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Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.00,0:00:03.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Miracles of Human Language\NAn Introduction to Linguistics]
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.12,0:00:05.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Module 5: Language in the brain\NVideo 1: Introduction]
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.80,0:00:12.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hi, and welcome to the fifth module of our\Ncourse on The Miracles of Human Language,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.92,0:00:14.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a module on Language in the Brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.66,0:00:18.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this module has been made possible\Npartly by crowdfunding.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.72,0:00:22.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many of you have contributed \Nto make another module
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.10,0:00:23.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and many thanks to all of you:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.73,0:00:29.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a module about language in the brain, \Nthat's what we're going to talk about now.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.51,0:00:33.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For instance, in this video, \Nthis introductory video,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.21,0:00:35.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where I'm going to give you \Nsome background info
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.28,0:00:38.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I'm going to explain you more \Nabout what we do in the other videos.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.58,0:00:42.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Back in the first module, we established\Nthat language is normally found
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.98,0:00:44.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in all human beings.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.71,0:00:48.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then we have looked at language\Nfrom many different sides
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.42,0:00:52.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and give many different examples of,\Nlet's say, the software of language.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.59,0:00:55.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now we're going to look \Nat the hardware of language
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.15,0:00:58.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the hardware which is mostly in our brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.69,0:01:03.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the questions which we're going to ask \Nis what happens in our heads,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.61,0:01:07.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that we can make and \Nthat we can understand language?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.74,0:01:11.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which are the parts of the brain \Nwhich enable this?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.03,0:01:14.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And how do these parts work together?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.35,0:01:17.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What happens if something goes wrong?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.89,0:01:20.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And how does reading work?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.39,0:01:26.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can learn a lot about language \Nby studying the brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.81,0:01:29.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The brain is definitely \Nthe most important organ,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.36,0:01:34.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe for us humans in general, \Nbut especially also for language.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.13,0:01:37.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there are two schools of thought\Nabout the relation
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.57,0:01:41.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between the brain and language \Nand the way in which they developed.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.95,0:01:46.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can either think that language --\Nthe way languages work --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.21,0:01:50.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has been influenced by the brain: \Nthe brain has made the language.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.53,0:01:57.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So languages are the way they are because \Nour brains happen to be the way they are.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.79,0:02:00.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But you can also think that the relation\Nis the other way around,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.68,0:02:05.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that our brains have adapted over \Nthe course of tens of thousands of years
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.20,0:02:08.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the fact that we are using language.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.67,0:02:10.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And maybe both of them are right.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.34,0:02:15.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, how do we study this? \NHow are we going to find out?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.84,0:02:19.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The problem with the brain is that \Nyou cannot just ask your informants:
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.67,0:02:21.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"How does your brain work?"
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.84,0:02:23.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can also not feel it for yourself:
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.72,0:02:26.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"How does my brain work?\NI don't feel anything."
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.52,0:02:28.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we have to find another way.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.28,0:02:34.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, remember Labov; Labov said you can\Nstudy language in many different places:
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.05,0:02:36.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can study it in the library, \Nyou can study it in the closet,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.79,0:02:38.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can study it on the street --
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.00,0:02:41.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but you can also study it in the lab.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.47,0:02:43.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's what we're going to do now,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.13,0:02:47.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're going to go to the lab \Nto study images of the brain,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.01,0:02:51.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like so-called MRI pictures,\Nsuch as this one,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.88,0:02:55.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which give us insight into \Nthe workings of the brain
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.72,0:02:58.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while we are using language.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.89,0:03:03.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we are going to see \Nmore machines later.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.25,0:03:09.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are two subdisciplines \Nof linguistics
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.70,0:03:11.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,studying language in the brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.87,0:03:15.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are called psycholinguistics\Nand neurolinguistics.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.90,0:03:21.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Psycholinguistics looks at \Nlanguage in the brain, let's say,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.22,0:03:24.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the outside, by studying\Nthe behavior of people
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.97,0:03:28.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and neurolinguistics looks at \Nlanguage in the brain from the inside,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.93,0:03:31.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by looking at the brain itself.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.39,0:03:35.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Psycholinguistics is the older of the two.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.69,0:03:41.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It started in th 19th century, with\Npsychologists doing small experiments,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.72,0:03:43.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like asking people to say \Na difficult sentence
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.87,0:03:47.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then trying to observe \Nwhat they actually said
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.56,0:03:51.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or by studying diaries of mothers
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.78,0:03:55.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who were registering the language \Ndevelopment of their children
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.38,0:04:00.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or diaries of doctors who had patients \Nwith some kind of brain problem,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.34,0:04:05.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which seemed to cause problems with \Nusing language or understanding language.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.98,0:04:11.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And those are still the kinds of topics \Nwhich psycholinguistics studies today.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.88,0:04:15.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, language development, \Nlanguage comprehension
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.32,0:04:16.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and language production.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.47,0:04:22.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To some extent, those same topics are \Nstudied by neurolinguistics,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.55,0:04:26.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but now from the inside, \Nby looking into the brain,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.54,0:04:30.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by asking people to listen to a word \Nand then make a brain scan
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.31,0:04:35.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while they are doing so, and in this way,\Nneurolinguists try to find out
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.10,0:04:39.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where language is in the brain and \Nwhich parts of the brain are used
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.60,0:04:42.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for producing and understanding language.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.92,0:04:47.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Slowly, these two disciplines \Nare merging together.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.16,0:04:49.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They used to be separate, basically,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.97,0:04:54.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because if you would put people into \Na brain scanner, it was very difficult
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.28,0:04:56.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to ask them to do complicated things.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.99,0:04:59.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But these brain scanners become lighter
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.21,0:05:02.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we can now ask people to do tasks\Nin the brain scanner,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.80,0:05:08.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then we get something which is really\Nin-between psycho- and neurolinguistics.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.04,0:05:12.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's a warning.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.97,0:05:16.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this module, there's going to be \Nless variation in languages
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.18,0:05:19.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than in our other modules.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.52,0:05:24.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the reasons for this are, \Nyet again, the machines.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.58,0:05:29.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The machines are big, are expensive,\Nand therefore, we typically find them
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.93,0:05:31.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in Western countries.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.57,0:05:35.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They become smaller, \Nthey become less expensive
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.47,0:05:38.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and other countries are now also\Ninvesting in them,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.78,0:05:44.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so we will get more information,\Nhopefully, about how other languages work.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.62,0:05:49.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But so far, we just have to assume that\Nthe brains of all people
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.02,0:05:52.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,work in the same way when using language.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.51,0:05:59.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, in the next video, we are going\Nto look deeper into the brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.77,0:06:06.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're going to study how your brain works\Nwhen you are listening or speaking,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.04,0:06:08.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when you are using language.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.08,0:06:11.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Sources:\NMRI T2 Brain axial image.jpg\Nhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:MRI_T2_Brain_axial_image.jpg\NWarning icon.png\Nhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Warning_icon.png]
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.46,0:06:12.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Miracles of Human Language\NAn Introduction to Linguistics]
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.44,0:06:14.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[This video by Leiden University is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlik 3.0 Netherlands License (see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/nl/deed.en_US). Contact: mooc@cdh.leidenuniv.nl]