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Spanish Realities

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Cataluña, A Region Apart

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In 1977, the people of Cataluña

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celebrated the traditional day of Catalan Solidarity.

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It was the first time they had been able to do so

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since Franco came to part in the 30s.

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One and half million Catalans came into the streets of Barcelona

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to assert their wish for autonomy

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It was hardly an extremist minority.

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Most Catalans feel deeply their right to some form of self-government

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And they have expressed this feeling

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many times in their past

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In 1931, Cataluña declared itself an independent republic.

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It set up its own government - the Generalitat

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and the statute for autonomy was drawn up.

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The new republican government in Madrid

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approved the statute the following year.

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Under its President Macià,

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Cataluña was officially autonomous.

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It was not to last long.

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The civil war.

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Barcelona was one of the last strongholds of resistance to Franco.

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But in January 1939, it too fell to the nationalists.

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The siege of Barcelona was effectively the end of the civil war.

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Thousands of Catalans fled to France.

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In the months that followed, many Catalans, including the Prime Minister, were shot.

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Under Franco, there followed a rigorous and systematic repression

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of everything that was Catalan.

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It was not the first time a Spanish ruler

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had come into conflict with Cataluña

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In 1640, Cataluña declared itself a republic under French protection

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It took the Spanish King 19 years to force Cataluña into submission

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In the 18th century, Cataluña again resisted the Spanish

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siding with Spain's enemy the Hapsburgs,

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in return for their support of Catalan Autonomy.

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40,000 French and Castilian troops laid siege to Barcelona for 13 months

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before it gave in.

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In the 19th century, Catalan uprisings against the central powers of Spain

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were sparked off a number of times.

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In 1842, Barcelona took up arms against the dictatorial regent General Espartero

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who retaliated from the heights of the fortress of Montjuïc, bombarding the city into submission.

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And in 1868, Catalans rebelled against the monarchy

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burning portraits of Queen Isabella II.

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If Cataluña was not always the only region to rebel

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it does have a long standing tradition of resistance to the central powers of Spain

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Senator Josep Benet, a historian and leading Catalan politician explains why:

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Well, there are some very obvious reasons...

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is that Catalonia is a people with a language,

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with a historical tradition, with a different culture,

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totally different from the peoples [br]that occupies the centre of the peninsula

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and that control the politics of the Spanish state.

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They are two different peoples.

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In what ways was Catalonia defined as a nation?

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Right. According to French historian, the eminent historian French, Pierre Vilar,

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Catalonia is one of the earliest medieval peoples to display aspects of the modern 'nation-state'.

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It was a... a people with strong national feeling.

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that early In the Middle Ages adopted structures very close to what would become the modern state.

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Cataluña, one of the earliest forerunners of the nation-state in Europe

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with its own particular language, culture and history.

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The closeness of Cataluña to the rest of Europe

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has been largely responsible for these differences.

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In the 8th century, the Muslims dominated most of Spain and part of France.

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But their influence on the language and culture of Cataluña

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was less than almost anywhere else in the peninsula

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because they only stayed for 90 years.

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In 801, the Franks under Charlemagne, drove the Muslims back out of northern Spain

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For the next two centuries, Cataluña was part of the Frankish Kingdom.

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While the rest of Spain looked south to the Arab world, Cataluña looked north to Europe.

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It was now that the Catalan Language was born.

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Spoken on both sides of the Pyrennees

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It was closer to the Latin dialects of southern France than to those of the peninsula.

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With the decline of the Frankish empire, at the end of the 10th century,

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Cataluña became independent.

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But it never lost its close ties with Europe

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Cataluña shared in the European movement of Romanesque art in the 11th and 12th centuries

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And contributed a highly individual style of its own.

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Catalan Romanesque art was a rich and vital expression of Cataluña's emerging identity.

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Politically as well as culturally, Cataluña was developing its own identity

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From the time of its earliest independent rulers

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Cataluña began to evolve a sophisticated form of government

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based around the court in Barcelona.

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The King ruled by the consent of the court

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and was bound to observe all statutes and laws they had agreed.

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He was one of the earliest forerunners of the constitutional monarch.

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With the creation of the Generalitat

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this system was formalised.

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The Generalitat was the earliest Catalan parliament

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and its function was to approve or disapprove of measures proposed by the King.

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The whole feudal system in Cataluña was sophisticated

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and nothing else like existed in Spain.

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Becoming stronger and more stable,

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Cataluña began to assert itself abroad.

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Under James I of Cataluña

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in the 13th century, Mallorca then Valencia were conquered.

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And in the 14th century, Sicily and Sardinia.

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And later, Naples.

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Cataluña's power was not just military.

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It became the most important trading state in the Mediterranean,

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with Barcelona as its commercial centre and port.

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The Gothic Quarter of the city contains buildings which reflect its wealth at this time.

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In the Middle Ages,

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Barcelona was one of the finest and richest cities in Europe.

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But Cataluña's strength and prosperity were not to last.

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In the 15th century, its population was decimated by a plague.

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And it lost its military and commercial power

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in the Mediterranean to the Turks.

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Under Ferdinand and Isabella,

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Castille became the most important power in the world

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because of its discovery of America.

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But despite Castille's dominance in Spain from then on,

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it never properly assimilated Cataluña.

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Why not?

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With the discovery of the Americas,

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the discoveries in the Americas

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became the property of the Crown of Castille, excluding Catalonia.

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The Crown of Castile was

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formed by a number of states, including naturally, Catalonia

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and Castille reserved for itself

0:09:17.817,0:09:22.378
the exclusive control over trade with the Americas.

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This meant that, during the following centuries,

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Catalans could not move to the Americas, people could not go to America

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like so many people from other Spanish territories moved to America.

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Moreover, Catalonia, had lost practically all the Mediterranean trade

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largely due to the dominance of the Turks.

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It was a people that found it necessary to look inward.

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And thus, it had to find ways of life that worked internally.

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There are strong historical grounds for the Catalans' claim to some form of autonomy.

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And this feeling is not restricted to any political party or social class.

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Catalans have a sense of solidarity as a people

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with characteristics that make them different from other Spaniards.

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How do they see themselves?

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What is the Catalan character?

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Quiet, peaceful, hardworking.

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A Catalan is honest, friendly, pleasant,

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hardworking, direct.

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Traditionally, our character was maybe ... a bit closed

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with, uh,

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a strong spirit for commerce and above all, progressive

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say, more like Europe

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than to the rest of the Iberian Peninsula.

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Are you a Catalanist?

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Yes, sir.

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Are you a Catalanist?

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No. Not at all!

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Are you a Catalanist?

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Well, yes, sir.

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Why?

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Well, I'm... I do not know, I can not say... I feel[br]Catalan...

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and I like ... my language.

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Eh ... well, I'm a Catalanist

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I feel Catalan. I think that Catalonia is a nation,

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that it must be respected as such

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and, after so many years of having been[br]suppressed,

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it has the right and the duty to become and be treated as a nation.

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Are you a Catalanist?

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Well, yes.

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Why?

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Because that's how I feel.

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I believe in the future of ... Catalonia.

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I believe in the history that we've gone through.

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Eh... I have become aware of the myriad of injustices that we have suffered

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and ... I believe in the resurgence of the country.

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A sense of past history is important to Catalanist feelings,

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but the most important thing is the sharing of a common language.

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70% of population speak Catalan,

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and for 50%, it is their first language.

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Under Franco, people were fined on the spot for speaking it in public.

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Today, it is the language of the street once more

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both spoken and written.

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We want green spaces!

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Save the wetlands.

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No, I'm all set.

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OK, if it doesn't come out well, or whatever, you can bring it back. No questions asked.

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- I can exchange it?[br]- Yes, yes, yes, yes.

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The use of Catalan is not confined [br]to any social class or any situation.

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[Catalan-speaking merchant] Forty, and the pears make 130.

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[Customer] 130. Are you sure you added right?[br][Merchant] 130 in total, yes, ma'am.

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[Customer] I don't want the cauliflower.[br][Merchant] OK, OK.

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[Customer] It's too big. [br][Merchant] I see, too big, no problem.

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Catalan is the language of the local market.

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And of the expensive shop.

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[Catalan-speaking Customer] Will they fit? [br][Catalan-speaking merchant] Yes, yes, perfectly.

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And you can use an extension rod if you need to.

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[Customer] Excellent, does that seem good to you? [br][Customer's friend] I think so, I like it.

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[Customer] How much will it be, more or less?

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[Merchant] Around 35,700 pesetas, or so.

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Catalan is the now the official language for regional matters are concerned,

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in government administration

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and in the state-run radio and television system.

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[In Catalan] Good afternoon, Ladies and Gentlemen, [br]undoubtedly, the most important news of the day

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is the meeting held up until a few moments ago [br]In the Hall of the Hundred in the City Hall

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with the members of the Assembly of Catalan parliamentarians.

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There was also a meeting today by the executive council of the Generalitat [Catalan Government]

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[Catalan-speaking technician] Camera one, camera two. Bachs. Camera two on Bachs.

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[Catalan speaker] We can also point out the important changes to the business organization chart

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[Spanish speaking technician] We're shifting to Bachs?

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With the revival of the Catalan language

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has come a resurgence of Catalan culture.

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But memories of repression linger on for painters like Tàpies

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and Guinovart.

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Today, many of Spain's most important artists are Catalan

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The great Catalan artist Joan Miró designed this record cover.

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Cataluña produces many of Spain's best popular musicians.

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Catalan theatre is the most active in Spain.

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Theatre companies provide popular as well as serious entertainment at the yearly Barcelona Festival.

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The liveliness of Catalan culture is a powerful factor

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in Catalans' feelings of solidarity and uniqueness.

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Cataluña has always been one of the most prosperous regions of Spain.

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And economic factors have considerably strengthened its desire for autonomy.

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In the 18th century Cataluña was the first part of Spain to become industrialized.

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And this in itself created tensions with the government in Madrid.

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[Historian Benet; Spanish] This industrialization provoked a further differenciation

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between the Catalan people and the Castillian people

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which was now the dominant power in the state.

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In Catalonia it wasn't just that a different language was spoken

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or that there was a different culture

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but also that what we call an industrial society was formed there.

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In Catalonia, an industrial bourgeosie appeared, and in Catalonia, there was also a working class

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with all of the new problems that were yet unknown in the rest of the Spanish state.

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They were not known in the center.

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And this differentiated them, made one people so different from the others.

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The differences became even more pronounced with industrialization.

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The new industrial working class felt that the Spanish government was so remote

0:16:45.119,0:16:47.532
it could never understand their problems.

0:16:47.532,0:16:51.970
The workers reacted by rejecting the whole political system.

0:16:51.970,0:16:55.929
The left-wing movement that was born had strong anarchist tendencies.

0:16:55.929,0:17:01.210
And this radical tradition was an important factor in Cataluña's hostility to central power

0:17:01.210,0:17:03.972
during the next hundred years.

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But the government was not any more aware of the interests of the new middle class.

0:17:08.690,0:17:12.731
[historian Benet, in Spanish] This provoked a series of very important problems in the Spanish state—

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problems, that can be understood if we take into account

0:17:15.868,0:17:19.286
that Catalonia was the only country in Europe

0:17:19.286,0:17:24.702
that underwent the industrial revolution, but whose bourgeousie

0:17:24.702,0:17:27.049
that was born of the industrial revolution,

0:17:27.049,0:17:31.731
this industrial bourgeousie was the only one in all of Europe that never came to power.

0:17:31.731,0:17:37.246
Instead it was marginalised, and continues to be marginalised from power.

0:17:37.992,0:17:42.906
So the industrialists disliked the central government just as much as their workers did.

0:17:42.911,0:17:44.896
They supported and encouraged the autonomy movement

0:17:44.896,0:17:49.431
even if mostly for reasons of economic self-interest.

0:17:52.251,0:17:56.808
Most industrialists in Cataluña today still support some form of autonomy.

0:17:56.808,0:18:01.286
Corberó is a large manufacturer of domestic electrical appliances.

0:18:01.286,0:18:04.257
Its vice president is a strong supporter of autonomy.

0:18:04.257,0:18:07.264
In what ways does Pedro Corberó think

0:18:07.264,0:18:10.895
Cataluña has suffered under a centralised regime?

0:18:11.943,0:18:17.855
[P.Corberó, in Spanish] I think that it has suffered in two ways:

0:18:17.855,0:18:22.505
economically and politically.

0:18:23.675,0:18:30.538
Economically, the Catalan country has been very conditioned

0:18:30.538,0:18:34.172
by the economic power of the Spanish state.

0:18:34.849,0:18:39.497
Because here in Catalonia, those institutions weren't there and there wasn't this mentality

0:18:39.497,0:18:47.058
of... or the strong base of powerful financial firms who could give this support.

0:18:47.058,0:18:52.817
In the political field, it's because all of the pertinent decisions

0:18:52.817,0:18:57.176
that is pertinent to the business world, and specifically to the Catalan business world.

0:18:57.176,0:19:02.338
were made, and are made, in Madrid, without Catalan participation.

0:19:03.940,0:19:06.460
The Catalan industrialist wants autonomy

0:19:06.460,0:19:08.702
partly because it makes for more efficient business,

0:19:08.702,0:19:13.860
and partly because he wants Cataluña to benefit more directly from its own profits.

0:19:15.167,0:19:23.777
[P.Corberó, in Spanish] Principally, the benefits would be related to a whole gamut of services

0:19:23.777,0:19:28.984
not specfically tied to a given company.

0:19:28.984,0:19:31.176
That's it, principally.

0:19:31.176,0:19:38.297
Undoubtedly, in the Catalan country we're worried because we know that only a third of

0:19:38.297,0:19:42.615
of what Catalonia gives to the Spanish state comes back to Catalonia.

0:19:42.615,0:19:49.917
This is what makes us worry because we really already have the results of a lack of a whole series

0:19:49.917,0:19:56.173
of services, and that's what keeps us from properly structuring the country.

0:19:57.576,0:20:01.392
If the Catalan industrialist has always supported autonomy,

0:20:01.392,0:20:03.695
today's workers feel differently.

0:20:03.695,0:20:05.301
Most of them are non-Catalan.

0:20:05.301,0:20:07.980
In Corberó's factory as many as 80%.

0:20:07.980,0:20:12.502
They come to Cataluña from poorer parts of Spain for a job and better pay.

0:20:12.502,0:20:14.781
These workers are outsiders in a community

0:20:14.781,0:20:18.139
which is in the process of asserting its differences from others.

0:20:18.139,0:20:23.437
Integration is a problem[br]which autonomy can only make more difficult.

0:20:24.658,0:20:29.939
In the industrial zone around Barcelona, the communities are largely non-Catalan.

0:20:29.939,0:20:33.820
The "Barrio Seat" is where the workers of the SEAT car factory live

0:20:33.820,0:20:36.217
in housing provided by the company.

0:20:36.217,0:20:43.053
It's a very closed community with its own shops, bars, social facilities and its own school.

0:20:45.258,0:20:50.018
85% of the SEAT workers come from other parts of Spain, mostly the south.

0:20:50.018,0:20:52.703
And few of them speak any Catalan.

0:20:52.703,0:20:54.696
They are known as immigrants

0:20:54.696,0:20:59.815
and the problems of integration for them are considerable.

0:20:59.815,0:21:02.936
The Catalan headmistress of a local school came to work in this district

0:21:02.936,0:21:05.937
because she was concerned about these problems.

0:21:05.937,0:21:07.696
Maria Teresa Codina:

0:21:07.696,0:21:12.378
[Spanish] I believe that language is the most visible problem and the one that's most obvious.

0:21:12.378,0:21:21.698
But the underlying problems are of adaptation, social problems above all.

0:21:21.698,0:21:27.018
It's the problem of subsistence, to figuring out how they're going to earn a living

0:21:27.018,0:21:35.843
how to get along with others, and how to get to, get access to, and rise to better situations.

0:21:35.843,0:21:41.016
The predominance of non-Catalan workers in the factories, creates a kind of class distinction.

0:21:41.016,0:21:43.137
Spanish is the language of the shop floor

0:21:43.137,0:21:46.097
Catalan the language of the boardroom.

0:21:46.097,0:21:48.458
But the managers are aware of how divisive this is,

0:21:48.458,0:21:52.296
and insist on Spanish as the official language of the factory.

0:21:52.296,0:21:56.332
But it's still a powerful barrier between worker and employer.

0:21:56.332,0:21:58.258
[Catalan teacher speaks] Louder, I can't hear you.

0:21:58.258,0:22:00.058
[Child, in Spanish] No [br][Teacher, in Catalan] No, what?

0:22:00.058,0:22:01.515
[Child in Spanish] that you don't sit down[br](NB: sentar-se in Catalan means to hear, sentarse in Spanish means to sit down)

0:22:01.515,0:22:06.224
[Teacher] No, man, I don't sit down. What time do you get up?

0:22:06.224,0:22:11.665
So learning the language is an important first step in integration.

0:22:11.665,0:22:16.217
The teaching of Catalan in all schools began in 1978.

0:22:16.217,0:22:21.697
It should make integration for second generation immigrants much easier than for their parents.

0:22:21.697,0:22:23.779
As Señora Codina explains:

0:22:23.779,0:22:29.019
[Spanish] The immigrant thinks, one, that they're changing by accepting a culture, and taking on that culture,

0:22:29.019,0:22:34.099
that they're acquiring the culture of the community that has received them, that is, Catalonia.

0:22:34.099,0:22:39.258
But then, what happens is that they stop building on their own culture.

0:22:39.258,0:22:43.700
They leave behind the traditions that they had, that belonged to them, that gave them security.

0:22:43.700,0:22:49.864
which gave them their identity, and very often they ended up not having one thing or the other.

0:22:51.447,0:22:56.898
The assertion of Catalan autonomy may have aggravated problems of integration.

0:22:56.898,0:23:00.661
But then the association of different regions into one Spanish nation

0:23:00.661,0:23:02.580
has always been a problem.

0:23:02.580,0:23:06.499
In the past, the answer has frequently been dictatorship.

0:23:06.499,0:23:09.778
Now other solutions are possible.

0:23:09.778,0:23:13.938
[Benet, in Spanish] We believe that Spain, a Spanish state, with a federalist structure

0:23:13.938,0:23:22.175
would be the best way to resolve the problems between the different peoples that make up the Spanish state.

0:23:22.175,0:23:26.780
A federation that we can imagine open even to Portugal

0:23:26.780,0:23:30.482
so that all the peoples on the peninsula would be included.

0:23:30.482,0:23:34.736
And that we also see this as a step towards a united Europe

0:23:34.736,0:23:37.232
that we would like to see happen one day.

0:23:37.232,0:23:41.232
A Europe that would be an authentic federation of peoples.

0:23:41.232,0:23:47.499
Now, however, we are realistic, and for the moment, for a series of reasons,

0:23:47.499,0:23:52.148
this federal state is not yet possible in Spain.

0:23:52.148,0:23:58.018
And for that reason, we accept this State structured with “autonomies” that

0:23:58.018,0:24:02.178
is how the current Spanish situation can be defined.

0:24:02.178,0:24:07.741
A single unitary state, but that is compatible with the autonomy of all of the peoples

0:24:07.741,0:24:10.178
that make up the Spanish state.

0:24:10.178,0:24:19.695
[Voices, in Catalan] We want, yes, yes, freedom, amnesty, we want, yes, yes

0:24:19.695,0:24:22.102
freedom, amnesty, we want, yes, yes

0:24:22.102,0:24:26.102
[Catalan National Anthem, "Els Segadors"]

0:24:29.587,0:24:33.088
These subtitles were transcribed, timed and translated not by Google's bots

0:24:33.088,0:24:37.169
but by interested human volunteers, like you,

0:24:37.169,0:24:41.923
using the online collaboration tools at[br]www.amara.org