0:00:00.435,0:00:02.418
All right. So, like all good stories,

0:00:02.418,0:00:04.352
this starts a long, long time ago

0:00:04.352,0:00:06.501
when there was basically nothing.

0:00:06.501,0:00:08.901
So here is a complete picture of the universe

0:00:08.901,0:00:12.353
about 14-odd billion years ago.

0:00:12.353,0:00:15.437
All energy is concentrated into a single point of energy.

0:00:15.437,0:00:17.021
For some reason it explodes,

0:00:17.021,0:00:19.137
and you begin to get these things.

0:00:19.137,0:00:22.003
So you're now about 14 billion years into this.

0:00:22.003,0:00:23.899
And these things expand and expand and expand

0:00:23.899,0:00:25.598
into these giant galaxies,

0:00:25.598,0:00:26.917
and you get trillions of them.

0:00:26.917,0:00:29.065
And within these galaxies

0:00:29.065,0:00:31.184
you get these enormous dust clouds.

0:00:31.184,0:00:32.949
And I want you to pay particular attention

0:00:32.949,0:00:34.399
to the three little prongs

0:00:34.399,0:00:36.300
in the center of this picture.

0:00:36.300,0:00:37.715
If you take a close-up of those,

0:00:37.715,0:00:39.368
they look like this.

0:00:39.368,0:00:42.218
And what you're looking at is columns of dust

0:00:42.218,0:00:44.265
where there's so much dust --

0:00:44.265,0:00:48.598
by the way, the scale of this is a trillion vertical miles --

0:00:48.598,0:00:51.516
and what's happening is there's so much dust,

0:00:51.516,0:00:53.450
it comes together and it fuses

0:00:53.450,0:00:56.909
and ignites a thermonuclear reaction.

0:00:56.909,0:00:57.751
And so what you're watching

0:00:57.751,0:00:59.736
is the birth of stars.

0:00:59.736,0:01:01.393
These are stars being born out of here.

0:01:01.393,0:01:03.861
When enough stars come out,

0:01:03.861,0:01:05.659
they create a galaxy.

0:01:05.659,0:01:09.093
This one happens to be a particularly important galaxy,

0:01:09.093,0:01:11.309
because you are here.

0:01:11.309,0:01:12.476
(Laughter)

0:01:12.476,0:01:14.127
And as you take a close-up of this galaxy,

0:01:14.127,0:01:16.192
you find a relatively normal,

0:01:16.192,0:01:18.560
not particularly interesting star.

0:01:18.560,0:01:22.575
By the way, you're now about two-thirds of the way into this story.

0:01:22.575,0:01:24.757
So this star doesn't even appear

0:01:24.757,0:01:27.708
until about two-thirds of the way into this story.

0:01:27.708,0:01:28.786
And then what happens

0:01:28.786,0:01:30.192
is there's enough dust left over

0:01:30.192,0:01:32.158
that it doesn't ignite into a star,

0:01:32.158,0:01:34.158
it becomes a planet.

0:01:34.158,0:01:38.983
And this is about a little over four billion years ago.

0:01:38.983,0:01:40.416
And soon thereafter

0:01:40.416,0:01:42.333
there's enough material left over

0:01:42.333,0:01:46.896
that you get a primordial soup,

0:01:46.896,0:01:48.660
and that creates life.

0:01:48.660,0:01:52.541
And life starts to expand and expand and expand,

0:01:52.541,0:01:54.292
until it goes kaput.

0:01:54.292,0:01:57.780
(Laughter)

0:01:57.780,0:01:59.210
Now the really strange thing

0:01:59.210,0:02:02.116
is life goes kaput, not once, not twice,

0:02:02.116,0:02:04.332
but five times.

0:02:04.332,0:02:06.434
So almost all life on Earth

0:02:06.434,0:02:08.898
is wiped out about five times.

0:02:08.898,0:02:10.450
And as you're thinking about that,

0:02:10.450,0:02:12.882
what happens is you get more and more complexity,

0:02:12.882,0:02:14.116
more and more stuff

0:02:14.116,0:02:18.234
to build new things with.

0:02:18.234,0:02:19.504
And we don't appear

0:02:19.504,0:02:25.152
until about 99.96 percent of the time into this story,

0:02:25.152,0:02:29.082
just to put ourselves and our ancestors in perspective.

0:02:29.082,0:02:32.541
So within that context, there's two theories of the case

0:02:32.541,0:02:34.230
as to why we're all here.

0:02:34.230,0:02:35.819
The first theory of the case

0:02:35.819,0:02:39.228
is that's all she wrote.

0:02:39.228,0:02:40.587
Under that theory,

0:02:40.587,0:02:42.423
we are the be-all and end-all

0:02:42.423,0:02:44.156
of all creation.

0:02:44.156,0:02:47.040
And the reason for trillions of galaxies,

0:02:47.040,0:02:49.053
sextillions of planets,

0:02:49.053,0:02:53.763
is to create something that looks like that

0:02:53.763,0:02:57.396
and something that looks like that.

0:02:57.396,0:02:58.937
And that's the purpose of the universe;

0:02:58.937,0:03:00.221
and then it flat-lines,

0:03:00.221,0:03:01.532
it doesn't get any better.

0:03:01.532,0:03:06.012
(Laughter)

0:03:06.012,0:03:08.831
The only question you might want to ask yourself is,

0:03:08.831,0:03:14.066
could that be just mildly arrogant?

0:03:14.066,0:03:15.807
And if it is --

0:03:15.807,0:03:21.189
and particularly given the fact that we came very close to extinction.

0:03:21.189,0:03:24.556
There were only about 2,000 of our species left.

0:03:24.556,0:03:26.639
A few more weeks without rain,

0:03:26.639,0:03:29.723
we would have never seen any of these.

0:03:29.723,0:03:36.422
(Laughter)

0:03:36.422,0:03:41.056
(Applause)

0:03:41.056,0:03:44.022
So maybe you have to think about a second theory

0:03:44.022,0:03:46.939
if the first one isn't good enough.

0:03:46.939,0:03:48.723
Second theory is: Could we upgrade?

0:03:48.723,0:03:51.622
(Laughter)

0:03:51.622,0:03:54.856
Well, why would one ask a question like that?

0:03:54.856,0:03:57.321
Because there have been at least 29 upgrades so far

0:03:57.321,0:03:59.357
of humanoids.

0:03:59.357,0:04:02.207
So it turns out that we have upgraded.

0:04:02.207,0:04:04.122
We've upgraded time and again and again.

0:04:04.122,0:04:07.038
And it turns out that we keep discovering upgrades.

0:04:07.038,0:04:09.222
We found this one last year.

0:04:09.222,0:04:11.839
We found another one last month.

0:04:11.839,0:04:14.038
And as you're thinking about this,

0:04:14.038,0:04:16.141
you might also ask the question:

0:04:16.141,0:04:19.238
So why a single human species?

0:04:19.238,0:04:21.072
Wouldn't it be really odd

0:04:21.072,0:04:24.856
if you went to Africa and Asia and Antarctica

0:04:24.856,0:04:27.475
and found exactly the same bird --

0:04:27.475,0:04:31.267
particularly given that we co-existed at the same time

0:04:31.267,0:04:34.053
with at least eight other versions of humanoid

0:04:34.053,0:04:36.521
at the same time on this planet?

0:04:36.521,0:04:38.400
So the normal state of affairs

0:04:38.400,0:04:40.910
is not to have just a Homo sapiens;

0:04:40.910,0:04:41.931
the normal state of affairs

0:04:41.931,0:04:45.760
is to have various versions of humans walking around.

0:04:45.760,0:04:48.577
And if that is the normal state of affairs,

0:04:48.577,0:04:50.945
then you might ask yourself,

0:04:50.945,0:04:53.010
all right, so if we want to create something else,

0:04:53.010,0:04:55.878
how big does a mutation have to be?

0:04:55.878,0:04:58.510
Well Svante Paabo has the answer.

0:04:58.510,0:05:01.310
The difference between humans and Neanderthal

0:05:01.310,0:05:04.609
is 0.004 percent of gene code.

0:05:04.609,0:05:06.309
That's how big the difference is

0:05:06.309,0:05:08.526
one species to another.

0:05:08.526,0:05:12.926
This explains most contemporary political debates.

0:05:12.926,0:05:14.861
(Laughter)

0:05:14.861,0:05:18.072
But as you're thinking about this,

0:05:18.072,0:05:19.430
one of the interesting things

0:05:19.430,0:05:22.827
is how small these mutations are and where they take place.

0:05:22.827,0:05:24.160
Difference human/Neanderthal

0:05:24.160,0:05:25.893
is sperm and testis,

0:05:25.893,0:05:27.261
smell and skin.

0:05:27.261,0:05:28.747
And those are the specific genes

0:05:28.747,0:05:31.427
that differ from one to the other.

0:05:31.427,0:05:34.528
So very small changes can have a big impact.

0:05:34.528,0:05:36.160
And as you're thinking about this,

0:05:36.160,0:05:38.676
we're continuing to mutate.

0:05:38.676,0:05:41.577
So about 10,000 years ago by the Black Sea,

0:05:41.577,0:05:43.637
we had one mutation in one gene

0:05:43.637,0:05:46.193
which led to blue eyes.

0:05:46.193,0:05:50.077
And this is continuing and continuing and continuing.

0:05:50.077,0:05:51.511
And as it continues,

0:05:51.511,0:05:53.276
one of the things that's going to happen this year

0:05:53.276,0:05:56.609
is we're going to discover the first 10,000 human genomes,

0:05:56.609,0:05:59.878
because it's gotten cheap enough to do the gene sequencing.

0:05:59.878,0:06:01.466
And when we find these,

0:06:01.466,0:06:03.960
we may find differences.

0:06:03.960,0:06:07.036
And by the way, this is not a debate that we're ready for,

0:06:07.036,0:06:10.412
because we have really misused the science in this.

0:06:10.412,0:06:14.095
In the 1920s, we thought there were major differences between people.

0:06:14.095,0:06:17.893
That was partly based on Francis Galton's work.

0:06:17.893,0:06:20.029
He was Darwin's cousin.

0:06:20.029,0:06:22.344
But the U.S., the Carnegie Institute,

0:06:22.344,0:06:24.926
Stanford, American Neurological Association

0:06:24.926,0:06:26.794
took this really far.

0:06:26.794,0:06:30.393
That got exported and was really misused.

0:06:30.393,0:06:33.078
In fact, it led to some absolutely horrendous

0:06:33.078,0:06:35.091
treatment of human beings.

0:06:35.091,0:06:37.685
So since the 1940s, we've been saying there are no differences,

0:06:37.685,0:06:39.005
we're all identical.

0:06:39.005,0:06:42.282
We're going to know at year end if that is true.

0:06:42.282,0:06:44.014
And as we think about that,

0:06:44.014,0:06:45.532
we're actually beginning to find things

0:06:45.532,0:06:48.998
like, do you have an ACE gene?

0:06:48.998,0:06:50.976
Why would that matter?

0:06:50.976,0:06:55.014
Because nobody's ever climbed an 8,000-meter peak without oxygen

0:06:55.014,0:06:57.764
that doesn't have an ACE gene.

0:06:57.764,0:06:59.633
And if you want to get more specific,

0:06:59.633,0:07:02.648
how about a 577R genotype?

0:07:02.648,0:07:07.348
Well it turns out that every male Olympic power athelete ever tested

0:07:07.348,0:07:10.598
carries at least one of these variants.

0:07:10.598,0:07:12.252
If that is true,

0:07:12.252,0:07:14.410
it leads to some very complicated questions

0:07:14.410,0:07:16.211
for the London Olympics.

0:07:16.211,0:07:17.730
Three options:

0:07:17.730,0:07:20.562
Do you want the Olympics to be a showcase

0:07:20.562,0:07:23.262
for really hardworking mutants?

0:07:23.262,0:07:24.995
(Laughter)

0:07:24.995,0:07:27.730
Option number two:

0:07:27.730,0:07:31.128
Why don't we play it like golf or sailing?

0:07:31.128,0:07:33.602
Because you have one and you don't have one,

0:07:33.602,0:07:37.597
I'll give you a tenth of a second head start.

0:07:37.597,0:07:38.668
Version number three:

0:07:38.668,0:07:40.737
Because this is a naturally occurring gene

0:07:40.737,0:07:43.519
and you've got it and you didn't pick the right parents,

0:07:43.519,0:07:47.468
you get the right to upgrade.

0:07:47.468,0:07:49.219
Three different options.

0:07:49.219,0:07:50.841
If these differences are the difference

0:07:50.841,0:07:54.219
between an Olympic medal and a non-Olympic medal.

0:07:54.219,0:07:57.053
And it turns out that as we discover these things,

0:07:57.053,0:08:00.388
we human beings really like to change

0:08:00.388,0:08:02.082
how we look, how we act,

0:08:02.082,0:08:03.676
what our bodies do.

0:08:03.676,0:08:08.050
And we had about 10.2 million plastic surgeries in the United States,

0:08:08.050,0:08:11.367
except that with the technologies that are coming online today,

0:08:11.367,0:08:14.068
today's corrections, deletions,

0:08:14.068,0:08:15.987
augmentations and enhancements

0:08:15.987,0:08:18.900
are going to seem like child's play.

0:08:18.900,0:08:22.601
You already saw the work by Tony Atala on TED,

0:08:22.601,0:08:26.168
but this ability to start filling

0:08:26.168,0:08:29.101
things like inkjet cartridges with cells

0:08:29.101,0:08:33.775
are allowing us to print skin, organs

0:08:33.775,0:08:36.525
and a whole series of other body parts.

0:08:36.525,0:08:38.409
And as these technologies go forward,

0:08:38.409,0:08:42.193
you keep seeing this, you keep seeing this, you keep seeing things --

0:08:42.193,0:08:44.967
2000, human genome sequence --

0:08:44.967,0:08:48.749
and it seems like nothing's happening,

0:08:48.749,0:08:51.861
until it does.

0:08:51.861,0:08:55.385
And we may just be in some of these weeks.

0:08:55.385,0:08:56.984
And as you're thinking about

0:08:56.984,0:09:00.435
these two guys sequencing a human genome in 2000

0:09:00.435,0:09:03.988
and the Public Project sequencing the human genome in 2000,

0:09:03.988,0:09:07.152
then you don't hear a lot,

0:09:07.152,0:09:11.136
until you hear about an experiment last year in China,

0:09:11.136,0:09:15.153
where they take skin cells from this mouse,

0:09:15.153,0:09:16.886
put four chemicals on it,

0:09:16.886,0:09:20.452
turn those skin cells into stem cells,

0:09:20.452,0:09:21.917
let the stem cells grow

0:09:21.917,0:09:25.004
and create a full copy of that mouse.

0:09:25.004,0:09:28.251
That's a big deal.

0:09:28.251,0:09:29.267
Because in essence

0:09:29.267,0:09:31.415
what it means is you can take a cell,

0:09:31.415,0:09:33.701
which is a pluripotent stem cell,

0:09:33.701,0:09:36.385
which is like a skier at the top of a mountain,

0:09:36.385,0:09:40.202
and those two skiers become two pluripotent stem cells,

0:09:40.202,0:09:41.984
four, eight, 16,

0:09:41.984,0:09:43.652
and then it gets so crowded

0:09:43.652,0:09:45.452
after 16 divisions

0:09:45.452,0:09:47.954
that those cells have to differentiate.

0:09:47.954,0:09:49.387
So they go down one side of the mountain,

0:09:49.387,0:09:50.620
they go down another.

0:09:50.620,0:09:52.154
And as they pick that,

0:09:52.154,0:09:54.404
these become bone,

0:09:54.404,0:09:57.336
and then they pick another road and these become platelets,

0:09:57.336,0:09:59.453
and these become macrophages,

0:09:59.453,0:10:00.720
and these become T cells.

0:10:00.720,0:10:02.672
But it's really hard, once you ski down,

0:10:02.672,0:10:04.195
to get back up.

0:10:04.195,0:10:09.607
Unless, of course, if you have a ski lift.

0:10:09.607,0:10:12.056
And what those four chemicals do

0:10:12.056,0:10:14.125
is they take any cell

0:10:14.125,0:10:16.057
and take it way back up the mountain

0:10:16.057,0:10:18.090
so it can become any body part.

0:10:18.090,0:10:19.818
And as you think of that,

0:10:19.818,0:10:21.798
what it means is potentially

0:10:21.798,0:10:23.973
you can rebuild a full copy

0:10:23.973,0:10:25.840
of any organism

0:10:25.840,0:10:28.426
out of any one of its cells.

0:10:28.426,0:10:30.957
That turns out to be a big deal

0:10:30.957,0:10:33.523
because now you can take, not just mouse cells,

0:10:33.523,0:10:35.841
but you can human skin cells

0:10:35.841,0:10:39.491
and turn them into human stem cells.

0:10:39.491,0:10:42.689
And then what they did in October

0:10:42.689,0:10:46.089
is they took skin cells, turned them into stem cells

0:10:46.089,0:10:49.762
and began to turn them into liver cells.

0:10:49.762,0:10:50.806
So in theory,

0:10:50.806,0:10:55.990
you could grow any organ from any one of your cells.

0:10:55.990,0:10:57.708
Here's a second experiment:

0:10:57.708,0:11:00.841
If you could photocopy your body,

0:11:00.841,0:11:03.893
maybe you also want to take your mind.

0:11:03.893,0:11:05.458
And one of the things you saw at TED

0:11:05.458,0:11:06.708
about a year and a half ago

0:11:06.708,0:11:08.143
was this guy.

0:11:08.143,0:11:10.743
And he gave a wonderful technical talk.

0:11:10.743,0:11:12.342
He's a professor at MIT.

0:11:12.342,0:11:14.258
But in essence what he said

0:11:14.258,0:11:15.958
is you can take retroviruses,

0:11:15.958,0:11:18.758
which get inside brain cells of mice.

0:11:18.758,0:11:21.198
You can tag them with proteins

0:11:21.198,0:11:23.292
that light up when you light them.

0:11:23.292,0:11:27.008
And you can map the exact pathways

0:11:27.008,0:11:30.491
when a mouse sees, feels, touches,

0:11:30.491,0:11:32.674
remembers, loves.

0:11:32.674,0:11:35.047
And then you can take a fiber optic cable

0:11:35.047,0:11:38.866
and light up some of the same things.

0:11:38.866,0:11:40.698
And by the way, as you do this,

0:11:40.698,0:11:42.715
you can image it in two colors,

0:11:42.715,0:11:45.114
which means you can download this information

0:11:45.114,0:11:49.854
as binary code directly into a computer.

0:11:49.854,0:11:52.327
So what's the bottom line on that?

0:11:52.327,0:11:54.527
Well it's not completely inconceivable

0:11:54.527,0:11:59.022
that someday you'll be able to download your own memories,

0:11:59.022,0:12:01.409
maybe into a new body.

0:12:01.409,0:12:06.494
And maybe you can upload other people's memories as well.

0:12:06.494,0:12:09.008
And this might have just one or two

0:12:09.008,0:12:12.528
small ethical, political, moral implications.

0:12:12.528,0:12:14.059
(Laughter)

0:12:14.059,0:12:17.050
Just a thought.

0:12:17.050,0:12:18.578
Here's the kind of questions

0:12:18.578,0:12:20.558
that are becoming interesting questions

0:12:20.558,0:12:23.042
for philosophers, for governing people,

0:12:23.042,0:12:26.408
for economists, for scientists.

0:12:26.408,0:12:29.692
Because these technologies are moving really quickly.

0:12:29.692,0:12:31.192
And as you think about it,

0:12:31.192,0:12:34.274
let me close with an example of the brain.

0:12:34.274,0:12:35.957
The first place where you would expect

0:12:35.957,0:12:39.008
to see enormous evolutionary pressure today,

0:12:39.008,0:12:41.273
both because of the inputs,

0:12:41.273,0:12:42.825
which are becoming massive,

0:12:42.825,0:12:44.607
and because of the plasticity of the organ,

0:12:44.607,0:12:47.141
is the brain.

0:12:47.141,0:12:50.459
Do we have any evidence that that is happening?

0:12:50.459,0:12:55.190
Well let's take a look at something like autism incidence per thousand.

0:12:55.190,0:12:57.692
Here's what it looks like in 2000.

0:12:57.692,0:12:59.774
Here's what it looks like in 2002,

0:12:59.774,0:13:04.392
2006, 2008.

0:13:04.392,0:13:08.474
Here's the increase in less than a decade.

0:13:08.474,0:13:12.891
And we still don't know why this is happening.

0:13:12.891,0:13:15.376
What we do know is, potentially,

0:13:15.376,0:13:17.408
the brain is reacting in

0:13:17.408,0:13:19.542
a hyperactive, hyper-plastic way,

0:13:19.542,0:13:22.492
and creating individuals that are like this.

0:13:22.492,0:13:25.249
And this is only one of the conditions that's out there.

0:13:25.249,0:13:28.789
You've also got people with who are extraordinarily smart,

0:13:28.789,0:13:31.186
people who can remember everything they've seen in their lives,

0:13:31.186,0:13:32.571
people who've got synesthesia,

0:13:32.571,0:13:33.902
people who've got schizophrenia.

0:13:33.902,0:13:36.436
You've got all kinds of stuff going on out there,

0:13:36.436,0:13:37.654
and we still don't understand

0:13:37.654,0:13:39.887
how and why this is happening.

0:13:39.887,0:13:42.569
But one question you might want to ask is,

0:13:42.569,0:13:45.197
are we seeing a rapid evolution of the brain

0:13:45.197,0:13:47.022
and of how we process data?

0:13:47.022,0:13:50.085
Because when you think of how much data's coming into our brains,

0:13:50.085,0:13:53.569
we're trying to take in as much data in a day

0:13:53.569,0:13:56.120
as people used to take in in a lifetime.

0:13:56.120,0:13:58.752
And as you're thinking about this,

0:13:58.752,0:14:01.094
there's four theories as to why this might be going on,

0:14:01.094,0:14:02.421
plus a whole series of others.

0:14:02.421,0:14:04.070
I don't have a good answer.

0:14:04.070,0:14:07.686
There really needs to be more research on this.

0:14:07.686,0:14:09.921
One option is the fast food fetish.

0:14:09.921,0:14:12.370
There's beginning to be some evidence

0:14:12.370,0:14:14.621
that obesity and diet

0:14:14.621,0:14:16.252
have something to do

0:14:16.252,0:14:18.020
with gene modifications,

0:14:18.020,0:14:20.370
which may or may not have an impact

0:14:20.370,0:14:23.887
on how the brain of an infant works.

0:14:23.887,0:14:27.842
A second option is the sexy geek option.

0:14:27.842,0:14:32.085
These conditions are highly rare.

0:14:32.085,0:14:35.123
(Laughter)

0:14:35.123,0:14:40.423
(Applause)

0:14:40.423,0:14:42.056
But what's beginning to happen

0:14:42.056,0:14:44.590
is because these geeks are all getting together,

0:14:44.590,0:14:47.487
because they are highly qualified for computer programming

0:14:47.487,0:14:49.805
and it is highly remunerated,

0:14:49.805,0:14:52.955
as well as other very detail-oriented tasks,

0:14:52.955,0:14:55.404
that they are concentrating geographically

0:14:55.404,0:14:58.371
and finding like-minded mates.

0:14:58.371,0:15:01.939
So this is the assortative mating hypothesis

0:15:01.939,0:15:04.639
of these genes reinforcing one another

0:15:04.639,0:15:06.756
in these structures.

0:15:06.756,0:15:09.706
The third, is this too much information?

0:15:09.706,0:15:11.203
We're trying to process so much stuff

0:15:11.203,0:15:13.555
that some people get synesthetic

0:15:13.555,0:15:16.155
and just have huge pipes that remember everything.

0:15:16.155,0:15:18.824
Other people get hyper-sensitive to the amount of information.

0:15:18.824,0:15:22.806
Other people react with various psychological conditions

0:15:22.806,0:15:24.438
or reactions to this information.

0:15:24.438,0:15:27.140
Or maybe it's chemicals.

0:15:27.140,0:15:28.905
But when you see an increase

0:15:28.905,0:15:31.256
of that order of magnitude in a condition,

0:15:31.256,0:15:32.821
either you're not measuring it right

0:15:32.821,0:15:35.339
or there's something going on very quickly,

0:15:35.339,0:15:39.371
and it may be evolution in real time.

0:15:39.371,0:15:41.874
Here's the bottom line.

0:15:41.874,0:15:44.055
What I think we are doing

0:15:44.055,0:15:45.771
is we're transitioning as a species.

0:15:45.771,0:15:51.255
And I didn't think this when Steve Gullans and I started writing together.

0:15:51.255,0:15:53.706
I think we're transitioning into Homo evolutis

0:15:53.706,0:15:55.105
that, for better or worse,

0:15:55.105,0:15:59.287
is not just a hominid that's conscious of his or her environment,

0:15:59.287,0:16:02.506
it's a hominid that's beginning to directly and deliberately

0:16:02.506,0:16:05.704
control the evolution of its own species,

0:16:05.704,0:16:09.538
of bacteria, of plants, of animals.

0:16:09.538,0:16:12.373
And I think that's such an order of magnitude change

0:16:12.373,0:16:15.476
that your grandkids or your great-grandkids

0:16:15.476,0:16:18.521
may be a species very different from you.

0:16:18.521,0:16:20.107
Thank you very much.

0:16:20.107,0:16:25.438
(Applause)