1 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:09,733 (Chapel of St. Lawrence) 2 00:00:25,144 --> 00:00:38,933 Welcome to Rome. We are now in Basilica San Lorenzo in Lucina. 3 00:00:38,933 --> 00:00:44,707 Emperor Valerian who reigned from 253 to 259 persecuted Christians 4 00:00:44,707 --> 00:00:48,735 And put to death several of them. One of them was San Lorenzo - "Lawrence" in English 5 00:00:48,735 --> 00:00:57,825 Here is he being sentenced to death 6 00:00:57,825 --> 00:01:03,833 and he suffered a very grim death 7 00:01:03,833 --> 00:01:14,289 you see it here in this other painting 8 00:01:14,289 --> 00:01:21,841 he is being roasted like a hamburger on a gridiron 9 00:01:21,841 --> 00:01:27,574 You see the gridiron there in the heavens. 10 00:01:27,574 --> 00:01:34,894 Lawrence is holding it - symbol of his passion 11 00:01:34,894 --> 00:01:56,788 You also have it here - inside the box below the altar. 12 00:01:56,788 --> 00:02:25,045 We are now going out of the Basilica San Lorenzo in Lucina 13 00:02:25,045 --> 00:02:29,626 That street over there is Via Frattina 14 00:02:29,626 --> 00:02:36,217 which leads to the famous McDonalds at Piazza di Spagna 15 00:02:36,217 --> 00:02:38,370 And speaking about hamburgers 16 00:02:38,370 --> 00:02:41,101 we are going to speak more about Saint Lawrence 17 00:02:41,101 --> 00:02:50,674 who was roasted like a hamburger 18 00:02:50,674 --> 00:03:00,567 We are going to see an important inscription where the cult of Lawrence is attested 19 00:03:00,567 --> 00:03:05,785 According to some historians Lawrence was not actually roasted 20 00:03:05,785 --> 00:03:08,946 An ancient source gives "assus est" "he was roasted" 21 00:03:08,946 --> 00:03:12,083 According to a modern historian we have here a scribal error for "passus est" "he suffered." 22 00:03:12,083 --> 00:03:18,323 In any case, this inscription attests the cult of Lawrence as believed during the Middle ages. 23 00:03:18,323 --> 00:03:26,986 This inscription is from 1130. 24 00:03:26,986 --> 00:03:35,387 This inscription was made during the "Dopmini" - corresponding to "Domini" in Classical Latin, i.e. "Lord" 25 00:03:35,387 --> 00:03:47,140 "Pape" corresponds to the classical "Papae" singular genitive. 26 00:03:47,140 --> 00:03:51,698 "During the Lord Pope Anacletus II." 27 00:03:51,698 --> 00:03:54,108 "PRIMO ANNO" "During his first year" 28 00:03:54,108 --> 00:04:02,430 Then you have the word "vero" "truly" but you can eliminate it in a translation. It separates this from the preceding phrase 29 00:04:02,430 --> 00:04:15,474 It was made during "indictio" - a period of 15 years to count taxes. 30 00:04:15,474 --> 00:04:20,897 You have the same word in this other inscription "indictione" - ablative from "indictio" 31 00:04:20,897 --> 00:04:25,093 It was the eighth year of "indictio" 32 00:04:25,093 --> 00:04:31,050 "In the month of May" 33 00:04:31,050 --> 00:04:32,097 "MADIO" is "Maius" in classical Latin 34 00:04:32,097 --> 00:04:33,728 "Maggio" in modern Italian 35 00:04:33,728 --> 00:04:40,456 "25th day." In the word "quinta" "fifth" you have a ligature (binding multiple letters) 36 00:04:40,456 --> 00:04:46,410 The subject is over here: "This church" 37 00:04:46,410 --> 00:04:50,468 "was dedicated." 38 00:04:50,468 --> 00:04:55,926 The phrase ends there. 39 00:04:55,926 --> 00:04:58,863 The subject of the next phrase is: 40 00:04:58,863 --> 00:05:03,935 "CORPORA SANTORUM MARTYRUM" 41 00:05:03,935 --> 00:05:06,790 "Bodies of holy martyrs" 42 00:05:06,790 --> 00:05:10,758 This is a list or an inventory of things inside the church 43 00:05:10,758 --> 00:05:38,093 "These bodies of holy martyrs were put back (i.e. buried) by the hands of the same pope" i.e. Anacletus II 44 00:05:38,093 --> 00:05:46,324 "(to be venerated) on the main altar" 45 00:05:46,324 --> 00:05:51,191 Then there is an inventory of things inside the church 46 00:05:51,191 --> 00:05:53,670 A "vestis" "clothing" 47 00:05:53,670 --> 00:05:57,260 "of Saint Sixtus who was both martyr and pope" 48 00:05:57,260 --> 00:06:04,950 "Sixtus" is "Sisto" in modern Italian 49 00:06:04,950 --> 00:06:11,838 The name means that he was the "sixth" pope after Peter, the apostle of Christ 50 00:06:11,838 --> 00:06:19,453 The inventory continues 51 00:06:19,453 --> 00:06:23,327 with "two ampoules" 52 00:06:23,327 --> 00:06:31,056 "of glass" 53 00:06:31,056 --> 00:06:40,937 "containing blood and grease" 54 00:06:40,937 --> 00:06:45,248 "ADIPE" means "grease" or "body fat" 55 00:06:45,248 --> 00:06:55,016 These liquids came from the "Most holy and glorious martyr St. Lawrence" 56 00:06:55,016 --> 00:07:09,250 Then you have an ornament here but theologically speaking the preceding genitives belongs also to the next phrase 57 00:07:09,250 --> 00:07:10,470 because it relates to the cult of Lawrence 58 00:07:10,470 --> 00:07:16,191 "FURCULA" is a "small fork" 59 00:07:16,191 --> 00:07:32,477 "CRATICULE" in English with "G" "Graticule" "grid" or rather a "gridiron" or "grill" - almost like this one here. 60 00:07:32,477 --> 00:07:36,879 Where he was being roasted 61 00:07:36,879 --> 00:07:41,328 he told one of the solders (who was there roasting him) : 62 00:07:41,328 --> 00:07:44,025 "Please, turn me also to the other side" 63 00:07:44,025 --> 00:07:49,015 The soldier probably used a "fork" mentioned here in order to turn him onto the other side 64 00:07:49,015 --> 00:07:52,171 just as you would also do with a hamburger 65 00:07:52,171 --> 00:07:56,612 The gridiron was of iron 66 00:07:56,612 --> 00:08:07,423 there was also shackles attached 67 00:08:07,423 --> 00:08:19,767 There is a "GAUSAPE" "clothing of wool." This is a Greek word. The Latin one is "VESTIS" 68 00:08:19,767 --> 00:08:33,897 Then "PINGUIDO" "grease". You have actually two synonyms for "dripping" in this text: 69 00:08:33,897 --> 00:08:34,713 "ADIPE" and "PINGUIDO" 70 00:08:34,713 --> 00:08:41,492 The last line "CUNCTA" "all" 71 00:08:41,492 --> 00:08:58,535 "All these things are in the church" 72 00:08:58,535 --> 00:09:06,542 This is a very precious document for the cult of St. Lawrence during the Middle ages (1130). It is important because he is the patron saint of chefs.