[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.01,0:00:00.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[MUSIC]
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.01,0:00:03.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.91,0:00:10.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,previous
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.14,0:00:15.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lesson, we saw
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.25,0:00:20.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that for more than 2 million years, earth\Nwas populated by a number of human
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.45,0:00:25.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,species, not just by one.\NWe also saw that all these human species
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.51,0:00:31.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were unimportant animals with only a small\Nimpact on the ecosystem around them.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.05,0:00:36.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then about 70,000 years ago, something\Nchanged.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.09,0:00:43.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One particular human specie, our specie,\NHomo sapiens, spread out of East Africa.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.15,0:00:44.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Settled the entire world.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.96,0:00:51.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Drove to extinction all the other human\Nspecies, and became the most powerful
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.19,0:00:54.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,animal and most important animal on planet\Nearth.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.34,0:00:56.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How did this happen?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.98,0:01:00.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is the sapiens secret of success?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.66,0:01:03.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is not easy to answer this
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.61,0:01:07.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,question because Homo Sapians has actually\Nbeen around for
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.90,0:01:12.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,much more than just 70,000 years and\Nprevious
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.13,0:01:14.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to that date, it didn't do anything\Nspecial.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.70,0:01:16.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sapians living
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.56,0:01:20.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in East Africa, say about a 100,000 years\Nago.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.65,0:01:23.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Already looked just like us.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.02,0:01:25.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They had bodies similar to ours.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.27,0:01:27.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you put them in jeans and t-shirts you
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.59,0:01:31.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,couldn't tell the difference between them\Nand modern people.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.39,0:01:36.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you took a dead body of a sapiens\Nfrom about one hundred thousand years ago
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.13,0:01:42.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you gave a modern doctor, a modern anatomist to\Ndissect and analysis and
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.28,0:01:42.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,look inside, look in it.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.94,0:01:46.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He couldn't tell that there was anything\Ndifferent between
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.71,0:01:46.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[UNKNOWN]
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.72,0:01:51.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bodies and our bodies.\NEven the brains of people a
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.66,0:01:57.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,100,000 years ago were the same as ours in\Nboth size and
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.07,0:02:02.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,external shape.\NYet, these archaic sapiens from a 100 to
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.48,0:02:07.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,120,000 years ago, they did not produce.\NAny
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.13,0:02:13.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sophisticated tool.\NThey did not accomplish any special feats.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.43,0:02:18.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they did not enjoy any marked\Nadvantage over the other human
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.34,0:02:22.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,species around like the Neanderthals or\Nthe Erectus or a Homo Denisova.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.01,0:02:29.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, when some ancient sapiens\Nmigrated for
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.21,0:02:32.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the first time to the Middle East about\N100,000
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.78,0:02:36.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,years ago, they were driven back by the\NNeanderthals
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.64,0:02:38.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who were the local population in the\NMiddle East
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.77,0:02:41.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have evidence.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.81,0:02:47.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We found the remains of sapiens in various\Nsites in Middle East
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.24,0:02:51.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mainly around what is today Israel and\NPalestine, and Jordan, and Lebanon.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.41,0:02:53.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have evidence that sapiens actually\Nreached for this, for the first
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.21,0:03:00.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,time these areas about a 100,000 years ago\Nand not 70,000 years ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.64,0:03:05.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And after some time the remains of the\Nsapiens
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.10,0:03:10.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,disappear And we find, and we continue to\Nfind only Neanderthal remains.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.19,0:03:14.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So these leads most scholars to agree that\Nsapiens made the
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.76,0:03:19.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,first attempt to migrate from East\NAfrica to towards
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.73,0:03:25.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Middle East, about a 100,000 years ago\Nand during that first encounter
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.68,0:03:30.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between sapiens and Neanderthals, the\NNeanderthals were better.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.12,0:03:31.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were more powerful, they were more\Nadaptive
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.86,0:03:34.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the environment and they won.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.41,0:03:36.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the sapiens disappeared from the\NMiddle
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.83,0:03:39.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,East and stayed only in East Africa.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.63,0:03:48.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, 30,000 years later, which is\Nabout 70,000 years ago, something amazing
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.93,0:03:55.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,happened to Homo sapiens and it then began\Ndoing very special things not only
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.22,0:03:59.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in East Africa but spreading from there\Nand settling all over the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.97,0:04:04.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first amazing thing, the first\Nevidence we have, that something truly
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.84,0:04:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,remarkable was happening to sapiens about\N70,000 years ago is that,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.00,0:04:15.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at that time, sapiens bands left Africa\Nfor a second time.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.17,0:04:16.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not all the sapiens.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.69,0:04:20.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some sapiens stayed behind in East Africa.\NBut some sapiens bands
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.61,0:04:22.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,around 70,000 years ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.40,0:04:28.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Again, migrated from East Africa to the\NArabian Peninsula in the Middle East.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.25,0:04:33.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this time, they drove the Neanderthal\Nand all the other human species,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.86,0:04:37.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not only for the Middle East but from the\Nface of the Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.50,0:04:39.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Droves them to complete extinction.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.11,0:04:45.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Within a remarkably short time, sapiens\Nmanaged to settle not only
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.97,0:04:48.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Middle East but also Europe, and
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.58,0:04:52.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Central Asia, and South Asia, and East\NAsia.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.06,0:04:56.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sapiens reached China and Korea about\N60,000 years ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.31,0:05:02.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,About 45,000 years ago sapiens did\Nsomething even more remarkable.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.44,0:05:07.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They crossed the open sea and landed in\NAustralia.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.69,0:05:11.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A continent to which no previous human\Nspecies
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.68,0:05:14.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have managed to reach.\NNo, no previous species.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.36,0:05:16.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No, no, no, not the Erectus, not the\NNeanderthal.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.52,0:05:19.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nobody reached Australia until sapiens\Nlanded on
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.87,0:05:23.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Australian beach about 45,000 years\Nago.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.77,0:05:30.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Later on sapiens spread to another\Ncontinent which no previous human reached.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.25,0:05:33.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which is the continent of America.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.01,0:05:36.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No previous human species reached America\Nbefore
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.75,0:05:42.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sapiens did it about 15,000 years ago, 15,\N1, 5
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.58,0:05:49.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thousand years ago.\NThese were extraordinary achievements.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.22,0:05:53.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because in order to reach Australia,\Nsapiens, they couldn't
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.53,0:05:57.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,swim to Austrlia, they had to somehow\Ncross the ocean.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.72,0:06:02.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in order to reach America, sapiens\Nhad first
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.28,0:06:08.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to find out how to survive in the very,\Nvery cold arctic climate of
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.30,0:06:12.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Northern Siberia and Alaska, where\Ntemperatures drop
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.69,0:06:14.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to minus 50 degrees Celsius in winter.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.85,0:06:19.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because this is how sapiens reached\NAmerica from Siberian Alaska.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.02,0:06:22.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in order to reach America, sapiens\Ncoming from East
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.18,0:06:26.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Africa, first had to find out how you can\Nsurvive in
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.83,0:06:32.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Siberia and Alaska.\NIn order to settle all these places,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.52,0:06:39.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Europe, Asia, Australia, America.\NSapiens had to adopt very, very quickly.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.23,0:06:45.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Quickly in evolutionary terms, to\Ncompletely new ecological conditions.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.21,0:06:50.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As you remember, sapiens evolved for the\Nfirst time in East Africa.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.43,0:06:52.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And lived in East Africa
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.20,0:06:57.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for 100,00 or 200,000 years.\NAnd sapiens were, was very well adapted to
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.89,0:07:03.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the warm climate of the African Savannah.\NAnd to the other ecological conditions.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.79,0:07:06.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To the animals of African savanna, to the\Nplants of
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.56,0:07:10.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,African savanna, to the geography, to the\Ntopography, and so fort.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.65,0:07:17.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But once sapiens begins spreading over the\Nworld, they had within a few thousand
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.59,0:07:21.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,years To adapt themselves to complely new\Nconditons.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.66,0:07:25.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The same sapiens, basically the same\Nsapiens, who lived for tens of
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.89,0:07:31.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thousands of years in East Africa,\Nsuddenly you find them in Russia.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.19,0:07:32.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You find them in India.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.48,0:07:34.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You find them in New Guinea.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.03,0:07:37.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they had to adapt to living in the\Nvery
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.33,0:07:40.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cold conditions of Russia or in the\Njungles of New Guinea.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.98,0:07:42.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even though for hundreds of thousands
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.92,0:07:48.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of years, they have been adapting to the\Nvery different conditions of East Africa.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.71,0:07:54.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, this is the first indication that\Nsomething truly amazing
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.87,0:08:00.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was happening to Homo sapiens beginning\Nabout 70,000 years ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.90,0:08:04.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is that sapiens suddenly spread.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.04,0:08:08.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All over the world and not only spread all\Nover the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.06,0:08:12.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but some how managed to adapt to\Ncompletely
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.49,0:08:16.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,new ecological conditions within a very,\Nvery short time.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.85,0:08:21.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The second indication that something truly\Namazing was happening to Homo
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.74,0:08:27.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sapiens about 70,000 years ago, was the\Nappearance of new technologies.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.56,0:08:33.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of the most important technologies to\Nappear, to start appearing around 70,000
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.35,0:08:38.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,years ago is probably boats or other kinds\Nof sailing craft.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.25,0:08:42.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As I mentioned earlier, around 45,000 or\N50,000 years ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.72,0:08:46.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sapiens for the first time, reached the\Ncontinent of Australia.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.75,0:08:50.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which no previous human specie has managed\Nto do.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.22,0:08:54.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it was a very, eh, eh, difficult thing\Nto
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.28,0:08:58.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,do because in order to reach Australia\Nfrom Southeast Asia
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.52,0:09:01.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you some how had to cross the ocean and\Nit's
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.28,0:09:05.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a big, it's quite a big gap separating the\Ntwo.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.40,0:09:09.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You couldn't swim there, even if you knew\Nthat Australia is waiting for you.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.55,0:09:11.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And how could you know that if you've\Nnever been there?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.61,0:09:17.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So most scholars estimate that around that\Ntime
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.45,0:09:23.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,45,000, 50,000 years ago.\NSapiens in Southeast Asia in what is today
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.59,0:09:28.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Indonesia, in the island of Indonesia.\NThey already developed some kind of
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.89,0:09:35.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sailing craft or boats or rafts and also\Nbegan developing a sea faring society.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.20,0:09:41.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A society of people who were used to\Nsailing, to sailing on the sea.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.47,0:09:44.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is how they reached Australia,\Nand later
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.45,0:09:48.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on reached other islands, like Japan and\NTaiwan and
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.96,0:09:49.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so forth.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.76,0:09:55.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this was one very important invention\Nthe boat or the sailing craft.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.96,0:09:59.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another very important invention, which we\Nbegin to see in the,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.87,0:10:05.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in archaeological record about 40, 50\Nthousand years ago is the needle.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.74,0:10:09.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, this may not strike as you as a
Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.46,0:10:14.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,particularly revolutionary invention, the\Nneedle, but the needle was actually
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.41,0:10:19.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of the most important inventions in\Nthe whole of, whole history of human kind.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.69,0:10:22.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What was so important about needles.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.80,0:10:26.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, well people were able to make all\Nkinds
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.82,0:10:30.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of, of cloth even before the invention of\Nthe needle.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.23,0:10:34.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Like Neanderthals, apparently also had\Nsome kind of clothing.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.19,0:10:37.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They killed a bear or they killed some,\Nsome,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.16,0:10:39.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a deer and they took the skin or the
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.43,0:10:44.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fur and put it, put it on them to, to to\Nwarm themselves This is something that
Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.16,0:10:50.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,previous human species could do.\NBut they could not sew things together.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.35,0:10:54.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because they didn't have needles and, and,\Nand it couldn't be done.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.36,0:10:59.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Once sapiens invented needles, sapiens\Nwere able to
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.53,0:11:04.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,start sewing and making all kinds of, of\Nnew things.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.62,0:11:08.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,New clothes especially thermal thermal\Nclothes.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.42,0:11:13.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which were made from layers of fur eh,\Ninter spaced with layers
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.38,0:11:18.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of skin sewn close together with the help\Nof needles, and
Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.49,0:11:23.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they could start making all kinds of boots\Nand tents and, and things like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:23.43,0:11:30.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this was the key for the sapiens,\Nsettlement of very cold
Dialogue: 0,0:11:30.02,0:11:33.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,areas like Siberia and Alaska.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.19,0:11:38.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even the Neanderthals were very well\Nadapted to living in ice age Europe.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.75,0:11:42.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were unable to move into Scandinavia\Nor into
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.90,0:11:45.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,eh, Northern Siberia because it was too\Ncold for them.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.84,0:11:49.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But sapiens was adapted to the hot\Nconditions of Africa
Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.60,0:11:55.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,did manage to settle Siberia because they\Nhad the needle and
Dialogue: 0,0:11:55.17,0:11:59.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they could sew these tents and boots and\Nthermal outfits and, and things like that.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:00.44,0:12:04.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another interesting invention that people\Nthat sapiens
Dialogue: 0,0:12:04.23,0:12:07.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,probably made around that time is oil\Nlamps.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.29,0:12:11.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,small lamps made of stone or clay, in\Nwhich
Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.33,0:12:15.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sapiens put the fat of animals that they\Nhunted.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.98,0:12:20.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then lighted it and they had a lamp.\NAnd this is
Dialogue: 0,0:12:20.21,0:12:23.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how they were able not only to crawl into
Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.05,0:12:28.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all kinds of caves but also to produce\Nmagnificent art.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:28.28,0:12:33.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On the walls of the caves the famous cave\Npaintings.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:33.01,0:12:35.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well think about it, how could they, okay,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:35.60,0:12:39.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they could crawl into caves even without\Nlight.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:39.03,0:12:42.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, how to produce amazing pictures on\Nthe walls.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:42.14,0:12:44.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what's the purpose of producing them\Nif you can't see them?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:44.84,0:12:45.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unless you have light.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:45.97,0:12:50.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And these oil lamps, which arcahologists\Nhave, have found the remains of,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.38,0:12:53.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of a few of these oil lamps from 40,\N50,000 years ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:53.24,0:12:57.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Were the key to this artistic revolution.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:57.91,0:13:00.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the keys to this artistic\Nrevolution.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:01.90,0:13:05.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,aside from the invention of a new\Ntechnology.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:05.69,0:13:10.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Like the oil lamp and the boat and the and\Nthe needle.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:10.26,0:13:15.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There were also, also constant development\Nof all technology.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:15.38,0:13:20.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Like stone knives and spear points, and\Nhammers, and axes, and things like that.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:20.74,0:13:24.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Previously, up to about 70,000 years ago
Dialogue: 0,0:13:24.87,0:13:28.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we find that people, Neanderthals,\NErectus, were making,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:28.94,0:13:32.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and also sapiens, were making exactly the
Dialogue: 0,0:13:32.26,0:13:36.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,same tools, exactly the same, say, spear\Npoints
Dialogue: 0,0:13:36.01,0:13:39.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for hundred of thousands of years without\Nchange.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:39.27,0:13:45.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From about 70,000 years ago onwards we\Nbegin to see continuous change.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:45.45,0:13:49.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the technology of things like spear\Npoints.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:49.65,0:13:53.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every few thousands of hundreds of years,\Nyou have
Dialogue: 0,0:13:53.16,0:13:56.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a new style of spear points or of knives.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:57.74,0:13:59.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is another thing that, that
Dialogue: 0,0:13:59.14,0:14:01.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,happened, not only the invention of\Ncompletely
Dialogue: 0,0:14:01.43,0:14:04.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,new technolgy, but the continuous\Nimprovement.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:04.85,0:14:08.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of all technology.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:08.01,0:14:11.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,During the same period, beginning 70,000\Nyears ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:11.47,0:14:16.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We also have the first evidence for art\Nand for jewelry.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:16.24,0:14:20.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We find the first evidence for trade\Nbetween different bands.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:20.94,0:14:22.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We'll speak about it later on.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:22.22,0:14:26.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We find the first evidence for complex\Nsocieties.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:26.12,0:14:30.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Societies comprising hundreds of people,\Nand not just dozens of people.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:30.56,0:14:34.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we find the first evidence of\Nreligion.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:34.65,0:14:40.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As an example look at this remarkable\Nivory
Dialogue: 0,0:14:40.19,0:14:46.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,statue made by sapiens in Germany about\N30,000 years ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:46.09,0:14:52.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What do you see?\NYou see a lion man or lioness woman.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:52.05,0:14:55.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's, it's a bit difficult it would tell\Nthe gender.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:55.36,0:15:00.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it's very clear that the body of\Nwhatever is depicted in the statue.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:00.63,0:15:02.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The body is human.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:02.71,0:15:06.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whereas the head is the head of a lion or\Na lioness.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:06.79,0:15:09.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is one of the earliest pieces of\Nevidence.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:09.97,0:15:17.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not only for art, but also for the ability\Nof sapiens to imagine things that don't
Dialogue: 0,0:15:17.22,0:15:18.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,really exist.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:18.49,0:15:23.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There weren't any lion man alive in\NGermany about 30,000 years ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:23.67,0:15:27.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There was nowhere that the artists who\Nhave made
Dialogue: 0,0:15:27.80,0:15:31.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this statue could have seen a lion man.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:31.92,0:15:37.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Lion men only existed only in the fertile\Nimagination of sapiens.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:37.16,0:15:42.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How to account for this wave of invention,\Nnew inventions and
Dialogue: 0,0:15:42.77,0:15:45.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,changes, and technological revolutions.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:45.28,0:15:49.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How to account for the sudden appearance\Nof art and religion and
Dialogue: 0,0:15:49.69,0:15:54.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the new political structures and perhaps,\Nabove all, how to account for the
Dialogue: 0,0:15:54.21,0:15:59.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,quick spreading of sapiens over the entire\Nworld, the extinctions of the other
Dialogue: 0,0:15:59.76,0:16:05.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,human species and the settlement of new\Nterritories like Australia and America.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:05.59,0:16:08.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, most scholars believe
Dialogue: 0,0:16:08.11,0:16:11.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that all these achievements were the\Nresult
Dialogue: 0,0:16:11.41,0:16:16.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of a revolution in sapiens' cognitive\Nabilities.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:16.06,0:16:17.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What are the cognitive abilities?
Dialogue: 0,0:16:17.36,0:16:20.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, cognitive abilities are the\Nabilities to
Dialogue: 0,0:16:20.54,0:16:21.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,communicate, to remember to learn, to\Nthink.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:25.09,0:16:30.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are all the cognitive abilities.\NIt seems that sapiens who lived
Dialogue: 0,0:16:30.58,0:16:36.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,100,000 years ago in East Africa, they may\Nhave looked exactly like us.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:37.52,0:16:42.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they may have had brains the same size\Nand shape external shape as our brains
Dialogue: 0,0:16:42.92,0:16:48.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they had very different, more limited,\Ncognitive abilities.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:48.69,0:16:50.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They could not talk and think
Dialogue: 0,0:16:50.88,0:16:52.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like you and me.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:52.25,0:16:55.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They, they talk and they thought in some\Nway but in
Dialogue: 0,0:16:55.07,0:16:58.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a much more restricted and less\Nsophisticated way than you and me.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:59.63,0:17:04.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In contrast the people who drove the\NNeanderthals to extinction
Dialogue: 0,0:17:04.50,0:17:08.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about 30,000 years ago, the people who\Nsettled the continent
Dialogue: 0,0:17:08.35,0:17:10.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of Australia for the first time, and the\Npeople who
Dialogue: 0,0:17:10.91,0:17:16.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,calmed the Stael lion man, already\Ntalked and thought like
Dialogue: 0,0:17:16.54,0:17:16.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you and me.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:16.95,0:17:21.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They did not talk and think in English,\Nthey had their own language but
Dialogue: 0,0:17:21.50,0:17:26.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in, in the basic abilities of thinking and\Ntalking, they were like you and me.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:27.54,0:17:33.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The disappearance of new ways of talking\Nand thinking, between about 70,000 years
Dialogue: 0,0:17:33.28,0:17:40.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ago and about 30,000 years ago, is called\Nthe cognitive revolution.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:40.84,0:17:41.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first
Dialogue: 0,0:17:41.98,0:17:46.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,big revolution of history basically the\Nrevolution that started history.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:46.22,0:17:51.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Prior to the cognitive revolution humans\Nwere no different from any other animal.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:51.19,0:17:53.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They had biology and not history.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:53.80,0:17:56.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,History begins with the cognitive\Nrevolution.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:58.23,0:18:01.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now how to explain this revolution.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:01.47,0:18:07.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After all, there was as I said before,\Nthere was no big change in the body
Dialogue: 0,0:18:07.21,0:18:09.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of sapiens.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:09.40,0:18:12.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there was not even any significant change\Nin the
Dialogue: 0,0:18:12.40,0:18:16.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,size or in the external shape of the\Nsapiens brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:16.58,0:18:21.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So how to account for the fact that\Nwithout any any change that
Dialogue: 0,0:18:21.71,0:18:26.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can see in the body or the brain,\Nsuddenly there appeared amazing
Dialogue: 0,0:18:26.72,0:18:31.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,new cognitive abilities.\NWell, scholars, most scholars,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:31.62,0:18:37.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,believe that there must have been some\Nrelatively small change.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:37.18,0:18:42.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the internal structure of the brain,\Nnot in the size or external shape but in
Dialogue: 0,0:18:42.97,0:18:46.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the internal structure of the brain that\Nled
Dialogue: 0,0:18:46.68,0:18:50.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to all the big revolutions in sapiens'\Nabilities.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:50.64,0:18:53.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Perhaps, this is just a theorist\Nspeculation.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:53.08,0:18:56.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We don't have any firm evidence, but it's\Nthe best speculation we have.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:56.48,0:19:00.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Perhaps there were some relative,\Nrelatively
Dialogue: 0,0:19:00.36,0:19:04.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,small genetic mutation that caused two\Nparts
Dialogue: 0,0:19:04.63,0:19:06.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the brain, which were previously
Dialogue: 0,0:19:06.68,0:19:11.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,separate separated to connect to each\Nother.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:11.17,0:19:15.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this resulted in all the new amazing\Ncognitive abilities.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:15.100,0:19:17.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, it's just a theory.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:17.62,0:19:21.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We don't really know it for sure because\Nthere are no
Dialogue: 0,0:19:21.61,0:19:25.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,frozen brains from 50,000 years ago and\N100,000
Dialogue: 0,0:19:25.25,0:19:27.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,years ago that we can compare to each\Nother.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:27.66,0:19:30.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it's the best theory we have at the\Npresent.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:32.63,0:19:33.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we accept this.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:33.60,0:19:36.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That there was some small change in the\Ninternal structure of the brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:37.74,0:19:39.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how to account for it?
Dialogue: 0,0:19:39.36,0:19:41.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or more precisely, how to account for the
Dialogue: 0,0:19:41.96,0:19:47.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fact that this, remarkable change happened\Nto sapiens.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:47.42,0:19:50.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And not to Neanderthals or Denisovans or\Nsome
Dialogue: 0,0:19:50.96,0:19:53.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,other human species or some other animal\Nspecies.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:53.60,0:19:59.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As far as we know it was pure chance that,\Nthat might well have been the result of
Dialogue: 0,0:19:59.75,0:20:05.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some tiny biological reaction in sapiens\NDNA that lead to the, to the mutation.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:05.73,0:20:09.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if this tiny biochemical a, a, a
Dialogue: 0,0:20:09.07,0:20:12.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reaction did not take place, then human\Nmay
Dialogue: 0,0:20:12.60,0:20:16.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well have remained insignificant animals\Nto this day or
Dialogue: 0,0:20:16.50,0:20:20.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the world today might have been governed\Nby Neanderthals.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:20.71,0:20:23.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the sapiens would've become extinct.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:23.37,0:20:27.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we don't really know, we don't have a\Ngood answer why this
Dialogue: 0,0:20:27.01,0:20:30.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,change happened to sapiens and not to\NNeanderthals.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:30.90,0:20:38.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And also, we don't have a very clear\Ntheory about what was the biological and
Dialogue: 0,0:20:38.56,0:20:43.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the more logical factors that lead to the\Nwhole cognitive change.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:43.57,0:20:47.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this is less important for our\Npurposes.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:47.26,0:20:52.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is very important for understanding\Nhuman history
Dialogue: 0,0:20:52.92,0:20:59.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to understand what exactly was the\Nchange in sapiens cognitive abilities.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:59.42,0:21:03.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What was so special about the new way in\Nwhich sapiens
Dialogue: 0,0:21:03.88,0:21:05.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thought and talked?
Dialogue: 0,0:21:05.77,0:21:10.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What was so special about the new sap,\Nsapiens language?
Dialogue: 0,0:21:10.74,0:21:13.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is what we will discuss throughout\Nall
Dialogue: 0,0:21:13.65,0:21:16.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the next parts of the this entire lesson.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:16.70,0:21:23.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We'll try to understand what is so special\Nabout the way that we sapiens think and
Dialogue: 0,0:21:23.05,0:21:25.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,talk and how is it different from the
Dialogue: 0,0:21:25.07,0:21:28.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,way all other animals and Neanderthals and\Nchimpanzees
Dialogue: 0,0:21:28.68,0:21:29.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,think and talk.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:29.32,0:21:34.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In other words, these, all the other\Nsections of this lesson will be
Dialogue: 0,0:21:34.61,0:21:40.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dedicated to understanding what is so\Nspecial about our language.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:41.28,0:21:43.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In order to answer this question.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:43.58,0:21:48.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the next segments, we will discuss not\Nonly the world of the Stone
Dialogue: 0,0:21:48.33,0:21:53.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Age but also the world today, which is\Nmore familiar to most of you.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:53.06,0:22:00.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In order again to understand what\Nis so special about our language that has
Dialogue: 0,0:22:00.46,0:22:03.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,made us the masters of the world
Dialogue: 0,0:22:03.04,0:22:15.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[MUSIC]