[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:02.10,0:00:06.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The murder happened a little over 21 years ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.57,0:00:10.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,January the 18th, 1991,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.85,0:00:13.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a small
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.11,0:00:15.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bedroom community
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.48,0:00:18.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of Lynwood, California, just a few miles
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.32,0:00:20.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,southeast of Los Angeles.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.82,0:00:23.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A father came out of his house
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.65,0:00:27.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to tell his teenage son and his five friends
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.06,0:00:29.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it was time for them to stop horsing around
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.84,0:00:32.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the front lawn and on the sidewalk,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.75,0:00:35.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to get home, finish their schoolwork,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.66,0:00:38.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and prepare themselves for bed.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.40,0:00:41.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as the father was administering these instructions,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.97,0:00:45.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a car drove by, slowly,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.31,0:00:48.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and just after it passed the father and the teenagers,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.21,0:00:52.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a hand went out from the front passenger window,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.20,0:00:57.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and -- "Bam, Bam!" -- killing the father.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.46,0:01:00.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the car sped off.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.62,0:01:02.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The police,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.46,0:01:06.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,investigating officers, were amazingly efficient.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.29,0:01:08.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They considered all the usual culprits,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.72,0:01:13.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in less than 24 hours, they had selected their suspect:
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.29,0:01:16.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Francisco Carrillo, a 17-year-old kid
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.87,0:01:18.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who lived about two or three blocks away
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.90,0:01:21.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from where the shooting occurred.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.64,0:01:26.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They found photos of him. They prepared a photo array,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.29,0:01:29.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the day after the shooting,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.87,0:01:32.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they showed it to one of the teenagers, and he said,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.76,0:01:35.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"That's the picture.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.08,0:01:40.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's the shooter I saw that killed the father."
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.47,0:01:43.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That was all a preliminary hearing judge had
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.05,0:01:48.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to listen to, to bind Mr. Carrillo over to stand trial
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.16,0:01:50.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for a first-degree murder.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.84,0:01:54.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the investigation that followed before the actual trial,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.05,0:01:57.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,each of the other five teenagers was shown
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.46,0:02:01.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,photographs, the same photo array.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.51,0:02:04.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The picture that we best can determine was probably
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.33,0:02:06.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the one that they were shown in the photo array
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.60,0:02:10.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is in your bottom left hand corner of these mug shots.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.30,0:02:13.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The reason we're not sure absolutely is because
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.74,0:02:18.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the nature of evidence preservation
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.17,0:02:20.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in our judicial system,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.45,0:02:25.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but that's another whole TEDx talk for later. (Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.20,0:02:28.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So at the actual trial,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.11,0:02:31.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all six of the teenagers testified,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.11,0:02:34.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and indicated the identifications they had made
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.87,0:02:38.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the photo array.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.34,0:02:43.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was convicted. He was sentenced to life imprisonment,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.12,0:02:48.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and transported to Folsom Prison.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.58,0:02:50.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what's wrong?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.67,0:02:55.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Straightforward, fair trial, full investigation.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.44,0:02:58.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oh yes, no gun was ever found.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.98,0:03:03.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No vehicle was ever identified as being the one
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.13,0:03:06.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in which the shooter had extended his arm,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.36,0:03:09.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and no person was ever charged with being the driver
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.64,0:03:12.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the shooter's vehicle.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.88,0:03:16.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Mr. Carrillo's alibi?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.76,0:03:22.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which of those parents here in the room might not lie
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.06,0:03:24.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,concerning the whereabouts of your son or daughter
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.88,0:03:28.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in an investigation of a killing?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.87,0:03:33.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sent to prison,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.60,0:03:37.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,adamantly insisting on his innocence,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.09,0:03:41.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which he has consistently for 21 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.83,0:03:45.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what's the problem?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.30,0:03:48.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The problems, actually, for this kind of case
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.03,0:03:51.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,come manyfold from decades of scientific research
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.94,0:03:55.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,involving human memory.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.84,0:03:58.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First of all, we have all the statistical analyses
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.65,0:04:00.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the Innocence Project work,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.86,0:04:03.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where we know that we have, what,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.56,0:04:07.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,250, 280 documented cases now where people have
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.34,0:04:11.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,been wrongfully convicted and subsequently exonerated,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.41,0:04:17.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some from death row, on the basis of later DNA analysis,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.75,0:04:21.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you know that over three quarters of all of those cases
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.42,0:04:27.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of exoneration involved only eyewitness identification
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.69,0:04:31.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,testimony during the trial that convicted them.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.33,0:04:36.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We know that eyewitness identifications are fallible.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.51,0:04:38.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The other comes from an interesting aspect
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.73,0:04:41.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of human memory that's related to various brain functions
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.93,0:04:44.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I can sum up for the sake of brevity here
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.50,0:04:46.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a simple line:
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.88,0:04:51.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The brain abhors a vacuum.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.63,0:04:55.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Under the best of observation conditions,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.54,0:04:57.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the absolute best,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.41,0:05:01.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we only detect, encode and store in our brains
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.12,0:05:04.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bits and pieces of the entire experience in front of us,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.82,0:05:07.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they're stored in different parts of the brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.15,0:05:11.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So now, when it's important for us to be able to recall
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.30,0:05:14.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what it was that we experienced,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.32,0:05:19.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have an incomplete, we have a partial store,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.60,0:05:22.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what happens?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.06,0:05:24.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Below awareness, with no requirement for any kind of
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.88,0:05:30.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,motivated processing, the brain fills in information
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.05,0:05:32.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was not there,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.48,0:05:34.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not originally stored,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.92,0:05:37.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from inference, from speculation,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.47,0:05:40.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from sources of information that came to you,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.28,0:05:43.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as the observer, after the observation.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.42,0:05:45.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it happens without awareness such that
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.49,0:05:49.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you don't, aren't even cognizant of it occurring.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.12,0:05:51.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's called reconstructed memories.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.39,0:05:55.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It happens to us in all the aspects of our life, all the time.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.69,0:05:58.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was those two considerations, among others --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.95,0:06:03.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reconstructed memory, the fact about the eyewitness fallibility --
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.46,0:06:06.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was part of the instigation
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.52,0:06:08.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for a group of appeal attorneys
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.96,0:06:12.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,led by an amazing lawyer named Ellen Eggers
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.44,0:06:16.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to pool their experience and their talents together
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.56,0:06:18.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and petition a superior court
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.40,0:06:23.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for a retrial for Francisco Carrillo.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.47,0:06:27.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They retained me, as a forensic neurophysiologist,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.86,0:06:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because I had expertise
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.00,0:06:32.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in eyewitness memory identification,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.12,0:06:35.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which obviously makes sense for this case, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.32,0:06:38.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But also because I have expertise and testify about
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.66,0:06:43.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the nature of human night vision.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.04,0:06:46.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, what's that got to do with this?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.07,0:06:49.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, when you read through the case materials
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.37,0:06:52.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in this Carrillo case,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.09,0:06:54.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of the things that suddenly strikes you is that
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.92,0:06:58.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the investigating officers said the lighting was good
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.41,0:07:01.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the crime scene, at the shooting.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.95,0:07:05.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All the teenagers testified during the trial
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.40,0:07:08.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they could see very well.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.88,0:07:11.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this occurred in mid-January,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.72,0:07:17.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the Northern Hemisphere, at 7 p.m. at night.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.72,0:07:20.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So when I did the calculations
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.75,0:07:22.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the lunar data and the solar data
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.96,0:07:26.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at that location on Earth at the time of the incident
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.14,0:07:28.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the shooting, all right,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.19,0:07:30.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was well past the end of civil twilight
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.80,0:07:33.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there was no moon up that night.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.06,0:07:35.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So all the light in this area from the sun and the moon
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.34,0:07:37.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is what you see on the screen right here.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.92,0:07:40.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The only lighting in that area had to come
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.84,0:07:44.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from artificial sources,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.11,0:07:46.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's where I go out and I do the actual reconstruction
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.88,0:07:49.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the scene with photometers, with various measures
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.67,0:07:51.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of illumination and various other measures of
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.65,0:07:56.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,color perception, along with special cameras
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.11,0:07:58.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and high-speed film, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.24,0:08:01.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Take all the measurements and record them, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.17,0:08:03.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then take photographs, and this is what the scene
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.33,0:08:04.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,looked like at the time of the shooting
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.76,0:08:07.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the position of the teenagers
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.23,0:08:11.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,looking at the car going by and shooting.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.05,0:08:13.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is looking directly across the street
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.36,0:08:15.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from where they were standing.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.68,0:08:18.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Remember, the investigating officers' report said
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.04,0:08:20.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the lighting was good.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.27,0:08:22.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The teenagers said they could see very well.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.70,0:08:25.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is looking down to the east,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.96,0:08:29.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where the shooting vehicle sped off,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.65,0:08:34.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this is the lighting directly behind the father
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.54,0:08:36.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the teenagers.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.88,0:08:40.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As you can see, it is at best poor.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.80,0:08:44.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No one's going to call this well-lit, good lighting,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.67,0:08:47.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in fact, as nice as these pictures are,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.86,0:08:51.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the reason we take them is I knew I was going to have to testify in court,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.32,0:08:54.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a picture is worth more than a thousand words
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.52,0:08:56.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when you're trying to communicate numbers,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.92,0:09:00.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,abstract concepts like lux, the international measurement
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.19,0:09:05.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of illumination, the Ishihara color perception test values.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.36,0:09:08.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you present those to people who are not well-versed
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.52,0:09:11.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in those aspects of science and that, they become
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.64,0:09:14.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,salamanders in the noonday sun. It's like
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.02,0:09:16.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,talking about the tangent of the visual angle, all right?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.93,0:09:19.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Their eyes just glaze over, all right?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.72,0:09:24.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A good forensic expert also has to be a good educator,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.08,0:09:26.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a good communicator, and that's part of the reason
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.24,0:09:28.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,why we take the pictures, to show not only
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.53,0:09:31.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where the light sources are, and what we call the spill,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.33,0:09:33.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the distribution, but also so that it's easier
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.96,0:09:37.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the trier of fact to understand the circumstances.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.100,0:09:40.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So these are some of the pictures that, in fact,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.87,0:09:43.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I used when I testified,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.28,0:09:45.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but more importantly were, to me as a scientist,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.15,0:09:47.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are those readings, the photometer readings,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.13,0:09:51.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which I can then convert into actual predictions
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.73,0:09:55.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the visual capability of the human eye
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.25,0:09:57.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,under those circumstances,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.63,0:10:01.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and from my readings that I recorded at the scene
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.28,0:10:03.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,under the same solar and lunar conditions
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.52,0:10:06.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the same time, so on and so forth, right,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.51,0:10:07.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I could predict
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.91,0:10:10.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that there would be no reliable color perception,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.10,0:10:12.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is crucial for face recognition,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.42,0:10:14.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that there would be only scotopic vision,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.73,0:10:16.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which means there would be very little resolution,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.69,0:10:18.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what we call boundary or edge detection,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.94,0:10:21.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that furthermore, because the eyes would have been
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.25,0:10:25.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,totally dilated under this light, the depth of field,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.06,0:10:28.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the distance at which you can focus and see details,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.22,0:10:33.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would have been less than 18 inches away.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.61,0:10:36.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I testified to that to the court,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.12,0:10:38.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and while the judge was very attentive,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.55,0:10:41.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it had been a very, very long hearing
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.16,0:10:45.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for this petition for a retrial, and as a result,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.90,0:10:47.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I noticed out of the corner of my eye
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.66,0:10:51.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I thought that maybe the judge was going to need
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.80,0:10:53.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a little more of a nudge
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.87,0:10:56.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than just more numbers.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.38,0:10:58.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And here I became a bit audacious,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.67,0:11:00.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I turned
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.19,0:11:02.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I asked the judge,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.58,0:11:04.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I said, "Your Honor, I think you should go out
Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.99,0:11:07.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and look at the scene yourself."
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.69,0:11:10.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now I may have used a tone which was more like a dare
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.83,0:11:13.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than a request — (Laughter) —
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.24,0:11:17.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but nonetheless, it's to this man's credit and his courage
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.68,0:11:21.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that he said, "Yes, I will."
Dialogue: 0,0:11:21.30,0:11:25.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A shocker in American jurisprudence.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:25.29,0:11:27.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in fact, we found the same identical conditions,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:27.76,0:11:29.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we reconstructed the entire thing again,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.80,0:11:33.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he came out with an entire brigade of sheriff's officers
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.81,0:11:38.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to protect him in this community, all right? (Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.97,0:11:44.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We had him stand actually slightly in the street,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:44.02,0:11:47.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so closer to the suspect vehicle, the shooter vehicle,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:47.20,0:11:49.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than the actual teenagers were,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.95,0:11:52.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so he stood a few feet from the curb
Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.17,0:11:54.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,toward the middle of the street.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.78,0:11:57.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We had a car that came by,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.70,0:12:02.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,same identical car as described by the teenagers, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.65,0:12:04.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It had a driver and a passenger,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:04.59,0:12:08.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and after the car had passed the judge by,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:08.41,0:12:11.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the passenger extended his hand,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.92,0:12:16.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pointed it back to the judge as the car continued on,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:16.50,0:12:18.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just as the teenagers had described it, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.72,0:12:21.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, he didn't use a real gun in his hand,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.57,0:12:23.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so he had a black object in his hand that was similar
Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.99,0:12:25.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the gun that was described.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:25.97,0:12:28.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He pointed by, and this is what the judge saw.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:28.81,0:12:35.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the car 30 feet away from the judge.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:35.91,0:12:38.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's an arm sticking out of the passenger side
Dialogue: 0,0:12:38.82,0:12:41.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and pointed back at you.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:41.20,0:12:43.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's 30 feet away.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:43.16,0:12:45.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some of the teenagers said that in fact the car
Dialogue: 0,0:12:45.36,0:12:47.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was 15 feet away when it shot.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.93,0:12:51.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay. There's 15 feet.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:51.60,0:12:55.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At this point, I became a little concerned.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:55.76,0:13:00.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This judge is someone you'd never want to play poker with.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:00.50,0:13:04.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was totally stoic. I couldn't see a twitch of his eyebrow.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:04.79,0:13:08.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I couldn't see the slightest bend of his head.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:08.06,0:13:11.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I had no sense of how he was reacting to this,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:11.56,0:13:14.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and after he looked at this reenactment,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:14.60,0:13:15.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he turned to me and he says,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:15.68,0:13:18.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Is there anything else you want me to look at?"
Dialogue: 0,0:13:18.94,0:13:23.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I said, "Your honor," and I don't know whether I was
Dialogue: 0,0:13:23.43,0:13:26.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,emboldened by the scientific measurements that I had
Dialogue: 0,0:13:26.39,0:13:30.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in my pocket and my knowledge that they are accurate,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:30.08,0:13:32.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or whether it was just sheer stupidity,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:32.34,0:13:35.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is what the defense lawyers thought — (Laughter) —
Dialogue: 0,0:13:35.16,0:13:36.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when they heard me say,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:36.92,0:13:39.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Yes, Your Honor, I want you stand right there
Dialogue: 0,0:13:39.62,0:13:43.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I want the car to go around the block again
Dialogue: 0,0:13:43.96,0:13:47.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I want it to come and I want it to stop
Dialogue: 0,0:13:47.31,0:13:51.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,right in front of you, three to four feet away,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:51.50,0:13:54.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I want the passenger to extend his hand
Dialogue: 0,0:13:54.96,0:13:56.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a black object and point it right at you,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:56.97,0:14:02.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can look at it as long as you want."
Dialogue: 0,0:14:02.69,0:14:07.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's what he saw. (Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:14:07.12,0:14:10.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You'll notice, which was also in my test report,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:10.96,0:14:13.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all the dominant lighting is coming from the north side,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:13.60,0:14:15.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which means that the shooter's face would
Dialogue: 0,0:14:15.35,0:14:17.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have been photo-occluded. It would have been backlit.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:17.96,0:14:19.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Furthermore, the roof of the car
Dialogue: 0,0:14:19.86,0:14:24.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is causing what we call a shadow cloud inside the car
Dialogue: 0,0:14:24.14,0:14:27.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is making it darker.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:27.47,0:14:31.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is three to four feet away.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:31.58,0:14:34.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why did I take the risk?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:34.71,0:14:38.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I knew that the depth of field was 18 inches or less.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:38.94,0:14:40.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Three to four feet, it might as well have been
Dialogue: 0,0:14:40.60,0:14:45.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a football field away.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:45.08,0:14:47.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is what he saw.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:47.28,0:14:51.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He went back, there was a few more days of evidence
Dialogue: 0,0:14:51.08,0:14:53.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was heard. At the end of it,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:53.39,0:14:56.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he made the judgment that he was going to grant
Dialogue: 0,0:14:56.02,0:14:59.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the petition for a retrial.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:59.09,0:15:01.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And furthermore, he released Mr. Carrillo
Dialogue: 0,0:15:01.57,0:15:04.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that he could aid in the preparation of his own defense
Dialogue: 0,0:15:04.56,0:15:10.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if the prosecution decided to retry him.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:10.58,0:15:12.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which they decided not to.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:12.89,0:15:17.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He is now a freed man. (Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:15:17.95,0:15:21.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:15:21.89,0:15:26.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is him embracing his grandmother-in-law.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:26.100,0:15:31.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He -- His girlfriend was pregnant when he went to trial,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:31.07,0:15:35.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,right? And she had a little baby boy.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:35.16,0:15:37.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He and his son are both attending Cal State, Long Beach
Dialogue: 0,0:15:37.84,0:15:44.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,right now taking classes. (Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:15:44.02,0:15:47.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what does this example --
Dialogue: 0,0:15:47.99,0:15:52.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what's important to keep in mind for ourselves?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:52.33,0:15:56.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First of all, there's a long history of antipathy
Dialogue: 0,0:15:56.03,0:15:58.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between science and the law
Dialogue: 0,0:15:58.11,0:16:00.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in American jurisprudence.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:00.51,0:16:03.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I could regale you with horror stories of ignorance
Dialogue: 0,0:16:03.96,0:16:08.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over decades of experience as a forensic expert
Dialogue: 0,0:16:08.29,0:16:12.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of just trying to get science into the courtroom.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:12.80,0:16:17.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The opposing council always fight it and oppose it.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:17.73,0:16:21.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One suggestion is that all of us become much more
Dialogue: 0,0:16:21.12,0:16:23.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,attuned to the necessity, through policy,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:23.99,0:16:26.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through procedures,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:26.04,0:16:29.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to get more science in the courtroom,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:29.23,0:16:31.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I think one large step toward that
Dialogue: 0,0:16:31.54,0:16:33.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is more requirements,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:33.38,0:16:35.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with all due respect to the law schools,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:35.94,0:16:41.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of science, technology, engineering, mathematics
Dialogue: 0,0:16:41.05,0:16:43.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for anyone going into the law,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:43.03,0:16:46.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they become the judges.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:46.65,0:16:49.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Think about how we select our judges in this country.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:49.70,0:16:53.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's very different than most other cultures. All right?
Dialogue: 0,0:16:53.06,0:16:55.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The other one that I want to suggest,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:55.47,0:16:57.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the caution that all of us have to have,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:57.90,0:16:59.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I constantly have to remind myself,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:59.74,0:17:02.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about just how accurate are the memories
Dialogue: 0,0:17:02.84,0:17:08.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we know are true, that we believe in?
Dialogue: 0,0:17:08.21,0:17:11.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is decades of research,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:11.60,0:17:15.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,examples and examples of cases like this,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:15.76,0:17:17.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where individuals
Dialogue: 0,0:17:17.73,0:17:21.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,really, really believe. None of those teenagers
Dialogue: 0,0:17:21.24,0:17:23.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who identified him
Dialogue: 0,0:17:23.08,0:17:26.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thought that they were picking the wrong person.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:26.35,0:17:29.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,None of them thought they couldn't see the person's face.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:29.71,0:17:31.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We all have to be very careful.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:31.84,0:17:35.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All our memories are reconstructed memories.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:35.48,0:17:37.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are the product of what we originally experienced
Dialogue: 0,0:17:37.88,0:17:40.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and everything that's happened afterwards.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:40.61,0:17:42.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're dynamic.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:42.66,0:17:45.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're malleable. They're volatile,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:45.15,0:17:49.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and as a result, we all need to remember to be cautious,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:49.17,0:17:52.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the accuracy of our memories
Dialogue: 0,0:17:52.49,0:17:55.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is not measured in how vivid they are
Dialogue: 0,0:17:55.100,0:18:01.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nor how certain you are that they're correct.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:01.13,0:20:30.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you. (Applause)