WEBVTT 00:00:00.480 --> 00:00:04.336 The narrative of a rising Africa is being challenged. NOTE Paragraph 00:00:04.360 --> 00:00:08.816 About 10 years ago, I spoke about an Africa, 00:00:08.840 --> 00:00:11.536 an Africa of hope and opportunity, 00:00:11.560 --> 00:00:13.496 an Africa of entrepreneurs, 00:00:13.520 --> 00:00:16.976 an Africa very different from the Africa that you normally hear about 00:00:17.000 --> 00:00:19.776 of death, poverty and disease. 00:00:19.800 --> 00:00:21.856 And that what I spoke about, 00:00:21.880 --> 00:00:27.336 became part of what is known now as the narrative of the rising Africa. NOTE Paragraph 00:00:27.360 --> 00:00:30.696 I want to tell you two stories about this rising Africa. 00:00:30.720 --> 00:00:32.496 The first has to do with Rwanda, 00:00:32.520 --> 00:00:35.936 a country that has gone through many trials and tribulations. 00:00:35.960 --> 00:00:40.456 And Rwanda has decided to become the technology hub, or a technology hub 00:00:40.480 --> 00:00:41.816 on the continent. 00:00:41.840 --> 00:00:44.856 It's a country with mountainous and hilly terrain, 00:00:44.880 --> 00:00:46.096 a little bit like here, 00:00:46.120 --> 00:00:49.296 so it's very difficult to deliver services to people. 00:00:49.320 --> 00:00:51.016 So what has Rwanda said? 00:00:51.040 --> 00:00:54.696 In order to save lives, it's going to try using drones 00:00:54.720 --> 00:00:57.936 to deliver lifesaving drugs, vaccines and blood 00:00:57.960 --> 00:00:59.976 to people in hard-to-reach places 00:01:00.000 --> 00:01:02.496 in partnership with a company called Zipline, 00:01:02.520 --> 00:01:07.056 with UPS, and also with the Gavi, a global vaccine alliance. 00:01:07.080 --> 00:01:09.456 In doing this, it will save lives. 00:01:09.480 --> 00:01:14.776 This is part of the type of innovation we want to see in the rising Africa. NOTE Paragraph 00:01:14.800 --> 00:01:17.336 The second story has to do with something 00:01:17.360 --> 00:01:20.376 that I'm sure most of you have seen or will remember. 00:01:20.400 --> 00:01:24.296 Very often, countries in Africa suffer drought and floods, 00:01:24.320 --> 00:01:28.016 and it's getting more frequent because of climate change effects. 00:01:28.040 --> 00:01:33.736 When this happens, they normally wait for international appeals to raise money. 00:01:33.760 --> 00:01:37.136 You see pictures of children with flies on their faces, 00:01:37.160 --> 00:01:39.656 carcasses of dead animals and so on. 00:01:39.680 --> 00:01:42.696 Now these countries, 32 countries, came together 00:01:42.720 --> 00:01:45.176 under the auspices of the African Union 00:01:45.200 --> 00:01:50.216 and decided to form an organization called the African Risk Capacity. 00:01:50.240 --> 00:01:51.456 What does it do? 00:01:51.480 --> 00:01:53.576 It's a weather-based insurance agency, 00:01:53.600 --> 00:01:57.976 and what these countries do is to pay insurance each year, 00:01:58.000 --> 00:02:00.936 about 3 million dollars a year of their own resources, 00:02:00.960 --> 00:02:05.776 so that in the event they have a difficult drought situation or flood, 00:02:05.800 --> 00:02:08.416 this money will be paid out to them, 00:02:08.440 --> 00:02:11.176 which they can then use to take care of their populations, 00:02:11.200 --> 00:02:13.976 instead of waiting for aid to come. 00:02:14.000 --> 00:02:18.216 The African Risk Capacity last year paid 26 million dollars 00:02:18.240 --> 00:02:20.736 to Mauritania, Senegal and Niger. 00:02:20.760 --> 00:02:26.216 This enabled them to take care of 1.3 million people affected by drought. 00:02:26.240 --> 00:02:28.576 They were able to restore livelihoods, 00:02:28.600 --> 00:02:31.296 buy fodder for cattle, feed children in school 00:02:31.320 --> 00:02:37.096 and in short keep the populations home instead of migrating out of the area. NOTE Paragraph 00:02:37.120 --> 00:02:38.976 So these are the kinds of stories 00:02:39.000 --> 00:02:42.616 of an Africa ready to take responsibility for itself, 00:02:42.640 --> 00:02:45.816 and to look for solutions for its own problems. 00:02:45.840 --> 00:02:48.336 But that narrative is being challenged now 00:02:48.360 --> 00:02:53.176 because the continent has not been doing well in the last two years. 00:02:53.200 --> 00:02:56.136 It had been growing at five percent per annum 00:02:56.160 --> 00:02:58.096 for the last one and a half decades, 00:02:58.120 --> 00:03:00.896 but this year's forecast was three percent. Why? 00:03:00.920 --> 00:03:05.096 In an uncertain global environment, commodity prices have fallen. 00:03:05.120 --> 00:03:08.296 Many of the economies are still commodity driven, 00:03:08.320 --> 00:03:10.880 and therefore their performance has slipped. 00:03:11.480 --> 00:03:15.456 And now the issue of Brexit doesn't make it any easier. 00:03:15.480 --> 00:03:19.096 I never knew that the Brexit could happen 00:03:19.120 --> 00:03:23.256 and that it could be one of the things that would cause global uncertainty 00:03:23.280 --> 00:03:24.576 such as we have. NOTE Paragraph 00:03:24.600 --> 00:03:26.776 So now we've got this situation, 00:03:26.800 --> 00:03:29.656 and I think it's time to take stock 00:03:29.680 --> 00:03:34.536 and to say what were the things that the African countries did right? 00:03:34.560 --> 00:03:36.200 What did they do wrong? 00:03:36.840 --> 00:03:39.296 How do we build on all of this and learn lessons 00:03:39.320 --> 00:03:42.120 so that we can keep Africa rising? NOTE Paragraph 00:03:42.720 --> 00:03:46.080 So let me talk about six things that I think we did right. 00:03:46.720 --> 00:03:50.016 The first is managing our economies better. 00:03:50.040 --> 00:03:54.296 The '80s and '90s were the lost decades, when Africa was not doing well, 00:03:54.320 --> 00:03:57.936 and some of you will remember an "Economist" cover 00:03:57.960 --> 00:03:59.976 that said, "The Lost Continent." 00:04:00.000 --> 00:04:04.096 But in the 2000s, policymakers learned 00:04:04.120 --> 00:04:08.376 that they needed to manage the macroeconomic environment better, 00:04:08.400 --> 00:04:09.936 to ensure stability, 00:04:09.960 --> 00:04:12.576 keep inflation low in single digits, 00:04:12.600 --> 00:04:18.176 keep their fiscal deficits low, below three percent of GDP, 00:04:18.200 --> 00:04:22.096 give investors, both domestic and foreign, 00:04:22.120 --> 00:04:25.936 some stability so they'll have confidence to invest in these economies. 00:04:25.960 --> 00:04:27.456 So that was number one. NOTE Paragraph 00:04:27.480 --> 00:04:28.816 Two, debt. 00:04:28.840 --> 00:04:34.536 In 1994, the debt-to-GDP ratio of African countries was 130 percent, 00:04:34.560 --> 00:04:36.816 and they didn't have fiscal space. 00:04:36.840 --> 00:04:39.856 They couldn't use their resources to invest in their development 00:04:39.880 --> 00:04:41.336 because they were paying debt. 00:04:41.360 --> 00:04:46.096 There may be some of you in this room who worked to support African countries 00:04:46.120 --> 00:04:47.416 to get debt relief. 00:04:47.440 --> 00:04:51.896 So private creditors, multilaterals and bilaterals came together 00:04:51.920 --> 00:04:55.536 and decided to do the Highly Indebted Poor Countries Initiative 00:04:55.560 --> 00:04:56.816 and give debt relief. 00:04:56.840 --> 00:04:58.936 So this debt relief in 2005 00:04:58.960 --> 00:05:02.896 made the debt-to-GDP ratio fall down to about 30 percent, 00:05:02.920 --> 00:05:06.816 and there was enough resources to try and reinvest. NOTE Paragraph 00:05:06.840 --> 00:05:09.296 The third thing was loss-making enterprises. 00:05:09.320 --> 00:05:11.376 Governments were involved in business 00:05:11.400 --> 00:05:13.656 which they had no business being in. 00:05:13.680 --> 00:05:16.776 And they were running businesses, they were making losses. 00:05:16.800 --> 00:05:19.536 So some of these enterprises were restructured, 00:05:19.560 --> 00:05:21.976 commercialized, privatized or closed, 00:05:22.000 --> 00:05:25.200 and they became less of a burden on government. NOTE Paragraph 00:05:26.080 --> 00:05:28.480 The fourth thing was a very interesting thing. 00:05:29.200 --> 00:05:31.496 The telecoms revolution came, 00:05:31.520 --> 00:05:34.096 and African countries jumped on it. 00:05:34.120 --> 00:05:36.736 In 2000, we had 11 million phone lines. 00:05:36.760 --> 00:05:42.096 Today, we have about 687 million mobile lines on the continent. 00:05:42.120 --> 00:05:43.936 And this has enabled us 00:05:43.960 --> 00:05:46.616 to go, move forward with some mobile technology 00:05:46.640 --> 00:05:49.256 where Africa is actually leading. 00:05:49.280 --> 00:05:51.816 In Kenya, the development of mobile money -- 00:05:51.840 --> 00:05:54.616 M-Pesa, which all of you have heard about -- 00:05:54.640 --> 00:05:58.096 it took some time for the world to notice that Africa was ahead 00:05:58.120 --> 00:05:59.656 in this particular technology. 00:05:59.680 --> 00:06:02.896 And this mobile money is also providing a platform 00:06:02.920 --> 00:06:05.376 for access to alternative energy. 00:06:05.400 --> 00:06:08.896 You know, people who can now pay for solar 00:06:08.920 --> 00:06:13.136 the same way they pay for cards for their telephone. 00:06:13.160 --> 00:06:17.680 So this was a very good development, something that went right. NOTE Paragraph 00:06:18.240 --> 00:06:22.736 We also invested more in education and health, not enough, 00:06:22.760 --> 00:06:24.416 but there were some improvements. 00:06:24.440 --> 00:06:29.960 250 million children were immunized in the last one and a half decades. NOTE Paragraph 00:06:30.520 --> 00:06:33.896 The other thing was that conflicts decreased. 00:06:33.920 --> 00:06:35.976 There were many conflicts on the continent. 00:06:36.000 --> 00:06:37.456 Many of you are aware of that. 00:06:37.480 --> 00:06:42.296 But they came down, and our leaders even managed to dampen some coups. 00:06:42.320 --> 00:06:46.376 New types of conflicts have emerged, and I'll refer to those later. NOTE Paragraph 00:06:46.400 --> 00:06:50.016 So based on all this, there's also some differentiation on the continent 00:06:50.040 --> 00:06:51.496 that I want you to know about, 00:06:51.520 --> 00:06:54.016 because even as the doom and gloom is here, 00:06:54.040 --> 00:06:58.016 there are some countries -- Côte d'Ivoire, Kenya, Ethiopia, 00:06:58.040 --> 00:07:02.320 Tanzania and Senegal are performing relatively well at the moment. NOTE Paragraph 00:07:03.120 --> 00:07:05.256 But what did we do wrong? 00:07:05.280 --> 00:07:06.656 Let me mention eight things. 00:07:06.680 --> 00:07:08.856 You have to have more things wrong than right. NOTE Paragraph 00:07:08.880 --> 00:07:10.336 (Laughter) NOTE Paragraph 00:07:10.360 --> 00:07:12.736 So there are eight things we did wrong. 00:07:12.760 --> 00:07:16.280 The first was that even though we grew, we didn't create enough jobs. 00:07:16.800 --> 00:07:18.696 We didn't create jobs for our youth. 00:07:18.720 --> 00:07:21.656 Youth unemployment on the continent is about 15 percent, 00:07:21.680 --> 00:07:24.720 and underemployment is a serious problem. NOTE Paragraph 00:07:25.400 --> 00:07:30.936 The second thing that we did is that the quality of growth was not good enough. 00:07:30.960 --> 00:07:34.496 Even those jobs we created were low-productivity jobs, 00:07:34.520 --> 00:07:38.016 so we moved people from low-productivity agriculture 00:07:38.040 --> 00:07:41.976 to low-productivity commerce and working in the informal sector 00:07:42.000 --> 00:07:43.720 in the urban areas. NOTE Paragraph 00:07:44.240 --> 00:07:48.040 The third thing is that inequality increased. 00:07:48.600 --> 00:07:53.576 So we created more billionaires. 00:07:53.600 --> 00:07:56.296 50 billionaires worth 96 billion dollars 00:07:56.320 --> 00:08:01.160 own more wealth than the bottom 75 million people on the continent. NOTE Paragraph 00:08:01.920 --> 00:08:03.496 Poverty, 00:08:03.520 --> 00:08:07.896 the proportion of people in poverty -- that's the fourth thing -- did decrease, 00:08:07.920 --> 00:08:12.016 but the absolute numbers did not because of population growth. 00:08:12.040 --> 00:08:14.616 And population growth is something 00:08:14.640 --> 00:08:18.056 that we don't have enough of a dialogue about on the continent. 00:08:18.080 --> 00:08:21.216 And I think we will need to get a handle on it, 00:08:21.240 --> 00:08:24.496 particularly how we educate girls. 00:08:24.520 --> 00:08:29.160 That is the road to really working on this particular issue. NOTE Paragraph 00:08:29.880 --> 00:08:36.696 The fifth thing is that we didn't invest enough in infrastructure. 00:08:36.720 --> 00:08:38.816 We had investment from the Chinese. 00:08:38.840 --> 00:08:42.056 That helped some countries, but it's not enough. 00:08:42.080 --> 00:08:45.416 The consumption of electricity in Africa on the continent 00:08:45.440 --> 00:08:49.016 in Sub-Saharan Africa is equivalent to Spain. 00:08:49.040 --> 00:08:52.496 The total consumption is equivalent to that of Spain. 00:08:52.520 --> 00:08:55.176 So many people are living in the dark, 00:08:55.200 --> 00:08:58.776 and as the President of the African Development Bank said recently, 00:08:58.800 --> 00:09:01.080 Africa cannot develop in the dark. NOTE Paragraph 00:09:02.120 --> 00:09:04.256 The other thing we have not done 00:09:04.280 --> 00:09:09.696 is that our economies retain the same structure 00:09:09.720 --> 00:09:11.336 that we've had for decades. 00:09:11.360 --> 00:09:13.016 So even though we've been growing, 00:09:13.040 --> 00:09:15.736 the structure of the economies has not changed very much. 00:09:15.760 --> 00:09:18.336 We are still exporting commodities, 00:09:18.360 --> 00:09:22.216 and exporting commodities is what? It's exporting jobs. 00:09:22.240 --> 00:09:25.536 Our manufacturing value-added is only 11 percent. 00:09:25.560 --> 00:09:30.096 We are not creating enough decent manufacturing jobs for our youth, 00:09:30.120 --> 00:09:32.736 and trade among ourselves is low. 00:09:32.760 --> 00:09:36.256 Only about 12 percent of our trade is among ourselves. 00:09:36.280 --> 00:09:38.976 So that's another serious problem. NOTE Paragraph 00:09:39.000 --> 00:09:41.096 Then governance. 00:09:41.120 --> 00:09:43.536 Governance is a serious issue. 00:09:43.560 --> 00:09:45.776 We have weak institutions, 00:09:45.800 --> 00:09:50.816 and sometimes nonexistent institutions, and I think this gives way for corruption. 00:09:50.840 --> 00:09:56.056 Corruption is an issue that we have not yet gotten a good enough handle on, 00:09:56.080 --> 00:09:58.696 and we have to fight tooth and nail, 00:09:58.720 --> 00:10:02.296 that and increased transparency in the way we manage our economies 00:10:02.320 --> 00:10:04.776 and the way we manage our finances. NOTE Paragraph 00:10:04.800 --> 00:10:09.536 We also need to be wary of new conflicts, 00:10:09.560 --> 00:10:11.496 new types of conflicts, 00:10:11.520 --> 00:10:14.736 such as we have with Boko Haram in my country, Nigeria, 00:10:14.760 --> 00:10:16.816 and with Al-Shabaab in Kenya. 00:10:16.840 --> 00:10:20.176 We need to partner with international partners, 00:10:20.200 --> 00:10:23.056 developed countries, to fight this together. 00:10:23.080 --> 00:10:24.976 Otherwise, we create a new reality 00:10:25.000 --> 00:10:28.256 which is not the type we want for a rising Africa. NOTE Paragraph 00:10:28.280 --> 00:10:31.816 And finally, the issue of education. 00:10:31.840 --> 00:10:35.136 Our education systems in many countries are broken. 00:10:35.160 --> 00:10:39.696 We are not creating the types of skills needed for the future. 00:10:39.720 --> 00:10:42.360 So we have to find a way to educate better. 00:10:42.920 --> 00:10:45.640 So those are the things that we are not doing right. NOTE Paragraph 00:10:46.240 --> 00:10:48.640 Now, where do we go from there? 00:10:49.240 --> 00:10:53.936 I believe that the way forward is to learn to manage success. 00:10:53.960 --> 00:10:57.696 Very often, when people succeed or countries succeed, 00:10:57.720 --> 00:10:59.920 they forget what made them succeed. 00:11:00.680 --> 00:11:03.216 Learning what you're successful at, 00:11:03.240 --> 00:11:05.656 managing it and keeping it is vital for us. 00:11:05.680 --> 00:11:07.896 So all those things I said we did right, 00:11:07.920 --> 00:11:11.816 we have to learn to do it right again, keep doing it right. 00:11:11.840 --> 00:11:15.416 Managing the economy while creating stability is vital, 00:11:15.440 --> 00:11:18.936 getting prices right, and policy consistency. 00:11:18.960 --> 00:11:21.336 Very often, we are not consistent. 00:11:21.360 --> 00:11:23.616 One regime goes out, another comes in 00:11:23.640 --> 00:11:27.096 and they throw away even the functioning policies that were there before. 00:11:27.120 --> 00:11:28.376 What does this do? 00:11:28.400 --> 00:11:30.776 It creates uncertainty for people, for households, 00:11:30.800 --> 00:11:32.176 uncertainties for business. 00:11:32.200 --> 00:11:34.896 They don't know whether and how to invest. NOTE Paragraph 00:11:34.920 --> 00:11:39.256 Debt: we must manage the success we had in reducing our debt, 00:11:39.280 --> 00:11:41.816 but now countries are back to borrowing again, 00:11:41.840 --> 00:11:45.256 and we see our debt-to-GDP ratio beginning to creep up, 00:11:45.280 --> 00:11:46.736 and in certain countries, 00:11:46.760 --> 00:11:49.256 debt is becoming a problem, so we have to avoid that. 00:11:49.280 --> 00:11:50.736 So managing success. NOTE Paragraph 00:11:50.760 --> 00:11:53.416 The next thing is focusing with a laser beam 00:11:53.440 --> 00:11:55.296 on those things we did not do well. 00:11:55.320 --> 00:11:57.176 First and foremost is infrastructure. 00:11:57.200 --> 00:12:00.776 Yes, most countries now recognize they have to invest in this, 00:12:00.800 --> 00:12:03.416 and they are trying to do the best they can to do that. 00:12:03.440 --> 00:12:04.656 We must. 00:12:04.680 --> 00:12:06.336 The most important thing is power. 00:12:06.360 --> 00:12:08.616 You cannot develop in the dark. NOTE Paragraph 00:12:08.640 --> 00:12:10.896 And then governance and corruption: 00:12:10.920 --> 00:12:12.136 we have to fight. 00:12:12.160 --> 00:12:14.936 We have to make our countries transparent. 00:12:14.960 --> 00:12:18.536 And above all, we have to engage our young people. 00:12:18.560 --> 00:12:20.776 We have genius in our young people. 00:12:20.800 --> 00:12:22.056 I see it every day. 00:12:22.080 --> 00:12:25.616 It's what makes me wake up in the morning and feel ready to go. 00:12:25.640 --> 00:12:28.016 We have to unleash the genius of our young people, 00:12:28.040 --> 00:12:31.296 get out of their way, support them to create and innovate 00:12:31.320 --> 00:12:32.536 and lead the way. 00:12:32.560 --> 00:12:35.256 And I know that they will lead us in the right direction. NOTE Paragraph 00:12:35.280 --> 00:12:37.456 And our women, and our girls: 00:12:37.480 --> 00:12:40.536 we have to recognize that girls and women are a gift. 00:12:40.560 --> 00:12:42.056 They have strength, 00:12:42.080 --> 00:12:44.216 and we have to unleash that strength 00:12:44.240 --> 00:12:47.176 so that they can contribute to the continent. NOTE Paragraph 00:12:47.200 --> 00:12:51.016 I strongly believe that when we do all of these things, 00:12:51.040 --> 00:12:54.256 we find that the rising Africa narrative 00:12:54.280 --> 00:12:55.856 is not a fluke. 00:12:55.880 --> 00:12:57.120 It's a trend. 00:12:57.720 --> 00:13:01.536 It's a trend, and if we continue, if we unleash our youth, 00:13:01.560 --> 00:13:02.896 if we unleash our women, 00:13:02.920 --> 00:13:04.936 we may step backwards sometimes, 00:13:04.960 --> 00:13:06.856 we may even step sideways, 00:13:06.880 --> 00:13:08.496 but the trend is clear. 00:13:08.520 --> 00:13:10.536 Africa will continue to rise. NOTE Paragraph 00:13:10.560 --> 00:13:14.296 And I tell you businesspeople in the audience, 00:13:14.320 --> 00:13:17.776 investment in Africa is not for today, is not for tomorrow, 00:13:17.800 --> 00:13:21.056 it's not a short-term thing, it's a longer term thing. 00:13:21.080 --> 00:13:23.496 But if you are not invested in Africa, 00:13:23.520 --> 00:13:24.936 then you will be missing 00:13:24.960 --> 00:13:29.216 one of the most important emerging opportunities in the world. NOTE Paragraph 00:13:29.240 --> 00:13:30.456 Thank you. NOTE Paragraph 00:13:30.480 --> 00:13:33.000 (Applause) NOTE Paragraph 00:13:39.227 --> 00:13:41.896 Kelly Stoetzel: So you mentioned corruption in your talk, 00:13:41.920 --> 00:13:45.416 and you're known, well-known as a strong anticorruption fighter. 00:13:45.440 --> 00:13:47.976 But that's had consequences. 00:13:48.000 --> 00:13:50.936 People have fought back, and your mother was kidnapped. 00:13:50.960 --> 00:13:52.520 How have you been handling this? 00:13:53.280 --> 00:13:55.456 Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala: It's been very difficult. 00:13:55.480 --> 00:13:59.816 Thank you for mentioning the issue of the kidnap of my mother. 00:13:59.840 --> 00:14:02.416 It's a very difficult subject. 00:14:02.440 --> 00:14:06.296 But what it means is that when you fight corruption, 00:14:06.320 --> 00:14:09.736 when you touch the pockets of people who are stealing money, 00:14:09.760 --> 00:14:11.616 they don't just keep quiet. 00:14:11.640 --> 00:14:15.296 They fight back, and the issue for you is when they try to intimidate you, 00:14:15.320 --> 00:14:18.776 do you give up, or do you fight on? 00:14:18.800 --> 00:14:21.936 Do you find a way to stay on and fight back? 00:14:21.960 --> 00:14:26.216 And the answer that I had with the teams I worked with 00:14:26.240 --> 00:14:28.016 is we have to fight on. 00:14:28.040 --> 00:14:29.856 We have to create those institutions. 00:14:29.880 --> 00:14:33.096 We have to find ways to stop these people 00:14:33.120 --> 00:14:36.296 from taking away the heritage of the future. 00:14:36.320 --> 00:14:38.216 And so that's what we did. 00:14:38.240 --> 00:14:41.856 And even out of government, we continued to make that point. 00:14:41.880 --> 00:14:45.856 In our countries, nobody, nobody is going to fight corruption 00:14:45.880 --> 00:14:47.416 for us but us. 00:14:47.440 --> 00:14:49.656 And therefore, that comes with consequences, 00:14:49.680 --> 00:14:51.576 and we just have to do the best we can. 00:14:51.600 --> 00:14:55.016 But I thank you and thank TED for giving us a voice 00:14:55.040 --> 00:14:58.336 to say to those people, you will not win, 00:14:58.360 --> 00:15:00.696 and we will not be intimidated. NOTE Paragraph 00:15:00.720 --> 00:15:01.936 Thank you. NOTE Paragraph 00:15:01.960 --> 00:15:03.176 (Applause) NOTE Paragraph 00:15:03.200 --> 00:15:06.666 Kelly Stoetzel: Thank you so much for your great talk and important work. NOTE Paragraph 00:15:06.690 --> 00:15:10.060 (Applause)