WEBVTT

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Wow! That was great!

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My name is Audrey 
and I'm a neuroscientist at Caltech.

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And I want to tell you
about what I work on here at Caltech.

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So, what I work on in my lab

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is, we actually study sleep.

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Let me ask you a question:

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If you want to study the brain,

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do you want to look at it

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where it's kind of enclosed

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in a skull you can't see through?

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Or do you want to see it 
in a transparent box?

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I think it's a transparent box!

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So, one thing that's really good

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is that we actually have this 
already in nature.

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We have a brain in a glass box.

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We have something where we can see

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straight through an organism
and see their brain.

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What we can do 
is zoom in on their brain

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and look at these neurons.

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What I'm showing you here 
are neurons,

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and each one of them
is a different color.

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They're neurons in Technicolor.

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These neurons are hypocretin neurons.

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Does anyone know anybody with narcolepsy?

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Have you guys heard of narcolepsy?

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Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder

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where you're always kind of sleepy,

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and when you get stimuli that excite you,

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or something that is,
I guess, your brain food,

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instead of being excited,

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which is kind of the normal thing to do,

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you actually fall asleep.

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These neurons I'm showing you here

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are the neurons
that are involved in that.

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So, when we have all these neurons 
in different colors in the brain,

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the important thing is:

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How do they connect with one another?

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You have all these tracks--

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how many of you guys here 
have taken public transportation?

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When you have public transportation,

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what's important is 
where those points of contact are,

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and where all those 
different tracks lead.

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And so, similar to that,

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we are constructing a system map.

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One of the ways 
we want to do this,

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is to take cues from how
we interact with other humans.

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When we have another human,

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one thing that we do
is give a handshake.

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So what professor Cori Bargmann did

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is that she designed a way
to do a molecular grasp.

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So for example, I'm neuron Audrey,

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this is neuron Ella,

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and we each have a glove
that's not lighting up.

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But when we make contact,

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we actually have our gloves lighting up.

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And when we are further away,

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the lights go off.

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So, this is a way to figure out

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how those neurons
are connecting to one other,

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and we can actually see...

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(Audience laughs at off-camera event)

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[Cori and her friends
Molecular Grasp]

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...we see when the neurons
are talking to each other,

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when they're close enough
to one other,

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and when they're further apart 
from each other.

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I want to talk about
my motivation to study science.

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I want to study science

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because I like to test ideas
and observe what happens.

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What we want to do is make sure 
we're making a fair comparison.

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When we have an apple,
we want to compare it to an apple.

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When you make a comparison,
you want to make sure

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you're comparing
an orange to an orange.

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So in controlled conditions,
we have lots of different controls.

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We have positive controls 
and negative controls;

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you have positive controls
to make sure

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when you're actually testing something,
you can see an effect.

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You have negative controls
to make sure you don't have auto-activation,

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so that when you don't have introduction

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of the experimental condition
or stimuli you're testing,

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it's not going to just go off.

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And then you have
your experimental condition.

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And when you design
an experiment,

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you have lots of positive controls,

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you have lots of negative controls,

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and you have your experimental condition.

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One trend that we're seeing 
in neuroscience

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is that we can observe
and test our idea.

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And what we scientists are,

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is we're kind of like little ninjas,

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just quietly looking at the brain.

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And that's what
Alex and his friends have done.

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What they do is take these brains
that are in glass boxes,

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and the brains are
swimming, or sleeping,

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or doing whatever they want,

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and the team, meanwhile,
captures the neural activity.

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The way they do this

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is that they've
genetically engineered

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each of these neurons
to give off a photon of light,

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and the more active
these brains are,

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the more photons come out,

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so you see a greater luminescence.

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And so, while these fish
are doing their regular business,

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while these brains in glass boxes
are doing their regular business,

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and we can observe the neural activity.

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Let's say we want to take this
a little bit further,

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to the entire human population.

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What if we look at
the entire human population,

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in your native environment,

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and let's say we take away
those positive and negative controls

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and just have experimental conditions?

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What if we have something 
like a wiki log,

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a wiki lab notebook,

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where everyone contributes their ideas,

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and as people are contributing,
everyone writes over one another,

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kind of like Wikipedia.
Who would have thought

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that WIkipedia would have
taken off the way it did,

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with all its success?
But it did.

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And what if we could
apply it to science?

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It's slightly different than
how we think about things now.

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We have these apples and oranges,

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and usually we can't compare
them to one another.

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But now we have 
all these different conditions,

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and things like maybe weird fruits,

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like dragon fruit,

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and we want to compare those.

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So, I want to give you a challenge:

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to be the ones,
to be the mathematicians

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and the statisticians to design


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these types of algorithms;

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and to decide whether or not

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we can extrapolate trends

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and figure out the observations
without all those controls.

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So, change the way we do science.
Go change the world.

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Thanks!

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(Applause)