[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.35,0:00:03.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is me building a prototype
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.12,0:00:06.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for six hours straight.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.04,0:00:09.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is slave labor to my own project.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.96,0:00:14.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is what the DIY and maker movements really look like.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.95,0:00:19.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is an analogy for today's construction and manufacturing world
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.71,0:00:22.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with brute-force assembly techniques.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.50,0:00:25.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is exactly why I started studying
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.34,0:00:29.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how to program physical materials to build themselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.60,0:00:31.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there is another world.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.36,0:00:33.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today at the micro- and nanoscales,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.36,0:00:36.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's an unprecedented revolution happening.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.11,0:00:40.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is the ability to program physical and biological materials
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.24,0:00:42.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to change shape, change properties
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.97,0:00:45.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and even compute outside of silicon-based matter.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.95,0:00:48.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's even a software called cadnano
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.46,0:00:51.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that allows us to design three-dimensional shapes
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.24,0:00:54.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like nano robots or drug delivery systems
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.33,0:00:58.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and use DNA to self-assemble those functional structures.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.63,0:01:00.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if we look at the human scale,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.70,0:01:03.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's massive problems that aren't being addressed
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.76,0:01:06.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by those nanoscale technologies.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.13,0:01:08.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we look at construction and manufacturing,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.22,0:01:12.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's major inefficiencies, energy consumption
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.42,0:01:14.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and excessive labor techniques.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.74,0:01:17.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In infrastructure, let's just take one example.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.25,0:01:18.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Take piping.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.73,0:01:22.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In water pipes, we have fixed-capacity water pipes
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.46,0:01:26.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that have fixed flow rates, except for expensive pumps and valves.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.92,0:01:28.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We bury them in the ground.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.21,0:01:30.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If anything changes -- if the environment changes,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.83,0:01:33.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the ground moves, or demand changes --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.47,0:01:37.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have to start from scratch and take them out and replace them.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.72,0:01:41.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I'd like to propose that we can combine those two worlds,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.08,0:01:46.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we can combine the world of the nanoscale programmable adaptive materials
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.26,0:01:47.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the built environment.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.93,0:01:50.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I don't mean automated machines.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.12,0:01:52.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't just mean smart machines that replace humans.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.58,0:01:56.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I mean programmable materials that build themselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.46,0:01:58.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's called self-assembly,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.52,0:02:03.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is a process by which disordered parts build an ordered structure
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.03,0:02:05.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through only local interaction.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.53,0:02:08.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what do we need if we want to do this at the human scale?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.70,0:02:10.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need a few simple ingredients.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.68,0:02:13.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first ingredient is materials and geometry,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.52,0:02:16.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that needs to be tightly coupled with the energy source.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.98,0:02:18.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you can use passive energy --
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.64,0:02:23.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so heat, shaking, pneumatics, gravity, magnetics.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.33,0:02:26.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then you need smartly designed interactions.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.40,0:02:28.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And those interactions allow for error correction,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.54,0:02:32.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they allow the shapes to go from one state to another state.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.54,0:02:35.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So now I'm going to show you a number of projects that we've built,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.77,0:02:39.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from one-dimensional, two-dimensional, three-dimensional
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.05,0:02:42.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and even four-dimensional systems.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.12,0:02:44.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in one-dimensional systems --
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.00,0:02:46.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is a project called the self-folding proteins.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.91,0:02:51.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the idea is that you take the three-dimensional structure of a protein --
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.62,0:02:54.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in this case it's the crambin protein --
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.30,0:02:57.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you take the backbone -- so no cross-linking, no environmental interactions --
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.94,0:03:01.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you break that down into a series of components.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.10,0:03:03.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then we embed elastic.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.37,0:03:05.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when I throw this up into the air and catch it,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.71,0:03:10.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it has the full three-dimensional structure of the protein, all of the intricacies.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.56,0:03:12.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this gives us a tangible model
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.66,0:03:16.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the three-dimensional protein and how it folds
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.40,0:03:18.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and all of the intricacies of the geometry.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.68,0:03:22.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we can study this as a physical, intuitive model.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.13,0:03:24.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we're also translating that into two-dimensional systems --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.93,0:03:29.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so flat sheets that can self-fold into three-dimensional structures.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.23,0:03:33.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In three dimensions, we did a project last year at TEDGlobal
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.68,0:03:35.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with Autodesk and Arthur Olson
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.65,0:03:37.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where we looked at autonomous parts --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.34,0:03:41.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so individual parts not pre-connected that can come together on their own.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.66,0:03:44.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we built 500 of these glass beakers.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.43,0:03:46.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They had different molecular structures inside
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.90,0:03:49.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and different colors that could be mixed and matched.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.12,0:03:51.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we gave them away to all the TEDsters.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.37,0:03:53.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so these became intuitive models
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.87,0:03:57.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to understand how molecular self-assembly works at the human scale.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.36,0:03:59.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the polio virus.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.18,0:04:01.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You shake it hard and it breaks apart.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.11,0:04:02.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then you shake it randomly
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.56,0:04:06.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it starts to error correct and built the structure on its own.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.06,0:04:09.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is demonstrating that through random energy,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.03,0:04:13.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can build non-random shapes.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.66,0:04:17.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We even demonstrated that we can do this at a much larger scale.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.18,0:04:19.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Last year at TED Long Beach,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.33,0:04:22.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we built an installation that builds installations.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.54,0:04:26.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The idea was, could we self-assemble furniture-scale objects?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.08,0:04:28.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we built a large rotating chamber,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.58,0:04:31.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and people would come up and spin the chamber faster or slower,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.80,0:04:33.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,adding energy to the system
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.38,0:04:36.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and getting an intuitive understanding of how self-assembly works
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.83,0:04:38.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and how we could use this
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.21,0:04:42.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a macroscale construction or manufacturing technique for products.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.95,0:04:44.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So remember, I said 4D.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.62,0:04:48.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So today for the first time, we're unveiling a new project,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.31,0:04:50.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is a collaboration with Stratasys,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.20,0:04:52.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's called 4D printing.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.04,0:04:53.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The idea behind 4D printing
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.100,0:04:56.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that you take multi-material 3D printing --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.100,0:04:59.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so you can deposit multiple materials --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.18,0:05:01.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you add a new capability,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.07,0:05:02.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is transformation,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.93,0:05:04.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that right off the bed,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.25,0:05:08.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the parts can transform from one shape to another shape directly on their own.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.58,0:05:12.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is like robotics without wires or motors.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.08,0:05:13.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you completely print this part,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.73,0:05:16.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it can transform into something else.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.53,0:05:21.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We also worked with Autodesk on a software they're developing called Project Cyborg.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.49,0:05:24.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this allows us to simulate this self-assembly behavior
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.62,0:05:27.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and try to optimize which parts are folding when.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.82,0:05:30.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But most importantly, we can use this same software
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.55,0:05:33.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the design of nanoscale self-assembly systems
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.46,0:05:36.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and human scale self-assembly systems.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.30,0:05:39.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are parts being printed with multi-material properties.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.81,0:05:41.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's the first demonstration.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.53,0:05:43.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A single strand dipped in water
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.43,0:05:45.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that completely self-folds on its own
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.78,0:05:49.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into the letters M I T.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.70,0:05:51.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm biased.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.52,0:05:54.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is another part, single strand, dipped in a bigger tank
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.97,0:05:59.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that self-folds into a cube, a three-dimensional structure, on its own.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.60,0:06:01.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So no human interaction.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.45,0:06:03.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we think this is the first time
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.34,0:06:05.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that a program and transformation
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.58,0:06:08.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has been embedded directly into the materials themselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.83,0:06:11.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it also might just be the manufacturing technique
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.56,0:06:15.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that allows us to produce more adaptive infrastructure in the future.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.70,0:06:16.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I know you're probably thinking,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.88,0:06:21.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,okay, that's cool, but how do we use any of this stuff for the built environment?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.11,0:06:23.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I've started a lab at MIT,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.37,0:06:25.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's called the Self-Assembly Lab.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.25,0:06:28.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we're dedicated to trying to develop programmable materials
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.40,0:06:29.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the built environment.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.59,0:06:31.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we think there's a few key sectors
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.55,0:06:33.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that have fairly near-term applications.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.86,0:06:35.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of those is in extreme environments.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.92,0:06:38.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are scenarios where it's difficult to build,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.46,0:06:40.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our current construction techniques don't work,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.95,0:06:44.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's too large, it's too dangerous, it's expensive, too many parts.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.51,0:06:46.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And space is a great example of that.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.88,0:06:49.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're trying to design new scenarios for space
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.24,0:06:52.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that have fully reconfigurable and self-assembly structures
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.54,0:06:56.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that can go from highly functional systems from one to another.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.24,0:06:58.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's go back to infrastructure.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.35,0:07:02.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In infrastructure, we're working with a company out of Boston called Geosyntec.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.24,0:07:05.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we're developing a new paradigm for piping.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.04,0:07:08.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Imagine if water pipes could expand or contract
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.67,0:07:11.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to change capacity or change flow rate,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.42,0:07:15.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or maybe even undulate like peristaltics to move the water themselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.95,0:07:18.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this isn't expensive pumps or valves.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.56,0:07:22.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a completely programmable and adaptive pipe on its own.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.84,0:07:24.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I want to remind you today
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.66,0:07:28.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the harsh realities of assembly in our world.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.04,0:07:31.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are complex things built with complex parts
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.51,0:07:34.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that come together in complex ways.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.29,0:07:37.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I would like to invite you from whatever industry you're from
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.49,0:07:41.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to join us in reinventing and reimagining the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.55,0:07:45.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how things come together from the nanoscale to the human scale,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.24,0:07:48.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that we can go from a world like this
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.32,0:07:51.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to a world that's more like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.63,0:08:02.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.54,0:08:04.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)