll be one of them.

0:34:18.900,0:34:22.400
Please, since we started this

0:34:22.500,0:34:25.300
since we wrote the biggest piece of the code

0:34:25.400,0:34:28.000
please give us equal mention

0:34:28.100,0:34:36.800
please call the system GNU+Linux[br]or GNU/Linux. It’s not much to ask!

0:34:37.300,0:34:40.000
But there is another reason to do this.

0:34:40.100,0:34:44.600
It turns out that the person who wrote Linux

0:34:44.700,0:34:48.700
which is one component of the[br]system as we use it today

0:34:48.900,0:34:52.000
he doesn’t agree with[br]the free software movement.

0:34:52.900,0:34:56.800
And so if you call the whole system Linux

0:34:56.900,0:35:03.500
in effect you’re steering people towards[br]his ideas and away from our ideas.

0:35:03.600,0:35:07.800
Because he’s not gonna say to them[br]that they deserve freedom.

0:35:07.900,0:35:15.000
He’s going to say to them that he likes[br]convenient, reliable, powerful software.

0:35:15.100,0:35:19.000
He’s going to tell people that[br]those are the important values.

0:35:19.100,0:35:26.700
But if you tell them the system is GNU+Linux,[br]the GNU operating system plus Linux the kernel

0:35:26.800,0:35:32.300
then they’ll know about us[br]and then they might listen to what we say.

0:35:33.000,0:35:41.800
You deserve freedom, and since freedom[br]will be lost if we don’t defend it —

0:35:41.900,0:35:46.200
there’s always going to be[br]a Sarkozy to take it away —

0:35:47.900,0:35:52.800
we need above all to teach[br]people to demand freedom

0:35:52.900,0:35:56.000
to be ready to stand up for their freedom

0:35:56.800,0:36:03.000
the next time someone threatens to take it away.

0:36:10.000,0:36:15.900
Nowadays, you can tell who doesn't want[br]to discuss these ideas of freedom

0:36:16.000,0:36:19.000
because they don’t say “logiciel libre”.

0:36:19.100,0:36:22.900
They don’t say “libre”,[br]they say “open source”.

0:36:23.000,0:36:26.900
That term was coined by[br]the people like Mr Torvalds

0:36:27.000,0:36:31.800
who would prefer that these[br]ethical issues don’t get raised.

0:36:31.900,0:36:36.900
And so the way you can help us[br]raise them is by saying libre.

0:36:37.000,0:36:41.800
You know, it’s up to you where you stand[br]you’re free to say what you think.

0:36:41.900,0:36:45.000
If you agree with them,[br]you can say open source.

0:36:45.000,0:36:49.000
If you agree with us, show it: say libre!

0:36:51.900,0:36:55.900
Now the most important[br]point about free software

0:36:56.000,0:37:02.000
is that schools must teach[br]exclusively free software.

0:37:02.100,0:37:05.900
All levels of schools from[br]kindergarten to university

0:37:06.000,0:37:13.900
it’s their moral responsibility to teach[br]only free software in their education

0:37:14.000,0:37:17.000
and all other educational activities as well

0:37:17.100,0:37:23.000
including those that say that[br]they’re spreading digital literacy.

0:37:23.100,0:37:30.000
A lot of those activities teach Windows,[br]which means they’re teaching dependence.

0:37:30.100,0:37:35.000
To teach people the use of proprietary[br]software is to teach dependence

0:37:36.000,0:37:43.000
and educational activities must never do that[br]because it’s the opposite of their mission.

0:37:43.600,0:37:49.500
Educational activities have[br]a social mission to educate good citizens

0:37:49.600,0:37:57.500
of a strong, capable, cooperating,[br]independent and free society.

0:37:57.900,0:38:03.300
And in the area of computing,[br]that means: teach free software.

0:38:04.000,0:38:11.000
Never teach a proprietary program[br]because that’s inculcating dependence.

0:38:11.200,0:38:17.900
Why do you think some proprietary developers[br]offer gratis copies to schools?

0:38:18.000,0:38:23.000
They want the schools[br]to make the children dependent.

0:38:23.200,0:38:28.000
And then, when they graduate,[br]they’re still dependent

0:38:28.100,0:38:32.500
and you know the company is not going[br]to offer them gratis copies.

0:38:33.000,0:38:37.900
And some of them get jobs[br]and go to work for companies.

0:38:38.000,0:38:42.000
Not many of them anymore,[br]but some of them.

0:38:42.100,0:38:46.800
And those companies are not going[br]to be offered gratis copies.

0:38:46.900,0:38:50.800
Oh no! The idea is if the school[br]directs the students

0:38:50.900,0:38:53.500
down the path of permanent dependence

0:38:53.600,0:38:57.900
they can drag the rest of society[br]with them into dependence.

0:38:58.000,0:39:03.500
That’s the plan! It’s just like[br]giving the school gratis needles

0:39:03.600,0:39:06.900
full of addicting drugs, saying

0:39:07.000,0:39:11.100
“inject this into your students,[br]the first dose is gratis.”

0:39:11.900,0:39:15.000
Once you’re dependent,[br]then you have to pay.

0:39:15.100,0:39:18.000
Well, the school would reject the drugs

0:39:18.000,0:39:21.800
because it isn’t right to teach[br]the students to use addictive drugs

0:39:21.900,0:39:26.900
and it’s got to reject[br]the proprietary software also.

0:39:27.000,0:39:34.000
Some people say “let’s have the school teach[br]both proprietary software and free software”

0:39:34.400,0:39:37.800
“so the students become familiar with both.”

0:39:37.900,0:39:44.400
That’s like saying “for lunch[br]lets give the kids spinach and tobacco”

0:39:44.500,0:39:47.800
“so that they become accustomed to both.”

0:39:47.900,0:39:54.400
No! The schools are only supposed[br]to teach good habits, not bad ones!

0:39:55.000,0:39:59.700
So there should be no Windows in a school

0:39:59.800,0:40:05.400
no Macintosh, nothing[br]proprietary in the education.

0:40:05.800,0:40:10.000
But also, for the sake[br]of educating good programmers.

0:40:10.100,0:40:14.800
You see, some people have[br]a talent for programming.

0:40:14.900,0:40:19.800
At ten to thirteen years old,[br]typically, they’re fascinated

0:40:19.900,0:40:24.000
and if they use a program, they want[br]to know “how does it do this?”

0:40:24.100,0:40:28.800
But when they ask the teacher,[br]if it’s proprietary, the teacher has to say

0:40:28.900,0:40:31.800
“I’m sorry, it’s a secret, we can’t find out.”

0:40:31.900,0:40:35.100
Which means education is forbidden.

0:40:35.500,0:40:40.400
A proprietary program is[br]the enemy of the spirit of education.

0:40:40.500,0:40:45.900
It’s knowledge withheld, so[br]it should not be tolerated in a school

0:40:46.000,0:40:49.600
even though there may be[br]plenty of people in the school

0:40:49.700,0:40:53.300
who don’t care about programming,[br]don’t want to learn this.

0:40:53.400,0:40:57.800
Still, because it’s the enemy[br]of the spirit of education

0:40:57.900,0:41:00.800
it shouldn’t be there in the school.

0:41:00.900,0:41:04.800
But if the program is free,[br]the teacher can explain what he knows

0:41:04.900,0:41:07.800
and then give out copies[br]of the source code, saying:

0:41:07.900,0:41:10.600
“read it and you’ll understand everything.”

0:41:10.700,0:41:13.800
And those who are really[br]fascinated, they will read it!

0:41:13.900,0:41:19.700
And this gives them an opportunity[br]to start to learn how to be good programmers.

0:41:19.800,0:41:24.000
To learn to be a good programmer,[br]you’ll need to recognize

0:41:24.100,0:41:30.300
that certain ways of writing code, even if[br]they make sense to you and they are correct

0:41:30.400,0:41:35.000
they’re not good because other people[br]will have trouble understanding them.

0:41:35.100,0:41:40.000
Good code is clear code that others[br]will have an easy time working on

0:41:40.100,0:41:43.000
when they need to make further changes.

0:41:43.100,0:41:46.000
How do you learn to write good clear code?

0:41:46.100,0:41:49.700
You do it by reading lots of code,[br]and writing lots of code.

0:41:49.800,0:41:53.000
And only free software offers the chance

0:41:53.100,0:41:58.500
to read the code of large[br]programs that we really use.

0:41:58.600,0:42:02.600
And then you have to write lots of code

0:42:02.700,0:42:06.000
which means you have[br]to write changes in large programs.

0:42:06.000,0:42:09.900
How do you learn to write[br]good code for large programs?

0:42:10.000,0:42:15.800
You have to start small, which[br]does not mean small programs, oh no!

0:42:15.900,0:42:22.800
The challenges of the code for large programs[br]don’t even begin to appear in small programs.

0:42:22.900,0:42:26.800
So the way you start small at[br]writing code for large programs

0:42:26.900,0:42:31.300
is by writing small[br]changes in large programs.

0:42:31.600,0:42:35.000
And only free software[br]gives you the chance to do that!

0:42:35.100,0:42:43.800
So, if a school wants to offer the possibility[br]of learning to be a good programmer

0:42:43.900,0:42:46.800
it needs to be a free software school.

0:42:46.900,0:42:49.100
But there is an even deeper reason

0:42:49.200,0:42:52.800
and that is for the sake of moral education

0:42:52.900,0:42:55.700
education in citizenship.

0:42:55.800,0:42:59.800
It’s not enough for a school[br]to teach facts and skills

0:42:59.900,0:43:07.000
it has to teach the spirit of goodwill,[br]the habit of helping others.

0:43:07.100,0:43:10.000
Therefore, every class should have this rule:

0:43:10.100,0:43:15.000
“Students, if you bring software to class,[br]you may not keep it for yourself”

0:43:15.100,0:43:18.900
”you must share copies[br]with the rest of the class”

0:43:19.000,0:43:24.400
”including the source code[br]in case anyone here wants to learn!”

0:43:24.600,0:43:28.000
”Because this class is a place[br]where we share our knowledge.”

0:43:28.100,0:43:34.500
”Therefore, bringing a proprietary program[br]to class is not permitted.”

0:43:34.900,0:43:39.800
The school must follow[br]its own rule to set a good example.

0:43:39.900,0:43:43.700
Therefore, the school must bring[br]only free software to class

0:43:43.800,0:43:49.600
and share copies, including the source code[br]with anyone in the class that wants copies.

0:43:50.400,0:43:53.800
Those of you who have[br]a connection with a school

0:43:53.900,0:44:01.400
it’s your duty to campaign and pressure[br]that school to move to free software.

0:44:01.900,0:44:04.000
And you have to be firm.

0:44:04.100,0:44:10.700
It may take years, but you can succeed[br]as long as you never give up.

0:44:10.800,0:44:18.000
Keep seeking more allies among the students,[br]the faculty, the staff, the parents, anyone!

0:44:18.600,0:44:22.900
And always bring it up as an ethical issue.

0:44:23.000,0:44:26.000
If someone else wants[br]to sidetrack the discussion

0:44:26.100,0:44:30.800
into this practical advantage[br]and this practical disadvantage

0:44:30.900,0:44:35.900
which means they’re ignoring the most[br]important question, then you have to say:

0:44:36.000,0:44:41.800
“this is not about how to do[br]the best job of educating“

0:44:41.900,0:44:48.000
“this is about how to do a good[br]education instead of an evil one.“

0:44:48.200,0:44:53.800
“It’s how to do education right[br]instead of wrong“

0:44:53.900,0:44:58.800
“not just how to make it[br]a little more effective or less.”

0:44:59.000,0:45:06.000
So don’t get distracted with those secondary[br]issues and ignore what really matters!

0:45:07.000,0:45:12.000
So, moving on to the next menace.

0:45:12.500,0:45:20.600
There are two issues that arise[br]from the use of internet services.

0:45:20.700,0:45:26.900
One of them is that the server[br]could abuse your data

0:45:27.000,0:45:31.800
and another is that[br]it could take control of your computing.

0:45:31.900,0:45:35.800
The first issue, people already know about.

0:45:35.900,0:45:41.800
They are aware that, if you[br]upload data to an internet service

0:45:41.900,0:45:44.900
there is a question of what[br]it will do with that data.

0:45:45.000,0:45:48.000
It might do things that mistreat you.

0:45:48.100,0:45:53.800
What could it do? It could lose the data,[br]it could change the data

0:45:53.900,0:45:57.900
it could refuse to let you get the data back.

0:45:58.000,0:46:04.000
And it could also show the data to[br]someone else you don’t want to show it to.

0:46:04.200,0:46:07.000
Four different possible things.

0:46:07.100,0:46:13.000
Now, here, I’m talking about the data[br]that you knowingly gave to that site.

0:46:13.100,0:46:19.000
Of course, many of those[br]services do surveillance as well.

0:46:19.300,0:46:22.000
For instance, consider Facebook.

0:46:22.100,0:46:28.000
Users send lots of data to Facebook,[br]and one of the bad things about Facebook

0:46:28.100,0:46:33.000
is that it shows a lot of[br]that data to lots of other people

0:46:33.100,0:46:40.800
and even if it offers them a setting[br]to say “no!”, that may not really work.

0:46:40.900,0:46:45.900
After all, if you say “some other people[br]can see this piece of information,”

0:46:46.000,0:46:48.400
one of them might publish it.

0:46:48.500,0:46:50.400
Now, that’s not Facebook’s fault

0:46:50.500,0:46:54.200
there is nothing they could do to[br]prevent that but it ought to warn people.

0:46:54.300,0:46:59.800
Instead of saying “mark this as only[br]to your so-called friends”

0:46:59.900,0:47:05.900
“it should say “keep in mind that your[br]so-called friends are not really your friends”

0:47:06.000,0:47:10.800
“and if they want to make trouble[br]for you, they could publish this.”

0:47:10.900,0:47:17.000
Every time, it should say that, if[br]they want to deal with people ethically.

0:47:21.500,0:47:26.000
As well as all the data users of Facebook[br]voluntarily give to Facebook

0:47:26.000,0:47:32.700
Facebook is collecting through data[br]about people’s activities on the net

0:47:32.800,0:47:38.600
through various methods of surveillance.[br]But that was the first menace.

0:47:38.700,0:47:45.000
For now I am talking about the data[br]that people know they are giving to these sites.

0:47:47.000,0:47:54.200
Losing data is something that[br]could always happen by accident.

0:47:54.400,0:47:59.000
That possibility is always there,[br]no matter how careful someone is.

0:47:59.100,0:48:04.000
Therefore, you need to keep[br]multiple copies of data that matters.

0:48:04.100,0:48:12.000
If you do that, then, even if someone[br]decided to delete your data intentionally

0:48:12.100,0:48:16.000
it wouldn’t hurt you that much,[br]because you’d have other copies of it.

0:48:16.100,0:48:19.800
So, as long as you are[br]maintaining multiple copies

0:48:19.900,0:48:25.000
you don’t have to worry too much[br]about someone’s losing your data.

0:48:25.600,0:48:29.600
What about whether you can get it back.

0:48:29.700,0:48:35.700
Well, some services make it possible to get[br]back all the data that you sent, and some don’t.

0:48:35.800,0:48:41.800
Google services will let the user[br]get back the data the user has put into them.

0:48:41.900,0:48:45.200
Facebook, famously, does not.

0:48:45.600,0:48:51.900
Of course in the case of Google, this only[br]applies to the data the user knows Google has.

0:48:52.000,0:48:57.000
Google does lots of surveillance, too[br]and that data is not included.

0:48:58.800,0:49:02.600
But in any case, if you[br]can get the data back

0:49:02.700,0:49:07.500
then you could track[br]whether they have altered it.

0:49:07.600,0:49:13.000
And they are not very likely to start[br]altering people’s data if the people can tell.

0:49:13.100,0:49:18.900
So maybe we can keep a track[br]on that particular kind of abuse.

0:49:19.000,0:49:24.400
But the abuse of showing the data to someone[br]you don’t want it to be shown to

0:49:24.500,0:49:29.000
is very common and almost[br]impossible for you to prevent

0:49:29.600,0:49:33.100
especially if it’s a US company.

0:49:33.300,0:49:40.000
You see, the most hypocritically[br]named law in US history

0:49:40.100,0:49:49.900
the so-called USA Patriot Act,[br]says that Big Brother’s police

0:49:50.000,0:49:56.000
can collect just about all the data[br]that companies maintain about individuals.

0:49:56.100,0:50:01.700
Not just companies, but other[br]organizations too, like public libraries.

0:50:01.800,0:50:07.700
The police can get this massively,[br]without even going to court.

0:50:07.900,0:50:13.000
Now, in a country that was[br]founded on an idea of freedom

0:50:13.100,0:50:19.000
there is nothing more unpatriotic[br]than this. But this is what they did.

0:50:19.100,0:50:24.800
So you mustn’t ever trust any[br]of your data to a US company.

0:50:24.900,0:50:32.000
And they say that foreign subsidiaries[br]of US companies are subject to this as well

0:50:32.100,0:50:36.000
so the company you are directly[br]dealing with may be in Europe

0:50:36.000,0:50:43.000
but if it’s owned by a US company,[br]you got the same problem to deal with.

0:50:48.800,0:50:52.800
However, this is mainly a concern

0:50:52.900,0:50:59.700
when the data you are sending[br]to the service is not for publication.

0:50:59.700,0:51:03.000
There are some services[br]where you publish things.

0:51:03.100,0:51:07.800
Of course, if you publish something,[br]you know everybody is gonna be able to see it.

0:51:07.900,0:51:10.300
So, there is no way they can hurt you

0:51:10.400,0:51:13.100
by showing it to somebody[br]who wasn’t supposed to see it.

0:51:13.200,0:51:17.700
There is nobody who wasn’t supposed[br]to see it if you published it.

0:51:17.800,0:51:22.000
So in that case the problem doesn’t exist.

0:51:23.500,0:51:32.000
So these are four sub-issues[br]of this one threat of abusing our data.

0:51:32.100,0:51:38.800
The idea of the Freedom Box project is[br]you have your own server in your own home

0:51:38.900,0:51:43.000
and when you want to do something remotely[br]you do it with your own server

0:51:43.100,0:51:48.800
and the police have to get a court order[br]in order to search your server.

0:51:48.900,0:51:56.000
So you have the same rights this way that you[br]would have traditionally in the physical world.

0:51:56.300,0:52:02.000
The point here and in[br]so many other issues is:

0:52:02.100,0:52:06.400
as we start doing things[br]digitally instead of physically

0:52:06.500,0:52:15.000
we shouldn’t lose any of our rights, because[br]the general tendency is that we do lose rights.

0:52:18.200,0:52:25.000
Basically, Stallman’s law says

0:52:25.100,0:52:31.700
that in an epoch when governments[br]work for the mega-corporations

0:52:31.800,0:52:36.000
instead of reporting to their citizens

0:52:36.100,0:52:45.000
every technological change can be taken[br]advantage of to reduce our freedom.

0:52:47.000,0:52:51.200
Because reducing our freedom is what[br]these governments want to do.

0:52:52.000,0:52:55.000
So the question is: when[br]do they get an opportunity?

0:52:55.100,0:53:01.600
Well, any change that happens for some[br]other reason is a possible opportunity

0:53:01.700,0:53:07.000
and they will take advantage of it[br]if that’s their general desire.

0:53:09.500,0:53:12.400
But the other issue[br]with internet services

0:53:12.500,0:53:16.000
is that they can take[br]control of your computing

0:53:16.100,0:53:22.000
and that’s not so commonly known.[br]But It’s becoming more common.

0:53:22.100,0:53:29.700
There are services that offer to do[br]computing for you on data supplied by you

0:53:30.000,0:53:34.800
things that you should do[br]in your own computer

0:53:34.900,0:53:41.000
but they invite you to let somebody else’s[br]computer do that computing work for you.

0:53:41.300,0:53:49.200
And the result is you lose control over it.[br]It’s just as if you used a non-free program.

0:53:49.700,0:53:55.800
Two different scenarios[br]but they lead to the same problem.

0:53:55.900,0:54:01.000
If you do your computing[br]with a non-free program

0:54:01.100,0:54:05.000
well, the users don’t control[br]the non-free program

0:54:05.100,0:54:08.000
it controls the users,[br]which would include you.

0:54:08.100,0:54:12.000
So you’ve lost control of[br]the computing that’s being done.

0:54:12.100,0:54:17.000
But if you do your computing in his server

0:54:17.100,0:54:22.800
well, the programs that are doing it[br]are the ones he chose.

0:54:22.900,0:54:27.800
You can’t touch them or see them,[br]so you have no control over them.

0:54:27.900,0:54:31.000
He has control over them, maybe.

0:54:31.100,0:54:36.000
If they are free software and he installs[br]them then he has control over them.

0:54:36.100,0:54:38.800
But even he might not have control.

0:54:38.900,0:54:42.200
He might be running a proprietary[br]program in his server

0:54:42.300,0:54:49.400
in which case it’s somebody else who has control[br]of the computing being done in his server.

0:54:49.500,0:54:52.000
He doesn’t control it and you don’t.

0:54:52.300,0:54:55.500
But suppose he installs a free program

0:54:55.600,0:55:02.000
then he has control over the computing[br]being done in his computer, but you don’t.

0:55:02.100,0:55:05.000
So, either way, you don’t!

0:55:05.100,0:55:08.000
So the only way to have[br]control over your computing

0:55:08.100,0:55:14.800
is to do it with[br]your copy of a free program.

0:55:15.800,0:55:20.000
This practice is called[br]“Software as a Service”.

0:55:20.400,0:55:28.200
It means doing your computing with[br]your data in somebody else’s server.

0:55:28.300,0:55:32.200
And I don’t know of anything[br]that can make this acceptable.

0:55:32.300,0:55:37.000
It’s always something[br]that takes away your freedom

0:55:37.100,0:55:41.400
and the only solution[br]I know of is to refuse.

0:55:41.800,0:55:47.800
For instance, there are servers that[br]will do translation or voice recognition

0:55:47.900,0:55:53.800
and you are letting them have[br]control over this computing activity

0:55:53.900,0:55:56.000
which we shouldn’t ever do.

0:55:56.100,0:55:59.000
Of course, we are also[br]giving them data about ourselves

0:55:59.100,0:56:02.000
which they shouldn’t have.

0:56:02.100,0:56:06.400
Imagine if you had[br]a conversation with somebody

0:56:06.500,0:56:13.100
through a voice-recognition translation[br]system that was Software as as Service

0:56:13.200,0:56:18.000
and it’s really running[br]on a server belonging to some company.

0:56:18.100,0:56:24.000
That company also gets to know what[br]was said in the conversation

0:56:24.100,0:56:32.000
and if it’s a US company that means[br]Big Brother also gets to know. This is no good.

0:56:35.700,0:56:44.000
The next threat to our freedom in a digital[br]society is using computers for voting.

0:56:46.000,0:56:50.700
You can’t trust computers for voting.

0:56:50.800,0:56:54.000
Whoever controls the software[br]in those computers

0:56:54.100,0:57:00.000
has the power to commit[br]undetectable fraud.

0:57:02.000,0:57:10.700
Elections are special. Because there’s[br]nobody involved that we dare trust fully.

0:57:10.900,0:57:15.000
Everybody has to be checked,[br]crosschecked by others

0:57:15.100,0:57:21.700
so that nobody is in the position[br]to falsify the results by himself.

0:57:21.800,0:57:26.300
Because if anybody is in a position[br]to do that he might do it!

0:57:26.400,0:57:31.000
So our traditional systems[br]for voting were designed

0:57:31.100,0:57:37.200
so that nobody was fully trusted,[br]everybody was being checked by others.

0:57:37.300,0:57:42.000
So that nobody could easily commit fraud.

0:57:42.000,0:57:48.300
But once you introduce a program,[br]this is impossible!

0:57:48.400,0:57:53.700
How can you tell if a voting machine[br]would honestly count the votes?

0:57:53.800,0:57:59.000
You’d have to study the program that’s[br]running in it during the election

0:57:59.200,0:58:05.800
which of course nobody can do, and most[br]people wouldn’t even know how to do.

0:58:05.900,0:58:10.800
But even the experts who might theoretically[br]be capable of studying the program

0:58:10.900,0:58:15.400
they can’t do it while people are voting.

0:58:15.500,0:58:18.000
They’d have to do it in advance

0:58:18.100,0:58:21.700
and then how do they know[br]that the program they studied

0:58:21.800,0:58:26.900
is the one that’s running while[br]people vote? Maybe it’s been changed.

0:58:27.000,0:58:34.000
Now, if this program is proprietary,[br]that means some company controls it.

0:58:34.100,0:58:38.000
The election authority can’t even[br]tell what that program is doing.

0:58:38.100,0:58:41.700
Well, this company then[br]could rig the election.

0:58:41.800,0:58:47.000
There are accusations that this was done[br]in the US within the past ten years

0:58:47.100,0:58:51.000
that election results were falsified this way.

0:58:51.100,0:58:54.000
But what if the program is free software?

0:58:54.100,0:58:57.000
That means the election authority

0:58:57.100,0:59:01.400
who owns this voting machine[br]has control over the software in it

0:59:01.500,0:59:04.000
so the election authority[br]could rig the election.

0:59:04.100,0:59:07.000
You can’t trust them either.

0:59:07.000,0:59:11.000
You don’t dare trust anybody in voting

0:59:11.100,0:59:17.000
and the reason is, there’s no way[br]that the voters can verify for themselves

0:59:17.100,0:59:24.700
that their votes were correctly counted,[br]nor that false votes were not added.

0:59:25.000,0:59:33.000
In other activities of life, you can usually[br]tell if somebody is trying to cheat you.

0:59:33.100,0:59:36.800
Consider for instance buying[br]something from a store.

0:59:36.900,0:59:40.000
You order something, maybe[br]you give a credit card number.

0:59:40.100,0:59:46.000
If the product doesn’t come,[br]you can complain

0:59:46.100,0:59:48.400
and you can, of course if you got[br]a good enough memory,

0:59:48.500,0:59:51.200
you will notice if that product doesn’t come.

0:59:51.700,0:59:59.000
You’re not just giving total blind trust[br]to the store, because you can check.

0:59:59.100,1:00:02.200
But in elections you can’t check.

1:00:02.900,1:00:06.000
I saw once a paper where someone described

1:00:06.100,1:00:10.200
a theoretical system for voting

1:00:10.800,1:00:15.200
which uses some sophisticated mathematics

1:00:15.300,1:00:20.000
so that people could check[br]that their votes had been counted

1:00:20.100,1:00:23.000
even though everybody’s vote was secret

1:00:23.100,1:00:27.000
and they could also verify[br]that false votes hadn’t been added.

1:00:27.100,1:00:30.800
It was very exciting, powerful mathematics;

1:00:30.900,1:00:34.000
but even if that mathematics is correct

1:00:34.100,1:00:38.000
that doesn’t mean the system[br]would be acceptable to use in practice

1:00:38.100,1:00:45.700
because the vulnerabilities of a real[br]system might be outside of that mathematics.

1:00:45.900,1:00:50.300
For instance, suppose you’re[br]voting over the Internet

1:00:50.400,1:00:54.200
and suppose you’re using[br]a machine that’s a zombie.

1:00:54.800,1:00:59.000
It might tell you that[br]the vote was sent for A

1:00:59.100,1:01:05.000
while actually sending a vote for B.[br]Who knows whether you’d ever find out?

1:01:05.100,1:01:11.800
In practice, the only way to see[br]if these systems work and are honest

1:01:11.900,1:01:23.000
is through years, in fact decades, of trying[br]them and checking in other ways what happened.

1:01:26.400,1:01:33.000
I wouldn’t want my country[br]to be the pioneer in this.

1:01:34.000,1:01:43.000
So, use paper for voting. Make sure[br]there are ballots that can be recounted.

1:01:46.000,1:01:54.500
The next threat to our freedom in a digital[br]society comes from the war on sharing.

1:01:55.000,1:01:59.500
One of the tremendous benefits[br]of digital technology

1:01:59.800,1:02:08.000
is that it is easy to copy published works[br]and share these copies with others.

1:02:09.000,1:02:15.300
Sharing is good, and with[br]digital technology, sharing is easy.

1:02:15.500,1:02:18.700
So, millions of people share.

1:02:18.800,1:02:23.000
Those who profit by having power

1:02:23.100,1:02:28.000
over the distribution of these[br]works don’t want us to share.

1:02:28.800,1:02:35.000
And since they are businesses,[br]governments which have betrayed their people

1:02:35.100,1:02:40.800
and work for the empire of mega-corporations[br]try to serve those businesses

1:02:40.900,1:02:46.000
they are against their own people, they are[br]for the businesses, for the publishers.

1:02:46.200,1:02:52.800
Well, that’s not good.[br]And with the help of these governments

1:02:52.900,1:02:58.000
the companies have been waging war on sharing

1:02:58.100,1:03:05.700
and they’ve proposed a series[br]of cruel draconian measures.

1:03:05.800,1:03:08.800
Why do they propose cruel draconian measures?

1:03:08.900,1:03:13.800
Because nothing less has a chance of success:

1:03:13.900,1:03:19.000
when something is good[br]and easy, people do it.

1:03:20.000,1:03:24.800
And the only way to stop them[br]is by being very nasty.

1:03:24.900,1:03:31.000
So of course, what they propose is nasty,[br]nasty, and the next one is nastier.

1:03:33.000,1:03:41.000
So they tried suing teenagers for hundreds[br]of thousands of dollars — that was pretty nasty.

1:03:41.600,1:03:46.000
And they tried turning[br]our technology against us

1:03:46.100,1:03:51.900
Digital Restrictions Management[br]that means, digital handcuffs.

1:03:52.000,1:03:57.600
But among the people[br]there were clever programmers too

1:03:57.700,1:04:01.000
and they found ways to break the handcuffs.

1:04:01.100,1:04:08.600
For instance, DVDs were designed to have[br]encrypted movies in a secret encryption format

1:04:08.700,1:04:14.600
and the idea was that all[br]the programs to decrypt the video

1:04:14.700,1:04:18.700
would be proprietary with digital handcuffs.

1:04:18.800,1:04:22.000
They would all be designed[br]to restrict the users.

1:04:22.100,1:04:25.000
And their scheme worked okay for a while.

1:04:25.100,1:04:29.000
But some people in Europe[br]figured out the encryption

1:04:29.100,1:04:37.000
and they released a free program that[br]could actually play the video on a DVD.

1:04:40.300,1:04:44.000
Well, the movie companies[br]didn’t leave it there.

1:04:44.100,1:04:51.700
They went to the US congress and bought[br]a law making that software illegal.

1:04:51.800,1:04:58.600
The United States invented[br]censorship of software in 1998

1:04:58.700,1:05:02.000
with the Digital Millennium[br]Copyright Act [DMCA].

1:05:02.100,1:05:08.000
So the distribution of that free program[br]was forbidden in the United States.

1:05:08.100,1:05:11.800
Unfortunately it didn’t stop[br]with the United States.

1:05:11.900,1:05:21.000
The European Union adopted a directive[br]in 2003 I believe, requiring such laws.

1:05:21.300,1:05:27.900
The directive only says that[br]commercial distribution has to be banned

1:05:28.000,1:05:34.000
but just about every country in[br]the European Union has adopted a nastier law.

1:05:34.700,1:05:40.400
In France, the mere possession[br]of a copy of that program

1:05:40.500,1:05:46.000
is an offense punished by[br]imprisonment, thanks to Sarkozy.

1:05:47.900,1:05:52.400
I believe that was done by the law DADVSI.

1:05:53.000,1:05:56.300
I guess he hoped that with[br]an unpronounceable name

1:05:56.400,1:06:00.000
people wouldn’t be able to criticize it.

1:06:02.000,1:06:08.000
So, elections are coming.[br]Ask the candidates in the parties:

1:06:08.100,1:06:14.400
will you repeal the DADVSI?[br]And if not, don’t support them.

1:06:14.800,1:06:22.400
You mustn’t give up lost[br]moral territory forever.

1:06:22.500,1:06:26.000
You’ve got to fight to win it back.

1:06:26.100,1:06:31.600
So, we still are fighting[br]against digital handcuffs.

1:06:31.800,1:06:36.000
The Amazon “Swindle” has digital handcuffs

1:06:36.100,1:06:41.300
to take away the traditional freedoms[br]of readers to do things such as:

1:06:41.400,1:06:46.000
give a book to someone else,[br]or lend a book to someone else.

1:06:46.100,1:06:49.000
That’s a vitally important social act.

1:06:49.100,1:06:55.400
That is what builds society[br]among people who read: lending books.

1:06:55.500,1:06:59.000
Amazon doesn’t want to let[br]people lend books freely.

1:06:59.100,1:07:08.000
And then there is also selling a book, perhaps[br]to a used bookstore. You can’t do that either.

1:07:12.000,1:07:18.000
It looked for a while as if[br]DRM had disappeared on music

1:07:18.100,1:07:25.900
but now they’re bringing it back[br]with streaming services such as Spotify.

1:07:26.000,1:07:31.000
These services all require[br]proprietary client software

1:07:31.100,1:07:37.000
and the reason is so they can put[br]digital handcuffs on the users.

1:07:37.700,1:07:44.600
So, reject them! They already[br]showed quite openly

1:07:44.700,1:07:48.000
that you can’t trust them,[br]because first they said:

1:07:48.100,1:07:51.000
“you can listen as much as you like”,[br]and then they said:

1:07:51.100,1:07:55.000
“Oh, no! You can only listen[br]a certain number of hours a month.”

1:07:57.900,1:08:06.800
The issue is not whether that particular[br]change was good or bad, just or unjust;

1:08:06.900,1:08:11.300
the point is, they have the power[br]to impose any change in policies.

1:08:11.400,1:08:14.500
So don’t let them have that power.

1:08:14.600,1:08:21.000
You should have your own copy[br]of any music you want to listen to.

1:08:22.100,1:08:34.500
And then came the next assault on our freedom:[br]HADOPI, basically punishment on accusation.

1:08:34.600,1:08:41.400
It was started in France but it’s been[br]exported to many other countries.

1:08:41.800,1:08:50.000
The United States now demand such unjust[br]policies in its free exploitation treaties.

1:08:50.100,1:09:00.000
A few months ago, Columbia adopted such a law[br]under orders from its masters in Washington.

1:09:01.000,1:09:05.000
Of course, the ones in Washington[br]are not the real masters

1:09:05.100,1:09:10.500
they’re just the ones who control the[br]United States on behalf of the Empire.

1:09:11.000,1:09:19.000
But they’re the ones who also dictate[br]to Columbia on behalf of the Empire.

1:09:21.900,1:09:27.800
In France, since the[br]Constitutional Council

1:09:27.900,1:09:33.000
objected to explicitly giving[br]people punishment without trial

1:09:33.100,1:09:36.800
they invented a kind of trial[br]which is not a real trial

1:09:36.900,1:09:39.000
which is just a form of a trial

1:09:39.100,1:09:44.300
so they can pretend that people[br]have a trial before they’re punished.

1:09:44.400,1:09:47.000
But in other countries[br]they don’t bother with that

1:09:47.100,1:09:52.000
it’s explicit punishment on accusation only.

1:09:53.000,1:09:57.000
Which means that for the sake[br]of their war on sharing

1:09:57.100,1:10:01.400
they’re prepared to abolish[br]the basic principles of justice.

1:10:01.500,1:10:08.700
It shows how thoroughly[br]anti-freedom, anti-justice they are.

1:10:08.800,1:10:12.000
These are not legitimate governments.

1:10:15.500,1:10:19.000
And I’m sure they’ll[br]come up with more nasty ideas

1:10:19.100,1:10:27.000
because they’re paid to defeat[br]the people no matter what it takes.

1:10:28.700,1:10:36.000
Now, when they do this, they always say[br]that it’s for the sake of the artists

1:10:36.100,1:10:42.000
that they have “protect” the “creators”.

1:10:42.100,1:10:45.000
Now those are both propaganda terms.

1:10:45.100,1:10:48.200
I‘m convinced that the reason[br]they love the word “creators“

1:10:48.300,1:10:53.400
is because it is a comparison with a deity.

1:10:53.500,1:10:57.000
They want us to think of artists as super-human

1:10:57.100,1:11:03.000
and thus deserving special[br]privileges and power over us

1:11:03.600,1:11:06.800
which is something I disagree with.

1:11:06.900,1:11:15.000
In fact though, the only artists that benefit[br]very much from this system are the big stars.

1:11:15.300,1:11:20.300
The other artists are getting[br]crushed into the ground

1:11:20.400,1:11:24.400
by the heels of these same companies.

1:11:25.600,1:11:30.300
But they treat the stars very well,[br]because the stars have a lot of clout.

1:11:30.400,1:11:34.000
If a star threatens to move to[br]another company, the company says:

1:11:34.100,1:11:36.500
“oh, we’ll give you what you want.”

1:11:36.600,1:11:44.000
But for any other artist they say: “you don’t[br]matter, we can treat you any way we like.”

1:11:46.600,1:11:54.200
So the superstars have been corrupted by the[br]millions of dollars or euros that they get

1:11:54.300,1:12:01.300
to the point where they’ll do[br]almost anything for more money.

1:12:01.900,1:12:06.200
For instance, J. K. Rowling is a good example.

1:12:07.800,1:12:12.800
J. K. Rowling, a few years ago,[br]went to court in Canada

1:12:12.900,1:12:21.200
and obtained an order that people who[br]had bought her books must not read them.

1:12:21.800,1:12:27.000
She got an order telling[br]people not to read her books.

1:12:27.500,1:12:34.900
Here’s what happened. A bookstore put[br]the books on display for sale too early

1:12:35.000,1:12:38.600
before the day they[br]were supposed to go on sale.

1:12:38.700,1:12:40.700
And people came into the store and said:

1:12:40.800,1:12:44.600
“oh, I want that!” and they bought it[br]and took away their copies.

1:12:44.700,1:12:50.800
Then, they discovered the mistake[br]so they took the copies off of display.

1:12:52.200,1:13:01.700
But Rowling wanted to crush any circulation[br]of any information from those books

1:13:01.800,1:13:04.900
so she went to court, and the court ordered

1:13:05.000,1:13:10.000
those people not to read[br]the books that they now owned.

1:13:11.900,1:13:19.000
In response, I call for a total[br]boycott of Harry Potter.

1:13:20.200,1:13:25.000
But I don’t say you shouldn’t read[br]those books or watch the movies

1:13:25.100,1:13:30.000
I only say you shouldn’t buy[br]the books or pay for the movies.

1:13:30.300,1:13:36.300
I leave it to Rowling to tell[br]people not to read the books.

1:13:37.800,1:13:44.000
As far as I’m concerned, if you borrow[br]the book and read it, that’s okay.

1:13:44.800,1:13:52.900
Just don’t give her any money![br]But this happened with paper books.

1:13:53.000,1:13:57.000
The court could make this order[br]but it couldn’t get the books back

1:13:57.100,1:13:59.900
from the people who had bought them.

1:14:00.000,1:14:06.400
Imagine if they were ebooks. Imagine if[br]they were ebooks on the “Swindle”.

1:14:06.500,1:14:12.000
Amazon could send commands to erase them.

1:14:16.000,1:14:25.400
So, I don’t have much respect for stars[br]who will go to such lengths for more money.

1:14:25.500,1:14:31.300
But most artists aren’t like that, they[br]never got enough money to be corrupted.

1:14:31.800,1:14:39.000
Because the current system of copyright[br]supports most artists very badly.

1:14:39.100,1:14:47.000
And so, when these companies demand[br]to expand the war on sharing

1:14:47.100,1:14:50.000
supposedly for the sake of the artists

1:14:50.100,1:14:54.400
I’m against what they want but I would[br]like to support the artists better.

1:14:54.500,1:15:01.000
I appreciate their work and I realize if we[br]want them to do more work we should support them.

1:15:01.100,1:15:05.000
I have two proposals[br]for how to support artists

1:15:05.100,1:15:09.000
methods that are compatible with sharing.

1:15:09.100,1:15:15.000
That would allow us to end the war[br]on sharing and still support artists.

1:15:15.100,1:15:18.000
One method uses tax money.

1:15:18.100,1:15:24.800
We get a certain amount of public[br]funds to distribute among artists.

1:15:25.700,1:15:32.400
But, how much should each artist get?[br]We have to measure popularity.

1:15:32.500,1:15:38.100
The current system supposedly supports[br]artists based on their popularity.

1:15:38.200,1:15:44.800
So I’m saying let’s keep that, let’s[br]continue on this system based on popularity.

1:15:44.900,1:15:48.000
We can measure the popularity[br]of all the artists

1:15:48.100,1:15:54.100
with some kind of polling or sampling,[br]so that we don’t have to do surveillance.

1:15:54.200,1:15:57.000
We can respect people’s anonymity.

1:15:57.100,1:16:01.000
We get a raw popularity figure for each artist.

1:16:01.100,1:16:05.000
How do we convert that into an amount of money?

1:16:05.100,1:16:12.000
The obvious way is: distribute[br]the money in proportion to popularity.

1:16:12.600,1:16:21.000
So if A is a thousand times as popular as B[br]A will get a thousand times as much money as B.

1:16:21.300,1:16:25.000
That’s not efficient distribution of the money.

1:16:25.100,1:16:28.000
It’s not putting the money to good use.

1:16:28.100,1:16:36.000
It’s easy for a star A to be a thousand times[br]as popular as a fairly successful artist B.

1:16:36.100,1:16:44.000
If we use linear proportion, we’ll give A[br]a thousand times as much money as we give B.

1:16:44.100,1:16:50.000
And that means that, either we have[br]to make A tremendously rich

1:16:50.100,1:16:54.500
or we are not supporting B enough.

1:16:55.000,1:16:59.000
The money we use to make[br]A tremendously rich

1:16:59.100,1:17:06.200
is failing to do an effective job of[br]supporting the arts; so, it’s inefficient.

1:17:06.300,1:17:12.000
Therefore I say: let’s use the cube root.[br]Cube root looks sort of like this.

1:17:12.100,1:17:17.700
The point is: if A is a thousand[br]times as popular as B

1:17:17.800,1:17:22.200
with the cube root A[br]will get ten times as much as B

1:17:22.800,1:17:25.800
not a thousand times as much,[br]just ten times as much.

1:17:25.900,1:17:30.000
The use of the cube root[br]shifts a lot of the money

1:17:30.100,1:17:36.000
from the stars to the artists[br]of moderate popularity.

1:17:36.600,1:17:44.000
And that means, with less money we can adequately[br]support a much larger number of artists.

1:17:44.100,1:17:49.000
There are two reasons why this system[br]would use less money than we pay now.

1:17:49.100,1:17:53.000
First of all because it would be[br]supporting artists but not companies.

1:17:53.100,1:18:01.600
Second because it would shift the money from[br]the stars to the artists of moderate popularity.

1:18:02.000,1:18:09.300
Now, it would remain the case that the more[br]popular you are, the more money you get.

1:18:09.700,1:18:17.000
So the star A would still get more[br]than B, but not astronomically more.

1:18:19.800,1:18:24.000
That’s one method, and because[br]it won’t be so much money

1:18:24.100,1:18:27.100
it doesn’t matter so much[br]how we get the money.

1:18:27.200,1:18:31.000
It could be from a special tax[br]on Internet connectivity

1:18:31.100,1:18:36.000
it could just be some of the general budget[br]that gets allocated to this purpose.

1:18:36.100,1:18:39.900
We won’t care because[br]it won’t be so much money;

1:18:40.000,1:18:43.300
much less than we’re paying now.

1:18:43.900,1:18:47.800
The other method I’ve proposed[br]is voluntary payments.

1:18:47.900,1:18:55.000
Suppose each player had a button[br]you could use to send one euro.

1:18:55.900,1:19:01.000
A lot of people would send it,[br]after all it’s not that much money.

1:19:01.100,1:19:06.400
I think a lot of you might[br]push that button every day

1:19:06.500,1:19:12.300
to give one euro to some artist[br]who had made a work that you liked.

1:19:12.700,1:19:15.000
But nothing would demand this

1:19:15.100,1:19:19.200
you wouldn’t be required or ordered[br]or pressured to send the money;

1:19:19.300,1:19:21.800
you would do it because you felt like it.

1:19:21.900,1:19:25.000
But there are some people[br]who wouldn’t do it

1:19:25.100,1:19:29.000
because they’re poor and they[br]can’t afford to give one euro.

1:19:29.100,1:19:32.000
And it’s good that they won’t give it.

1:19:32.100,1:19:36.000
We don’t have to squeeze money[br]out of poor people to support the artists.

1:19:36.100,1:19:41.000
There are enough non poor people[br]who’ll be happy to do it.

1:19:41.100,1:19:48.000
Why wouldn’t you give one euro to some[br]artists today, if you appreciated their work?

1:19:48.100,1:19:56.400
It’s too inconvenient to give it to them.[br]So my proposal is to remove the inconvenience.

1:19:56.500,1:20:02.000
If the only reason not to give that euro is[br]you would have one euro less

1:20:02.100,1:20:06.000
you would do it fairly often.

1:20:07.800,1:20:13.000
So these are my two proposals[br]for how to support artists

1:20:13.100,1:20:19.000
while encouraging sharing[br]because sharing is good.

1:20:19.100,1:20:25.000
Let’s put an end to the war on sharing,[br]laws like DADVSI and HADOPI.

1:20:25.200,1:20:29.000
It’s not just the methods[br]that they propose that are evil

1:20:29.100,1:20:31.000
their purpose is evil.

1:20:31.100,1:20:36.000
That’s why they propose[br]cruel and draconian measures.

1:20:36.100,1:20:41.000
They’re trying to do something[br]that’s nasty by nature.

1:20:41.100,1:20:45.300
So let’s support artists in other ways.

1:20:45.900,1:20:52.000
The last threat to our freedom[br]in digital society is the fact

1:20:52.100,1:21:01.000
that we don’t have a firm right[br]to do the things we do, in cyberspace.

1:21:02.000,1:21:05.800
In the physical world,[br]if you have certain views

1:21:05.900,1:21:11.400
and you want to give people copies[br]of a text that defends those views

1:21:11.500,1:21:16.000
you’re free to do so. You could[br]even buy a printer to print them

1:21:16.100,1:21:20.900
and you’re free to hand them out on the street

1:21:21.000,1:21:25.000
or you’re free to rent[br]a store and hand them out there.

1:21:25.100,1:21:29.000
If you want to collect[br]money to support your cause

1:21:29.100,1:21:33.800
you can just have a can and people[br]could put money into the can.

1:21:33.900,1:21:42.000
You don’t need to get somebody else’s[br]approval or cooperation to do these things.

1:21:42.100,1:21:47.200
But, in the Internet, you do need that.

1:21:47.300,1:21:51.000
For instance if you want[br]to distribute a text on the Internet

1:21:51.100,1:21:58.000
you need companies to help you do it.[br]You can’t do it by yourself.

1:21:58.100,1:22:06.000
So if you want to have a website, you need[br]the support of an ISP or a hosting company

1:22:06.100,1:22:09.000
and you need a domain name registrar.

1:22:09.100,1:22:14.400
You need them to continue[br]to let you do what you’re doing.

1:22:14.500,1:22:20.700
So you’re doing it effectively[br]on sufferance, not by right.

1:22:20.900,1:22:25.800
And if you want to receive money,[br]you can’t just hold out a can.

1:22:25.900,1:22:33.000
You need the cooperation[br]of a payment company.

1:22:37.700,1:22:45.800
And we saw that this makes all of our[br]digital activities vulnerable to suppression.

1:22:45.900,1:22:49.000
We learned this when the United States government

1:22:49.100,1:22:54.000
launched a distributed denial of service[br]attack [DDoS] against WikiLeaks.

1:22:54.100,1:23:00.900
Now I’m making a bit of a joke because[br]the words “distributed denial of service attack”

1:23:01.000,1:23:05.000
usually refer to a different kind of attack.

1:23:05.100,1:23:09.000
But they fit perfectly with[br]what the United States did.

1:23:09.000,1:23:16.000
The United States went to the various kinds[br]of network services that WikiLeaks depended on

1:23:16.100,1:23:22.400
and told them to cut off[br]service to WikiLeaks. And they did.

1:23:22.500,1:23:27.300
For instance, WikiLeaks had rented[br]a virtual Amazon server

1:23:27.800,1:23:35.000
and the US government told Amazon: “cut off[br]service for WikiLeaks.” And it did, arbitrarily.

1:23:36.000,1:23:41.400
And then, Amazon had certain domain names[br]such as wikileaks.org

1:23:41.700,1:23:47.000
the US government tried to get[br]all those domains shut off.

1:23:47.100,1:23:53.000
But it didn’t succeed, some of them were[br]outside its control and were not shut off.

1:23:55.000,1:24:02.500
Then, there were the payment companies.[br]The US went to PayPal and said:

1:24:02.600,1:24:07.300
“Stop transferring money to WikiLeaks[br]or we’ll make life difficult for you.”

1:24:07.400,1:24:11.000
And PayPal shut off payments to WikiLeaks.

1:24:11.100,1:24:18.000
And then it went to Visa and Mastercard and[br]got them to shut off payments to WikiLeaks.

1:24:18.100,1:24:27.000
Others started collecting money on WikiLeaks[br]behalf and their accounts were shut off too.

1:24:27.100,1:24:31.300
But in this case, maybe something can be done.

1:24:31.600,1:24:38.000
There’s a company in Iceland which began[br]collecting money on behalf of WikiLeaks

1:24:38.100,1:24:41.700
and so Visa and Mastercard shut off its account;

1:24:41.800,1:24:46.000
it couldn’t receive money[br]from its customers either.

1:24:46.100,1:24:51.700
Now, that business is suing Visa and[br]Mastercard apparently under European Union law

1:24:51.800,1:24:56.600
because Visa and Mastercard[br]together have a near-monopoly.

1:24:56.700,1:25:01.500
They’re not allowed to arbitrarily[br]deny service to anyone.

1:25:01.600,1:25:05.000
Well, this is an example[br]of how things need to be

1:25:05.100,1:25:10.500
for all kinds of services[br]that we use in the Internet.

1:25:10.700,1:25:17.000
If you rented a store to hand out[br]statements of what you think

1:25:17.100,1:25:22.400
or any other kind of information[br]that you can lawfully distribute

1:25:22.500,1:25:27.800
the landlord couldn’t kick you out just[br]because he didn’t like what you were saying.

1:25:27.900,1:25:32.800
As long as you keep paying the rent,[br]you have the right to continue in that store

1:25:32.900,1:25:37.000
for a certain agreed-on period[br]of time that you signed.

1:25:37.100,1:25:41.000
So you have some rights[br]that you can enforce.

1:25:41.100,1:25:44.300
And they couldn’t shut off[br]your telephone line

1:25:44.400,1:25:48.500
because the phone company[br]doesn’t like what you said

1:25:48.600,1:25:55.000
or because some powerful entity didn’t like[br]what you said and threatened the phone company.

1:25:55.100,1:26:03.300
No! As long as you pay the bills[br]and obey certain basic rules

1:26:03.400,1:26:11.000
they can’t shut off your phone line.[br]This is what it’s like to have some rights!

1:26:11.100,1:26:18.300
Well, if we move our activities from[br]the physical world to the virtual world

1:26:18.700,1:26:27.000
then either we have the same rights in the[br]virtual world, or we have been harmed.

1:26:28.000,1:26:37.000
So, the precarity of all our Internet activities[br]is the last of the menaces I wanted to mention.

1:26:37.100,1:26:46.000
Now I’d like to say that for more information[br]about free software, look at GNU.org.

1:26:46.100,1:26:52.400
Also look at fsf.org, which is the website[br]of the Free Software Foundation.

1:26:52.500,1:26:58.400
You can go there and find many ways[br]you can help us, for instance.

1:26:58.500,1:27:03.500
You can also become a member of the Free[br]Software Foundation through that site

1:27:03.600,1:27:11.100
if you're going to do e-commerce.[br]If you'd like to join and pay cash

1:27:11.200,1:27:14.100
right here you can do that too.[br]I've got cards you can fill out.

1:27:14.200,1:27:24.000
There is also the Free Software Foundation[br]of Europe fsfe.org. You can join FSFE also.

1:27:24.500,1:27:28.000
Can you accept membership in cash?

1:27:28.100,1:27:31.000
Is there someone who wants to join right now?

1:27:31.100,1:27:37.000
Ok, so you can join FSFE also[br]paying with cash.

1:27:39.000,1:27:42.000
Now it's time and, by the way

1:27:42.100,1:27:47.700
I know the case of the FSF[br]we get most of our funds from members

1:27:47.800,1:27:53.000
so joining is really important[br]and probably for FSFE as well.

1:27:53.100,1:27:57.000
Now it's time for me to raise funds[br]in another way.

1:27:57.100,1:28:04.000
This is an adorable gnu[br]that needs a home.

1:28:05.000,1:28:11.400
And I'm going to auction it on behalf[br]of the Free Software Foundation.

1:28:11.800,1:28:17.000
If you buy the gnu, I'll sign[br]a card for you, if you like

1:28:17.600,1:28:22.000
and if you have a penguin[br]you need to get a gnu

1:28:22.100,1:28:28.000
because as we all know a penguin[br]can hardly function without a gnu.

1:28:31.000,1:28:38.000
When you bid, please wave your arm[br]and shout the quantity you are bidding

1:28:38.100,1:28:40.600
so that I notice you.

1:28:40.700,1:28:44.000
If you are bidding, I think you[br]want me to notice that you're bidding.

1:28:46.000,1:28:51.000
The FSF can accept payments[br]either in cash or with a credit card.

1:28:51.100,1:28:56.000
If the credit card works for ordering[br]by telephone then it won't work with us.

1:28:57.000,1:29:03.000
So, I'm going to start with 20 euros.[br]Do I get 20 euros?

1:29:03.600,1:29:07.000
I've got 20 euros, do I have 25?

1:29:09.100,1:29:12.000
How much?

1:29:16.000,1:29:20.000
Trente?[br]Ok, I've got 30 euros, do I have 35?

1:29:21.100,1:29:24.800
How much?[br]I've got 35, do I get 40?

1:29:25.000,1:29:28.200
I have 42

1:29:32.000,1:29:36.000
I have 42 euros, do I have 50?

1:29:36.800,1:29:40.400
How much?[br]I've got 50, do I get 60?

1:29:46.000,1:29:49.000
I've got 60, do I get 70?

1:29:52.100,1:29:56.000
How much?[br]I've got 70, do I get 80?

1:30:02.000,1:30:05.000
I've got 80, do I get 90?

1:30:05.100,1:30:11.000
I've got 80 euros, do I get 90[br]for this adorable gnu?

1:30:14.400,1:30:20.000
How much?[br]I've got 100 euros, do I get 110?

1:30:25.000,1:30:29.000
I've got 110, do I get 120?

1:30:30.000,1:30:34.000
I've got 120, do I get 130?

1:30:39.000,1:30:46.000
I've got 130, do I get 140?

1:30:46.100,1:30:51.000
How much?[br]I've got 140, do I get 150?

1:30:54.700,1:30:58.000
I've got 150, do I get 160?

1:30:58.500,1:31:02.000
I've got 160, do I get 170?

1:31:05.000,1:31:10.000
How much?[br]I've got 170, do I get 180?

1:31:14.100,1:31:18.200
Do you bid?[br]I've got 200

1:31:25.000,1:31:29.000
I've got 200, do I get 210?

1:31:32.600,1:31:36.000
I've got 210, do I get 220?

1:31:44.000,1:31:49.800
I've got 220, do I get 230?

1:31:49.900,1:31:54.600
Do I get 230 for this adorable gnu[br]that needs a home?

1:31:54.700,1:32:00.000
Do I get 230 to the Free Software[br]Foundation to defend freedom?

1:32:01.700,1:32:05.000
Last chance to bid. How much?

1:32:06.200,1:32:10.000
I've got 230, do I get 240?

1:32:14.000,1:32:17.100
I've got 240, do I get 250?

1:32:20.000,1:32:23.500
For this adorable gnu[br]to defend freedom?

1:32:23.600,1:32:28.000
How much?[br]I've got 300

1:32:32.000,1:32:44.000
I've got 300, do I get 320 for this[br]adorable gnu to defend freedom?

1:32:46.500,1:32:53.000
I've got 320, do I get 340?

1:32:55.600,1:33:00.000
How much? 340?[br]I've got 340, do I get 360?

1:33:04.000,1:33:08.000
What? I've got 340.

1:33:09.000,1:33:14.100
No, no I don't want to go up by such[br]small increments, we'll be here all night

1:33:14.200,1:33:18.000
I've got 340, do I get 360?

1:33:19.600,1:33:23.000
I've got 360, do I get 380?

1:33:23.100,1:33:30.000
I've got 380, do I get 400?

1:33:30.100,1:33:34.500
to defend freedom?[br]for this adorable gnu, do I get 400?

1:33:34.700,1:33:41.000
I've got 380, do I get 400?[br]Last chance to bid, 400 or more.

1:33:41.100,1:33:46.000
Last chance, going...

1:33:46.500,1:33:54.200
I've got 400, do I get 420?

1:33:57.100,1:34:07.000
How much?[br]I've got 420, do I get 440?

1:34:07.800,1:34:13.000
Last chance to bid 440 or more[br]for this adorable gnu.

1:34:13.700,1:34:20.600
Do I get 440?[br]Last chance, going, going

1:34:21.000,1:34:25.000
sold for 420.

1:34:29.200,1:34:37.700
Please note that there are stickers[br]which are gratuit to take.

1:34:37.800,1:34:40.300
Please take as many as you can[br]and make good use of.

1:34:40.400,1:34:48.700
There are also various small things[br]to sell, like badges and elegant pins

1:34:48.900,1:34:51.600
and the money supports[br]the Free Software Foundation.

1:34:51.700,1:34:53.000
Anyway now it's time for me[br]to answer questions.