[Script Info]
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[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.12,0:00:04.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, embryonic stem cells
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.11,0:00:07.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are really incredible cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.41,0:00:10.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are our body's own repair kits,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.20,0:00:13.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they're pluripotent, which means they can morph into
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.16,0:00:15.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all of the cells in our bodies.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.59,0:00:18.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Soon, we actually will be able to use stem cells
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.28,0:00:21.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to replace cells that are damaged or diseased.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.27,0:00:23.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that's not what I want to talk to you about,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.70,0:00:26.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because right now there are some really
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.38,0:00:30.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,extraordinary things that we are doing with stem cells
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.32,0:00:31.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are completely changing
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.93,0:00:34.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the way we look and model disease,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.83,0:00:37.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our ability to understand why we get sick,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.35,0:00:39.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and even develop drugs.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.78,0:00:44.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I truly believe that stem cell research is going to allow
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.09,0:00:48.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our children to look at Alzheimer's and diabetes
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.60,0:00:52.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and other major diseases the way we view polio today,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.99,0:00:56.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is as a preventable disease.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.19,0:00:59.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So here we have this incredible field, which has
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.41,0:01:03.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,enormous hope for humanity,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.80,0:01:07.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but much like IVF over 35 years ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.32,0:01:09.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until the birth of a healthy baby, Louise,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.65,0:01:14.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this field has been under siege politically and financially.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.72,0:01:18.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Critical research is being challenged instead of supported,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.99,0:01:23.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we saw that it was really essential to have
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.35,0:01:26.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,private safe haven laboratories where this work
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.88,0:01:29.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could be advanced without interference.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.71,0:01:32.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so, in 2005,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.24,0:01:34.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we started the New York Stem Cell Foundation Laboratory
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.86,0:01:38.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that we would have a small organization that could
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.45,0:01:41.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,do this work and support it.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.76,0:01:45.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we saw very quickly is the world of both medical
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.14,0:01:48.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,research, but also developing drugs and treatments,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.52,0:01:52.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is dominated by, as you would expect, large organizations,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.23,0:01:55.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but in a new field, sometimes large organizations
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.35,0:01:57.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,really have trouble getting out of their own way,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.52,0:01:59.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and sometimes they can't ask the right questions,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.96,0:02:03.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there is an enormous gap that's just gotten larger
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.31,0:02:06.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between academic research on the one hand
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.52,0:02:09.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and pharmaceutical companies and biotechs
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.22,0:02:12.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are responsible for delivering all of our drugs
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.49,0:02:14.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and many of our treatments, and so we knew that
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.88,0:02:18.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to really accelerate cures and therapies, we were going
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.82,0:02:21.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to have to address this with two things:
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.63,0:02:24.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,new technologies and also a new research model.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.85,0:02:28.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because if you don't close that gap, you really are
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.61,0:02:30.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,exactly where we are today.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.22,0:02:31.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's what I want to focus on.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.89,0:02:35.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've spent the last couple of years pondering this,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.44,0:02:37.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,making a list of the different things that we had to do,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.83,0:02:40.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so we developed a new technology,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.46,0:02:41.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's software and hardware,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.71,0:02:45.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that actually can generate thousands and thousands of
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.21,0:02:48.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,genetically diverse stem cell lines to create
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.38,0:02:52.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a global array, essentially avatars of ourselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.17,0:02:55.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we did this because we think that it's actually going
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.60,0:02:59.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to allow us to realize the potential, the promise,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.02,0:03:02.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of all of the sequencing of the human genome,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.10,0:03:04.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it's going to allow us, in doing that,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.60,0:03:09.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to actually do clinical trials in a dish with human cells,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.61,0:03:13.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not animal cells, to generate drugs and treatments
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.77,0:03:17.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are much more effective, much safer,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.02,0:03:20.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,much faster, and at a much lower cost.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.28,0:03:22.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let me put that in perspective for you
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.66,0:03:24.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and give you some context.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.08,0:03:28.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is an extremely new field.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.91,0:03:31.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 1998, human embryonic stem cells
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.74,0:03:35.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were first identified, and just nine years later,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.25,0:03:39.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a group of scientists in Japan were able to take skin cells
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.56,0:03:42.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and reprogram them with very powerful viruses
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.75,0:03:46.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to create a kind of pluripotent stem cell
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.99,0:03:49.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,called an induced pluripotent stem cell,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.08,0:03:52.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or what we refer to as an IPS cell.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.09,0:03:55.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was really an extraordinary advance, because
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.29,0:03:57.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,although these cells are not human embryonic stem cells,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.83,0:03:59.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which still remain the gold standard,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.63,0:04:03.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they are terrific to use for modeling disease
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.10,0:04:05.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and potentially for drug discovery.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.83,0:04:08.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So a few months later, in 2008, one of our scientists
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.87,0:04:12.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,built on that research. He took skin biopsies,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.07,0:04:14.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this time from people who had a disease,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.10,0:04:17.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ALS, or as you call it in the U.K., motor neuron disease.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.01,0:04:18.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He turned them into the IPS cells
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.71,0:04:21.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I've just told you about, and then he turned those
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.39,0:04:24.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,IPS cells into the motor neurons that actually
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.10,0:04:25.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were dying in the disease.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.56,0:04:28.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So basically what he did was to take a healthy cell
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.58,0:04:30.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and turn it into a sick cell,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.29,0:04:33.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he recapitulated the disease over and over again
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.85,0:04:37.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the dish, and this was extraordinary,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.21,0:04:39.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it was the first time that we had a model
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.46,0:04:43.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of a disease from a living patient in living human cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.64,0:04:46.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as he watched the disease unfold, he was able
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.76,0:04:49.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to discover that actually the motor neurons were dying
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.78,0:04:51.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the disease in a different way than the field
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.90,0:04:54.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had previously thought. There was another kind of cell
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.40,0:04:56.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that actually was sending out a toxin
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.60,0:04:59.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and contributing to the death of these motor neurons,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.11,0:05:00.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you simply couldn't see it
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.47,0:05:02.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until you had the human model.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.26,0:05:04.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you could really say that
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.92,0:05:08.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,researchers trying to understand the cause of disease
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.83,0:05:12.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without being able to have human stem cell models
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.98,0:05:15.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were much like investigators trying to figure out
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.74,0:05:18.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what had gone terribly wrong in a plane crash
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.98,0:05:22.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without having a black box, or a flight recorder.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.98,0:05:25.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They could hypothesize about what had gone wrong,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.58,0:05:28.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they really had no way of knowing what led
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.69,0:05:30.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the terrible events.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.87,0:05:35.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And stem cells really have given us the black box
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.05,0:05:39.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for diseases, and it's an unprecedented window.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.02,0:05:42.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It really is extraordinary, because you can recapitulate
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.26,0:05:45.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,many, many diseases in a dish, you can see
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.51,0:05:49.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what begins to go wrong in the cellular conversation
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.04,0:05:51.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well before you would ever see
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.47,0:05:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,symptoms appear in a patient.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.00,0:05:56.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this opens up the ability,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.53,0:05:59.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which hopefully will become something that
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.34,0:06:01.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is routine in the near term,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.99,0:06:06.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of using human cells to test for drugs.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.14,0:06:11.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Right now, the way we test for drugs is pretty problematic.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.60,0:06:14.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To bring a successful drug to market, it takes, on average,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.92,0:06:17.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,13 years — that's one drug —
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.10,0:06:20.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a sunk cost of 4 billion dollars,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.49,0:06:25.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and only one percent of the drugs that start down that road
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.36,0:06:27.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are actually going to get there.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.61,0:06:29.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can't imagine other businesses
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.73,0:06:31.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you would think of going into
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.18,0:06:32.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that have these kind of numbers.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.94,0:06:34.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a terrible business model.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.74,0:06:38.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it is really a worse social model because of
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.73,0:06:42.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what's involved and the cost to all of us.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.05,0:06:45.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the way we develop drugs now
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.81,0:06:49.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is by testing promising compounds on --
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.01,0:06:50.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We didn't have disease modeling with human cells,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.89,0:06:54.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so we'd been testing them on cells of mice
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.35,0:06:58.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or other creatures or cells that we engineer,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.02,0:07:01.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they don't have the characteristics of the diseases
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.08,0:07:03.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we're actually trying to cure.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.41,0:07:06.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know, we're not mice, and you can't go into
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.46,0:07:08.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a living person with an illness
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.88,0:07:11.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and just pull out a few brain cells or cardiac cells
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.81,0:07:14.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then start fooling around in a lab to test
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.10,0:07:17.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for, you know, a promising drug.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.66,0:07:21.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what you can do with human stem cells, now,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.24,0:07:25.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is actually create avatars, and you can create the cells,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.58,0:07:27.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether it's the live motor neurons
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.54,0:07:30.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or the beating cardiac cells or liver cells
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.56,0:07:34.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or other kinds of cells, and you can test for drugs,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.66,0:07:37.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,promising compounds, on the actual cells
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.79,0:07:41.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you're trying to affect, and this is now,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.42,0:07:44.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's absolutely extraordinary,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.23,0:07:47.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you're going to know at the beginning,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.39,0:07:51.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the very early stages of doing your assay development
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.13,0:07:54.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and your testing, you're not going to have to wait 13 years
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.52,0:07:57.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until you've brought a drug to market, only to find out
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.84,0:08:02.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that actually it doesn't work, or even worse, harms people.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.90,0:08:07.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it isn't really enough just to look at
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.24,0:08:11.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the cells from a few people or a small group of people,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.02,0:08:12.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we have to step back.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.66,0:08:14.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've got to look at the big picture.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.52,0:08:17.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Look around this room. We are all different,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.65,0:08:20.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a disease that I might have,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.39,0:08:23.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if I had Alzheimer's disease or Parkinson's disease,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.27,0:08:27.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it probably would affect me differently than if
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.03,0:08:28.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of you had that disease,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.68,0:08:33.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if we both had Parkinson's disease,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.02,0:08:35.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we took the same medication,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.29,0:08:38.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we had different genetic makeup,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.04,0:08:40.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we probably would have a different result,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.32,0:08:44.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it could well be that a drug that worked wonderfully
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.05,0:08:47.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for me was actually ineffective for you,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.63,0:08:52.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and similarly, it could be that a drug that is harmful for you
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.32,0:08:56.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is safe for me, and, you know, this seems totally obvious,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.62,0:08:59.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but unfortunately it is not the way
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.35,0:09:02.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the pharmaceutical industry has been developing drugs
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.54,0:09:06.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because, until now, it hasn't had the tools.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.52,0:09:08.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so we need to move away
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.82,0:09:11.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from this one-size-fits-all model.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.77,0:09:14.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The way we've been developing drugs is essentially
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.95,0:09:16.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like going into a shoe store,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.33,0:09:18.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no one asks you what size you are, or
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.61,0:09:20.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you're going dancing or hiking.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.82,0:09:23.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They just say, "Well, you have feet, here are your shoes."
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.63,0:09:27.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It doesn't work with shoes, and our bodies are
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.23,0:09:30.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,many times more complicated than just our feet.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.70,0:09:33.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we really have to change this.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.24,0:09:38.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There was a very sad example of this in the last decade.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.42,0:09:41.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's a wonderful drug, and a class of drugs actually,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.07,0:09:43.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the particular drug was Vioxx, and
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.75,0:09:48.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for people who were suffering from severe arthritis pain,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.13,0:09:51.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the drug was an absolute lifesaver,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.52,0:09:56.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but unfortunately, for another subset of those people,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.60,0:10:01.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they suffered pretty severe heart side effects,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.37,0:10:04.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and for a subset of those people, the side effects were
Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.10,0:10:07.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so severe, the cardiac side effects, that they were fatal.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.99,0:10:12.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But imagine a different scenario,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.04,0:10:16.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where we could have had an array, a genetically diverse array,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.34,0:10:19.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of cardiac cells, and we could have actually tested
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.96,0:10:25.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that drug, Vioxx, in petri dishes, and figured out,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.04,0:10:28.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well, okay, people with this genetic type are going to have
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.79,0:10:33.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cardiac side effects, people with these genetic subgroups
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.79,0:10:38.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or genetic shoes sizes, about 25,000 of them,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.93,0:10:41.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are not going to have any problems.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.69,0:10:44.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The people for whom it was a lifesaver
Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.31,0:10:45.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could have still taken their medicine.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.98,0:10:50.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The people for whom it was a disaster, or fatal,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.37,0:10:52.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would never have been given it, and
Dialogue: 0,0:10:52.46,0:10:55.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can imagine a very different outcome for the company,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.04,0:10:57.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who had to withdraw the drug.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.81,0:11:00.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that is terrific,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.63,0:11:02.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we thought, all right,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.46,0:11:05.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as we're trying to solve this problem,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.22,0:11:07.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,clearly we have to think about genetics,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.42,0:11:10.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have to think about human testing,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.25,0:11:11.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but there's a fundamental problem,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.83,0:11:14.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because right now, stem cell lines,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.53,0:11:16.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as extraordinary as they are,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:16.24,0:11:17.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and lines are just groups of cells,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.98,0:11:22.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they are made by hand, one at a time,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.32,0:11:24.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it takes a couple of months.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.54,0:11:28.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is not scalable, and also when you do things by hand,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.91,0:11:30.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even in the best laboratories,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:30.45,0:11:33.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you have variations in techniques,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.61,0:11:36.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you need to know, if you're making a drug,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.79,0:11:38.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the Aspirin you're going to take out of the bottle
Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.69,0:11:41.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on Monday is the same as the Aspirin
Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.13,0:11:43.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's going to come out of the bottle on Wednesday.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.21,0:11:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we looked at this, and we thought, okay,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:47.00,0:11:50.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,artisanal is wonderful in, you know, your clothing
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.15,0:11:53.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and your bread and crafts, but
Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.10,0:11:56.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,artisanal really isn't going to work in stem cells,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:56.08,0:11:58.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so we have to deal with this.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:58.47,0:12:02.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But even with that, there still was another big hurdle,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.39,0:12:05.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that actually brings us back to
Dialogue: 0,0:12:05.96,0:12:08.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the mapping of the human genome, because
Dialogue: 0,0:12:08.34,0:12:11.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're all different.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.05,0:12:13.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We know from the sequencing of the human genome
Dialogue: 0,0:12:13.88,0:12:16.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it's shown us all of the A's, C's, G's and T's
Dialogue: 0,0:12:16.44,0:12:18.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that make up our genetic code,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.91,0:12:23.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but that code, by itself, our DNA,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.18,0:12:27.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is like looking at the ones and zeroes of the computer code
Dialogue: 0,0:12:27.78,0:12:30.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without having a computer that can read it.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:30.60,0:12:33.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's like having an app without having a smartphone.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:33.89,0:12:37.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We needed to have a way of bringing the biology
Dialogue: 0,0:12:37.77,0:12:39.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to that incredible data,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:39.98,0:12:43.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the way to do that was to find
Dialogue: 0,0:12:43.10,0:12:45.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a stand-in, a biological stand-in,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:45.78,0:12:49.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that could contain all of the genetic information,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:49.81,0:12:52.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but have it be arrayed in such a way
Dialogue: 0,0:12:52.34,0:12:55.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as it could be read together
Dialogue: 0,0:12:55.20,0:12:58.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and actually create this incredible avatar.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:58.46,0:13:02.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need to have stem cells from all the genetic sub-types
Dialogue: 0,0:13:02.16,0:13:05.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that represent who we are.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:05.11,0:13:07.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is what we've built.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:07.87,0:13:11.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's an automated robotic technology.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:11.19,0:13:13.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It has the capacity to produce thousands and thousands
Dialogue: 0,0:13:13.80,0:13:18.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of stem cell lines. It's genetically arrayed.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:18.04,0:13:21.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It has massively parallel processing capability,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:21.79,0:13:25.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's going to change the way drugs are discovered,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:25.11,0:13:28.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we hope, and I think eventually what's going to happen
Dialogue: 0,0:13:28.94,0:13:31.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that we're going to want to re-screen drugs,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:31.14,0:13:33.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on arrays like this, that already exist,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:33.63,0:13:35.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all of the drugs that currently exist,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:35.50,0:13:38.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in the future, you're going to be taking drugs
Dialogue: 0,0:13:38.42,0:13:41.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and treatments that have been tested for side effects
Dialogue: 0,0:13:41.29,0:13:43.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on all of the relevant cells,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:43.59,0:13:46.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on brain cells and heart cells and liver cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:46.74,0:13:50.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It really has brought us to the threshold
Dialogue: 0,0:13:50.07,0:13:52.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of personalized medicine.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:52.29,0:13:56.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's here now, and in our family,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:56.73,0:13:59.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my son has type 1 diabetes,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:59.66,0:14:02.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is still an incurable disease,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:02.31,0:14:05.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I lost my parents to heart disease and cancer,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:05.76,0:14:09.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I think that my story probably sounds familiar to you,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:09.49,0:14:13.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because probably a version of it is your story.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:13.72,0:14:17.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At some point in our lives, all of us,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:17.66,0:14:20.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or people we care about, become patients,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:20.40,0:14:23.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's why I think that stem cell research
Dialogue: 0,0:14:23.01,0:14:26.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is incredibly important for all of us.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:26.39,0:14:30.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you. (Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:14:30.06,0:14:37.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)