[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.74,0:00:04.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was one of those kids that, every time I got in the car,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.09,0:00:07.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I basically had to roll down the window.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.03,0:00:11.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was usually too hot, too stuffy or just too smelly,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.24,0:00:13.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and my father would not let us use the air conditioner.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.60,0:00:16.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He said that it would overheat the engine.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.35,0:00:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you might remember, some of you,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.00,0:00:19.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how the cars were back then, and it was
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.90,0:00:22.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a common problem of overheating.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.27,0:00:26.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it was also the signal that capped the use,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.29,0:00:30.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or overuse, of energy-consuming devices.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.71,0:00:33.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Things have changed now. We have cars that we take across country.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.75,0:00:36.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We blast the air conditioning the entire way,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.91,0:00:38.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we never experience overheating.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.49,0:00:41.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So there's no more signal for us to tell us to stop.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.47,0:00:47.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Great, right? Well, we have similar problems in buildings.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.09,0:00:50.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the past, before air conditioning, we had thick walls.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.56,0:00:53.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The thick walls are great for insulation. It keeps the interior
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.24,0:00:56.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,very cool during the summertime, and warm during the wintertime,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.75,0:00:59.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the small windows were also very good because
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.15,0:01:01.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it limited the amount of temperature transfer
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.74,0:01:04.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between the interior and exterior.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.21,0:01:08.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then in about the 1930s, with the advent of plate glass,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.08,0:01:11.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rolled steel and mass production, we were able
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.48,0:01:14.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to make floor-to-ceiling windows and unobstructed views,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.93,0:01:18.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and with that came the irreversible reliance on
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.66,0:01:25.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mechanical air conditioning to cool our solar-heated spaces.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.24,0:01:28.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Over time, the buildings got taller and bigger,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.34,0:01:30.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our engineering even better, so that the mechanical systems
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.98,0:01:34.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were massive. They require a huge amount of energy.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.86,0:01:37.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They give off a lot of heat into the atmosphere,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.62,0:01:40.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and for some of you may understand the heat island effect
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.82,0:01:44.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in cities, where the urban areas are much more warm
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.32,0:01:47.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than the adjacent rural areas,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.28,0:01:50.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we also have problems that, when we lose power,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.53,0:01:53.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can't open a window here, and so
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.29,0:01:56.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the buildings are uninhabitable and have to be made vacant
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.10,0:01:59.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until that air conditioning system can start up again.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.75,0:02:03.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even worse, with our intention of trying to make buildings
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.81,0:02:08.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,move towards a net-zero energy state, we can't do it
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.79,0:02:11.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just by making mechanical systems more and more efficient.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.16,0:02:14.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need to look for something else, and we've gotten ourselves a little bit into a rut.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.94,0:02:19.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what do we do here? How do we pull ourselves and dig us
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.19,0:02:22.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,out of this hole that we've dug?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.04,0:02:24.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we look at biology, and many of you probably don't know,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.95,0:02:28.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was a biology major before I went into architecture,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.60,0:02:32.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the human skin is the organ that naturally regulates
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.99,0:02:36.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the temperature in the body, and it's a fantastic thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.43,0:02:39.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's the first line of defense for the body.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.04,0:02:42.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It has pores, it has sweat glands, it has all these things
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.25,0:02:45.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that work together very dynamically and very efficiently,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.67,0:02:48.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so what I propose is that our building skins
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.18,0:02:51.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,should be more similar to human skin,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.82,0:02:55.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and by doing so can be much more dynamic, responsive
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.94,0:02:59.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and differentiated, depending on where it is.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.19,0:03:01.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this gets me back to my research.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.12,0:03:06.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What I proposed first doing is looking at a different material palette to do that.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.44,0:03:09.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I presently, or currently, work with smart materials,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.35,0:03:11.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a smart thermo-bimetal.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.06,0:03:13.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First of all, I guess we call it smart because it requires
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.98,0:03:16.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no controls and it requires no energy,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.71,0:03:19.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's a very big deal for architecture.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.37,0:03:22.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What it is, it's a lamination of two different metals together.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.18,0:03:26.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can see that here by the different reflection on this side.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.06,0:03:29.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And because it has two different coefficients of expansion,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.53,0:03:32.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when heated, one side will expand faster than the other
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.83,0:03:36.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and result in a curling action.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.37,0:03:40.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in early prototypes I built these surfaces to try to see
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.07,0:03:44.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how the curl would react to temperature and possibly allow
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.27,0:03:47.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,air to ventilate through the system,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.37,0:03:50.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in other prototypes did surfaces where the multiplicity
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.60,0:03:53.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of having these strips together can try to make
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.08,0:03:57.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bigger movement happen when also heated,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.16,0:04:01.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and currently have this installation at the Materials & Applications gallery
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.22,0:04:04.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in Silver Lake, close by, and it's there until August, if you want to see it.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.70,0:04:07.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's called "Bloom," and the surface is made completely
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.60,0:04:11.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,out of thermo-bimetal, and its intention is to make this canopy
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.64,0:04:15.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that does two things. One, it's a sun-shading device, so that
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.46,0:04:19.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when the sun hits the surface, it constricts the amount of sun passing through,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.47,0:04:22.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in other areas, it's a ventilating system,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.84,0:04:24.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that hot, trapped air underneath can actually
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.99,0:04:28.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,move through and out when necessary.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.87,0:04:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can see here in this time-lapse video that the sun,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.00,0:04:35.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as it moves across the surface, as well as the shade,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.75,0:04:38.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,each of the tiles moves individually.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.22,0:04:40.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Keep in mind, with the digital technology that we have today,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.74,0:04:43.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this thing was made out of about 14,000 pieces
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.75,0:04:48.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there's no two pieces alike at all. Every single one is different.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.48,0:04:50.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the great thing with that is the fact that we can calibrate
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.99,0:04:54.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,each one to be very, very specific to its location,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.99,0:04:59.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the angle of the sun, and also how the thing actually curls.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.93,0:05:02.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this kind of proof of concept project
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.74,0:05:04.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has a lot of implications
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.70,0:05:08.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to actual future application in architecture,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.40,0:05:10.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in this case, here you see a house,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.91,0:05:13.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's for a developer in China,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.34,0:05:16.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's actually a four-story glass box.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.09,0:05:19.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's still with that glass box because we still want that visual access,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.92,0:05:23.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but now it's sheathed with this thermo-bimetal layer,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.80,0:05:26.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's a screen that goes around it, and that layer can actually
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.27,0:05:30.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,open and close as that sun moves around on that surface.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.30,0:05:34.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In addition to that, it can also screen areas for privacy,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.86,0:05:37.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that it can differentiate from some of the public areas
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.16,0:05:39.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the space during different times of day.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.75,0:05:43.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what it basically implies is that, in houses now,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.01,0:05:46.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we don't need drapes or shutters or blinds anymore
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.43,0:05:48.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we can sheath the building with these things,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.60,0:05:54.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as well as control the amount of air conditioning you need inside that building.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.16,0:05:57.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm also looking at trying to develop some building components for the market,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.55,0:06:00.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so here you see a pretty typical
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.04,0:06:04.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,double-glazed window panel, and in that panel,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.77,0:06:07.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between those two pieces of glass, that double-glazing,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.70,0:06:09.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm trying to work on making
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.88,0:06:11.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a thermo-bimetal pattern system
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.94,0:06:14.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that when the sun hits that outside layer
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.62,0:06:19.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and heats that interior cavity, that thermo-bimetal
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.26,0:06:22.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will begin to curl, and what actually will happen then
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.04,0:06:24.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is it'll start to block out the sun
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.34,0:06:26.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in certain areas of the building,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.21,0:06:28.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and totally, if necessary.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.15,0:06:30.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so you can imagine, even in this application, that
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.66,0:06:33.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a high-rise building where the panel systems go
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.34,0:06:38.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from floor to floor up to 30, 40 floors, the entire surface
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.11,0:06:40.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could be differentiated at different times of day
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.30,0:06:45.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,depending on how that sun moves across and hits that surface.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.76,0:06:48.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And these are some later studies that I'm working on
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.57,0:06:50.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,right now that are on the boards, where you can see,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.84,0:06:54.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the bottom right-hand corner, with the red, it's actually
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.18,0:06:56.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,smaller pieces of thermometal, and it's actually going to,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.46,0:07:01.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're trying to make it move like cilia or eyelashes.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.70,0:07:04.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This last project is also of components.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.18,0:07:08.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The influence -- and if you have noticed, one of my
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.04,0:07:11.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,spheres of influence is biology -- is from a grasshopper.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.62,0:07:14.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And grasshoppers have a different kind of breathing system.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.22,0:07:17.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They breathe through holes in their sides called spiracles,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.63,0:07:21.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they bring the air through and it moves through their system to cool them down,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.12,0:07:24.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so in this project, I'm trying to look at how we can
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.50,0:07:26.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,consider that in architecture too, how we can bring
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.68,0:07:29.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,air through holes in the sides of a building.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.35,0:07:32.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so you see here some early studies of blocks,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.32,0:07:34.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where those holes are actually coming through,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.83,0:07:38.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this is before the thermo-bimetal is applied,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.55,0:07:41.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this is after the bimetal is applied. Sorry, it's a little
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.25,0:07:44.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hard to see, but on the surfaces, you can see these red arrows.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.46,0:07:47.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On the left, it's when it's cold and the thermo-bimetal
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.64,0:07:51.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is flat so it will constrict air from passing through the blocks,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.24,0:07:53.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and on the right, the thermo-bimetal curls
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.28,0:07:56.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and allows that air to pass through, so those are two different
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.83,0:07:58.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,components that I'm working on, and again,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.64,0:08:00.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's a completely different thing, because you can imagine
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.95,0:08:03.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that air could potentially be coming through the walls
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.68,0:08:06.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,instead of opening windows.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.56,0:08:09.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I want to leave you with one last impression about
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.25,0:08:13.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the project, or this kind of work and using smart materials.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.63,0:08:16.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you're tired of opening and closing those blinds
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.81,0:08:19.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,day after day, when you're on vacation
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.80,0:08:23.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there's no one there on the weekends to be turning off and on the controls,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.84,0:08:26.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or when there's a power outage, and you have
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.20,0:08:29.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no electricity to rely on, these thermo-bimetals
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.22,0:08:33.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will still be working tirelessly, efficiently
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.22,0:08:36.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and endlessly. Thank you. (Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.52,0:08:39.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)