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Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.48,0:00:10.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Wow! That was great!
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.94,0:00:13.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My name is Audrey \Nand I'm a neuroscientist at Caltech.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.90,0:00:17.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I want to tell you\Nabout what I work on here at Caltech.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.75,0:00:19.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, what I work on in my lab
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.76,0:00:21.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is, we actually study sleep.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.50,0:00:22.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me ask you a question:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.76,0:00:24.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you want to study the brain,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.50,0:00:25.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,do you want to look at it
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.84,0:00:28.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where it's kind of enclosed
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.32,0:00:30.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a skull you can't see through?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.03,0:00:33.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or do you want to see it \Nin a transparent box?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.02,0:00:34.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think it's a transparent box!
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.77,0:00:37.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, one thing that's really good
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.24,0:00:40.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that we actually have this \Nalready in nature.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.76,0:00:42.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have a brain in a glass box.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.76,0:00:44.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have something where we can see
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.41,0:00:48.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,straight through an organism\Nand see their brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.01,0:00:50.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we can do \Nis zoom in on their brain
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.29,0:00:51.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and look at these neurons.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.72,0:00:53.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What I'm showing you here \Nare neurons,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.99,0:00:56.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and each one of them\Nis a different color.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.51,0:00:58.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're neurons in Technicolor.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.100,0:01:02.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These neurons are hypocretin neurons.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.50,0:01:04.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Does anyone know anybody with narcolepsy?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.84,0:01:07.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Have you guys heard of narcolepsy?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.50,0:01:09.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.50,0:01:12.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where you're always kind of sleepy,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.65,0:01:14.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when you get stimuli that excite you,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.100,0:01:17.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or something that is,\NI guess, your brain food,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.76,0:01:19.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,instead of being excited,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.46,0:01:21.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is kind of the normal thing to do,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.55,0:01:23.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you actually fall asleep.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.48,0:01:25.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These neurons I'm showing you here
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.53,0:01:28.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are the neurons\Nthat are involved in that.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.50,0:01:32.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, when we have all these neurons \Nin different colors in the brain,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.61,0:01:33.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the important thing is:
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.97,0:01:35.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How do they connect with one another?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.80,0:01:37.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have all these tracks--
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.66,0:01:41.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how many of you guys here \Nhave taken public transportation?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.75,0:01:44.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you have public transportation,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.89,0:01:47.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what's important is \Nwhere those points of contact are,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.64,0:01:49.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and where all those \Ndifferent tracks lead.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.94,0:01:51.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so, similar to that,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.48,0:01:53.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we are constructing a system map.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.74,0:01:55.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the ways \Nwe want to do this,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.74,0:01:59.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to take cues from how\Nwe interact with other humans.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.50,0:02:01.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When we have another human,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.01,0:02:03.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one thing that we do\Nis give a handshake.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.52,0:02:06.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what professor Cori Bargmann did
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.02,0:02:09.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that she designed a way\Nto do a molecular grasp.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.68,0:02:11.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So for example, I'm neuron Audrey,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.61,0:02:13.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is neuron Ella,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.36,0:02:17.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we each have a glove\Nthat's not lighting up.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.51,0:02:19.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But when we make contact,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.50,0:02:23.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we actually have our gloves lighting up.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.26,0:02:25.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when we are further away,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.04,0:02:27.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the lights go off.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.51,0:02:29.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, this is a way to figure out
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.52,0:02:31.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how those neurons\Nare connecting to one other,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.76,0:02:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we can actually see...
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.00,0:02:35.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Audience laughs at off-camera event)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.28,0:02:37.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Cori and her friends\NMolecular Grasp]
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.25,0:02:39.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,...we see when the neurons\Nare talking to each other,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.99,0:02:41.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when they're close enough\Nto one other,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.88,0:02:44.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when they're further apart \Nfrom each other.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.23,0:02:47.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want to talk about\Nmy motivation to study science.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.91,0:02:49.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want to study science
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.37,0:02:52.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because I like to test ideas\Nand observe what happens.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.49,0:02:57.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we want to do is make sure \Nwe're making a fair comparison.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.30,0:03:01.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When we have an apple,\Nwe want to compare it to an apple.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.53,0:03:03.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you make a comparison,\Nyou want to make sure
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.92,0:03:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're comparing\Nan orange to an orange.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.00,0:03:10.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in controlled conditions,\Nwe have lots of different controls.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.43,0:03:12.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have positive controls \Nand negative controls;
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.78,0:03:14.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you have positive controls\Nto make sure
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.77,0:03:18.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when you're actually testing something,\Nyou can see an effect.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.03,0:03:21.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have negative controls\Nto make sure you don't have auto-activation,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.50,0:03:23.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that when you don't have introduction
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.83,0:03:27.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the experimental condition\Nor stimuli you're testing,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.18,0:03:29.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's not going to just go off.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.25,0:03:32.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then you have\Nyour experimental condition.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.26,0:03:35.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when you design\Nan experiment,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.50,0:03:37.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you have lots of positive controls,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.52,0:03:39.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you have lots of negative controls,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.64,0:03:42.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you have your experimental condition.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.23,0:03:44.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One trend that we're seeing \Nin neuroscience
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.76,0:03:49.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that we can observe\Nand test our idea.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.50,0:03:50.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what we scientists are,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.98,0:03:53.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is we're kind of like little ninjas,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.100,0:03:57.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just quietly looking at the brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.50,0:04:00.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's what\NAlex and his friends have done.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.26,0:04:03.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What they do is take these brains\Nthat are in glass boxes,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.74,0:04:05.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the brains are\Nswimming, or sleeping,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.78,0:04:07.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or doing whatever they want,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.42,0:04:10.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the team, meanwhile,\Ncaptures the neural activity.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.09,0:04:11.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The way they do this
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.44,0:04:13.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that they've\Ngenetically engineered
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.49,0:04:17.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,each of these neurons\Nto give off a photon of light,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.52,0:04:19.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the more active\Nthese brains are,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.48,0:04:22.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the more photons come out,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.01,0:04:24.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so you see a greater luminescence.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.81,0:04:28.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so, while these fish\Nare doing their regular business,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.25,0:04:31.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while these brains in glass boxes\Nare doing their regular business,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.79,0:04:35.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we can observe the neural activity.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.79,0:04:38.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's say we want to take this\Na little bit further,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.52,0:04:41.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the entire human population.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.28,0:04:45.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What if we look at\Nthe entire human population,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.76,0:04:47.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in your native environment,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.52,0:04:51.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and let's say we take away\Nthose positive and negative controls
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.76,0:04:54.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and just have experimental conditions?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.54,0:04:57.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What if we have something \Nlike a wiki log,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.33,0:04:59.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a wiki lab notebook,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.13,0:05:02.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where everyone contributes their ideas,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.15,0:05:06.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and as people are contributing,\Neveryone writes over one another,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.31,0:05:08.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,kind of like Wikipedia.\NWho would have thought
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.51,0:05:10.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that WIkipedia would have\Ntaken off the way it did,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.96,0:05:13.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with all its success?\NBut it did.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.90,0:05:16.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what if we could\Napply it to science?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.01,0:05:18.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's slightly different than\Nhow we think about things now.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.85,0:05:21.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have these apples and oranges,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.03,0:05:23.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and usually we can't compare\Nthem to one another.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.76,0:05:26.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But now we have \Nall these different conditions,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.06,0:05:28.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and things like maybe weird fruits,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.01,0:05:29.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like dragon fruit,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.99,0:05:31.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we want to compare those.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.100,0:05:34.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, I want to give you a challenge:
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.25,0:05:36.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be the ones,\Nto be the mathematicians
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.89,0:05:39.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the statisticians to design\N
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.08,0:05:40.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these types of algorithms;
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.73,0:05:42.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to decide whether or not
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.52,0:05:43.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can extrapolate trends
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.78,0:05:47.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and figure out the observations\Nwithout all those controls.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.62,0:05:50.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, change the way we do science.\NGo change the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.15,0:05:51.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thanks!
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.44,0:05:54.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)