[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.74,0:00:04.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, imagine that you had\Nyour smartphone miniaturized
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.44,0:00:06.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and hooked up directly to your brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.71,0:00:09.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you had this sort of brain chip,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.63,0:00:12.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you'd be able to upload\Nand download to the internet
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.18,0:00:13.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the speed of thought.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.99,0:00:17.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Accessing social media or Wikipedia\Nwould be a lot like --
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.28,0:00:18.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well, from the inside at least --
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.94,0:00:20.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like consulting your own memory.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.25,0:00:24.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It would be as easy\Nand as intimate as thinking.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.58,0:00:28.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But would it make it easier\Nfor you to know what's true?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.76,0:00:31.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just because a way\Nof accessing information is faster
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.74,0:00:33.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it doesn't mean it's more\Nreliable, of course,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.01,0:00:37.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it doesn't mean that we would all\Ninterpret it the same way.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.27,0:00:40.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it doesn't mean that you would be\Nany better at evaluating it.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.89,0:00:42.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, you might even be worse,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.57,0:00:45.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because, you know, more data,\Nless time for evaluation.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.38,0:00:49.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Something like this is already\Nhappening to us right now.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.80,0:00:53.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We already carry a world of information\Naround in our pockets,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.68,0:00:57.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it seems as if the more information\Nwe share and access online,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.93,0:01:00.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the more difficult it can be for us\Nto tell the difference
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.76,0:01:02.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between what's real and what's fake.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.51,0:01:07.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's as if we know more\Nbut understand less.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.15,0:01:11.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, it's a feature\Nof modern life, I suppose,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.11,0:01:15.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that large swaths of the public\Nlive in isolated information bubbles.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.85,0:01:20.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're polarized: not just over values,\Nbut over the facts.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.53,0:01:24.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One reason for that is, the data\Nanalytics that drive the internet
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.15,0:01:26.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,get us not just more information,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.57,0:01:28.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but more of the information that we want.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.78,0:01:31.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our online life is personalized;
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.20,0:01:32.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,everything from the ads we read
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.95,0:01:35.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the news that comes down\Nour Facebook feed
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.56,0:01:38.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is tailored to satisfy our preferences.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.28,0:01:41.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so while we get more information,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.11,0:01:44.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a lot of that information ends up\Nreflecting ourselves
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.36,0:01:46.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as much as it does reality.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.20,0:01:48.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It ends up, I suppose,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.69,0:01:52.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,inflating our bubbles\Nrather than bursting them.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.33,0:01:55.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so maybe it's no surprise
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.48,0:01:58.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we're in a situation,\Na paradoxical situation,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.41,0:02:00.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of thinking that we know so much more,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.57,0:02:03.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and yet not agreeing\Non what it is we know.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.26,0:02:08.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So how are we going to solve\Nthis problem of knowledge polarization?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.86,0:02:13.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One obvious tactic is to try\Nto fix our technology,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.05,0:02:14.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to redesign our digital platforms,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.98,0:02:18.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so as to make them less\Nsusceptible to polarization.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.88,0:02:20.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I'm happy to report
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.11,0:02:24.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that many smart people at Google\Nand Facebook are working on just that.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.77,0:02:26.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And these projects are vital.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.84,0:02:30.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think that fixing technology\Nis obviously really important,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.99,0:02:35.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I don't think technology alone,\Nfixing it, is going to solve the problem
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.64,0:02:36.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of knowledge polarization.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.02,0:02:40.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't think that because I don't think,\Nat the end of the day,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.11,0:02:41.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it is a technological problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.77,0:02:43.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think it's a human problem,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.67,0:02:47.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,having to do with how we think\Nand what we value.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.28,0:02:50.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In order to solve it, I think\Nwe're going to need help.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.92,0:02:53.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're going to need help\Nfrom psychology and political science.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.95,0:02:57.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we're also going to need help,\NI think, from philosophy.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.66,0:03:02.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because to solve the problem\Nof knowledge polarization,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.52,0:03:05.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're going to need to reconnect
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.46,0:03:10.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with one fundamental, philosophical idea:
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.22,0:03:13.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we live in a common reality.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.67,0:03:18.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The idea of a common reality\Nis like, I suppose,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.72,0:03:20.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a lot of philosophical concepts:
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.31,0:03:21.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,easy to state
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.50,0:03:24.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but mysteriously difficult\Nto put into practice.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.00,0:03:26.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To really accept it,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.33,0:03:28.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think we need to do three things,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.57,0:03:30.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,each of which is a challenge right now.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.75,0:03:35.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First, we need to believe in truth.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.27,0:03:37.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You might have noticed
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.45,0:03:40.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that our culture is having\Nsomething of a troubled relationship
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.49,0:03:41.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with that concept right now.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.06,0:03:46.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It seems as if we disagree so much that,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.30,0:03:49.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as one political commentator\Nput it not long ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.13,0:03:51.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's as if there are no facts anymore.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.99,0:03:57.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that thought is actually an expression
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.23,0:04:01.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of a sort of seductive line\Nof argument that's in the air.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.67,0:04:02.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It goes like this:
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.19,0:04:07.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we just can't step outside\Nof our own perspectives;
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.06,0:04:09.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can't step outside of our biases.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.53,0:04:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every time we try,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.03,0:04:14.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we just get more information\Nfrom our perspective.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.54,0:04:17.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, this line of thought goes,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.02,0:04:22.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we might as well admit\Nthat objective truth is an illusion,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.80,0:04:23.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or it doesn't matter,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.98,0:04:26.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because either we'll never\Nknow what it is,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.04,0:04:29.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or it doesn't exist in the first place.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.17,0:04:34.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's not a new philosophical thought --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.19,0:04:36.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,skepticism about truth.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.33,0:04:40.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,During the end of the last century,\Nas some of you know,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.24,0:04:42.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was very popular in certain\Nacademic circles.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.32,0:04:48.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it really goes back all the way\Nto the Greek philosopher Protagoras,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.47,0:04:49.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if not farther back.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.25,0:04:52.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Protagoras said that objective\Ntruth was an illusion
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.72,0:04:55.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because "man is the measure\Nof all things."
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.66,0:04:57.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Man is the measure of all things.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.17,0:05:00.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That can seem like a bracing bit\Nof realpolitik to people,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.02,0:05:02.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or liberating,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.20,0:05:06.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it allows each of us\Nto discover or make our own truth.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.62,0:05:12.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But actually, I think it's a bit\Nof self-serving rationalization
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.80,0:05:14.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,disguised as philosophy.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.51,0:05:18.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It confuses the difficulty\Nof being certain
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.34,0:05:20.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the impossibility of truth.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.22,0:05:23.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Look --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.77,0:05:27.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of course it's difficult\Nto be certain about anything;
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.91,0:05:31.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we might all be living in "The Matrix."
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.02,0:05:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You might have a brain chip in your head
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.02,0:05:35.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,feeding you all the wrong information.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.59,0:05:41.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in practice, we do agree\Non all sorts of facts.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.80,0:05:45.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We agree that bullets can kill people.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.62,0:05:49.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We agree that you can't flap\Nyour arms and fly.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.02,0:05:52.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We agree -- or we should --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.02,0:05:55.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that there is an external reality
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.34,0:05:57.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and ignoring it can get you hurt.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.20,0:06:03.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nonetheless, skepticism\Nabout truth can be tempting,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.38,0:06:06.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it allows us to rationalize\Naway our own biases.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.72,0:06:09.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When we do that, we're sort of like\Nthe guy in the movie
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.73,0:06:12.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who knew he was living in "The Matrix"
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.79,0:06:15.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but decided he liked it there, anyway.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.03,0:06:19.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After all, getting what you\Nwant feels good.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.27,0:06:22.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Being right all the time feels good.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.99,0:06:25.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, often it's easier for us
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.80,0:06:29.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to wrap ourselves in our cozy\Ninformation bubbles,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.05,0:06:31.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,live in bad faith,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.61,0:06:35.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and take those bubbles\Nas the measure of reality.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.60,0:06:42.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,An example, I think, of how\Nthis bad faith gets into our action
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.46,0:06:47.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is our reaction\Nto the phenomenon of fake news.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.87,0:06:50.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The fake news that spread on the internet
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.83,0:06:55.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,during the American\Npresidential election of 2016
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.51,0:06:58.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was designed to feed into our biases,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.16,0:07:00.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,designed to inflate our bubbles.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.30,0:07:02.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what was really striking about it
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.37,0:07:04.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was not just that it fooled\Nso many people.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.60,0:07:08.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What was really striking to me\Nabout fake news,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.46,0:07:09.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the phenomenon,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.82,0:07:14.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is how quickly it itself became\Nthe subject of knowledge polarization;
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.58,0:07:19.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so much so, that the very term --\Nthe very term -- "fake news"
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.28,0:07:22.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,now just means: "news story I don't like."
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.37,0:07:28.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's an example of the bad faith\Ntowards the truth that I'm talking about.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.24,0:07:34.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the really, I think, dangerous thing
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.98,0:07:38.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about skepticism with regard to truth
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.48,0:07:41.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that it leads to despotism.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.35,0:07:45.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Man is the measure of all things"
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.30,0:07:49.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,inevitably becomes "The Man\Nis the measure of all things."
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.85,0:07:52.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just as "every man for himself"
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.53,0:07:55.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,always seems to turn out to be\N"only the strong survive."
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.34,0:07:58.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At the end of Orwell's "1984,"
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.14,0:08:04.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the thought policeman O'Brien is torturing\Nthe protagonist Winston Smith
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.42,0:08:07.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into believing two plus two equals five.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.57,0:08:11.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What O'Brien says is the point,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.49,0:08:17.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that he wants to convince Smith\Nthat whatever the party says is the truth,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.93,0:08:20.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the truth is whatever the party says.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.48,0:08:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what O'Brien knows\Nis that once this thought is accepted,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.39,0:08:28.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,critical dissent is impossible.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.86,0:08:32.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can't speak truth to power
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.07,0:08:35.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if the power speaks truth by definition.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.88,0:08:41.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I said that in order to accept\Nthat we really live in a common reality,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.15,0:08:42.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have to do three things.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.46,0:08:44.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first thing is to believe in truth.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.47,0:08:46.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The second thing can be summed up
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.16,0:08:51.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the Latin phrase that Kant took\Nas the motto for the Enlightenment:
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.27,0:08:52.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Sapere aude,"
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.93,0:08:54.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or "dare to know."
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.69,0:08:57.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or as Kant wants,\N"to dare to know for yourself."
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.21,0:09:00.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think in the early days of the internet,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.27,0:09:01.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a lot of us thought
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.46,0:09:05.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that information technology\Nwas always going to make it easier
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.30,0:09:07.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for us to know for ourselves,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.18,0:09:09.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and of course in many ways, it has.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.89,0:09:13.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But as the internet has become\Nmore and more a part of our lives,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.76,0:09:15.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our reliance on it, our use of it,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.74,0:09:18.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has become often more passive.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.32,0:09:20.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Much of what we know today we Google-know.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.30,0:09:24.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We download prepackaged sets of facts
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.02,0:09:28.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and sort of shuffle them along\Nthe assembly line of social media.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.36,0:09:30.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, Google-knowing is useful
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.81,0:09:34.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,precisely because it involves\Na sort of intellectual outsourcing.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.03,0:09:39.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We offload our effort onto a network\Nof others and algorithms.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.82,0:09:42.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that allows us, of course,\Nto not clutter our minds
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.85,0:09:44.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with all sorts of facts.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.31,0:09:46.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can just download them\Nwhen we need them.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.62,0:09:48.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's awesome.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.35,0:09:54.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there's a difference\Nbetween downloading a set of facts
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.81,0:09:59.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and really understanding how or why\Nthose facts are as they are.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.24,0:10:05.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Understanding why\Na particular disease spreads,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.64,0:10:07.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or how a mathematical proof works,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.72,0:10:09.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or why your friend is depressed,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.76,0:10:12.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,involves more than just downloading.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.40,0:10:15.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's going to require, most likely,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.50,0:10:17.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,doing some work for yourself:
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.50,0:10:20.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,having a little creative insight;
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.37,0:10:21.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using your imagination;
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.66,0:10:22.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,getting out into the field;
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.100,0:10:24.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,doing the experiment;
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.20,0:10:25.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,working through the proof;
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.50,0:10:26.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,talking to someone.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.53,0:10:35.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, I'm not saying, of course,\Nthat we should stop Google-knowing.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.40,0:10:37.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm just saying
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.58,0:10:39.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we shouldn't overvalue it, either.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.29,0:10:43.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need to find ways of encouraging\Nforms of knowing that are more active,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.51,0:10:49.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and don't always involve passing off\Nour effort into our bubble.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.24,0:10:53.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because the thing about Google-knowing\Nis that too often it ends up
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.61,0:10:54.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,being bubble-knowing.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.58,0:10:58.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And bubble-knowing means\Nalways being right.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.18,0:11:01.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But daring to know,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:01.40,0:11:02.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,daring to understand,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.15,0:11:07.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,means risking the possibility\Nthat you could be wrong.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.92,0:11:10.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It means risking the possibility
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.21,0:11:14.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that what you want and what's true\Nare different things.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:16.07,0:11:18.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which brings me to the third thing\Nthat I think we need to do
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.85,0:11:22.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if we want to accept that we live\Nin a common reality.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.91,0:11:25.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That third thing is:\Nhave a little humility.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.51,0:11:28.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By humility here, I mean\Nepistemic humility,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.66,0:11:30.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which means, in a sense,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:31.70,0:11:34.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,knowing that you don't know it all.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.13,0:11:36.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it also means something\Nmore than that.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.20,0:11:40.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It means seeing your worldview\Nas open to improvement
Dialogue: 0,0:11:40.68,0:11:42.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the evidence and experience of others.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.83,0:11:44.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Seeing your worldview\Nas open to improvement
Dialogue: 0,0:11:44.91,0:11:47.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the evidence and experience of others.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:48.08,0:11:50.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's more than just\Nbeing open to change.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.15,0:11:52.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's more than just being open\Nto self-improvement.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.57,0:11:56.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It means seeing your knowledge\Nas capable of enhancing
Dialogue: 0,0:11:56.88,0:11:59.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or being enriched\Nby what others contribute.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:00.22,0:12:02.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's part of what is involved
Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.96,0:12:05.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in recognizing there's a common reality
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.12,0:12:07.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you, too, are responsible to.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:09.63,0:12:11.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't think it's much\Nof a stretch to say
Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.86,0:12:16.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that our society is not particularly great\Nat enhancing or encouraging
Dialogue: 0,0:12:16.84,0:12:18.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that sort of humility.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.08,0:12:19.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's partly because,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:20.81,0:12:23.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well, we tend to confuse\Narrogance and confidence.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:24.26,0:12:26.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's partly because, well, you know,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:27.34,0:12:28.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,arrogance is just easier.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:28.92,0:12:31.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's just easier to think of yourself\Nas knowing it all.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:31.62,0:12:35.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's just easier to think of yourself\Nas having it all figured out.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.51,0:12:39.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that's another example\Nof the bad faith towards the truth
Dialogue: 0,0:12:39.47,0:12:41.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I've been talking about.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:43.39,0:12:45.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the concept of a common reality,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:45.65,0:12:48.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like a lot of philosophical concepts,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:48.37,0:12:49.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can seem so obvious,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.78,0:12:52.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we can look right past it
Dialogue: 0,0:12:53.94,0:12:55.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and forget why it's important.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:57.39,0:13:02.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Democracies can't function\Nif their citizens don't strive,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:02.36,0:13:03.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at least some of the time,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:03.76,0:13:05.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to inhabit a common space,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:05.46,0:13:08.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a space where they can pass\Nideas back and forth
Dialogue: 0,0:13:10.12,0:13:11.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when -- and especially when --
Dialogue: 0,0:13:11.93,0:13:13.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they disagree.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:13.75,0:13:16.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But you can't strive to inhabit that space
Dialogue: 0,0:13:17.56,0:13:21.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you don't already accept\Nthat you live in the same reality.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:23.14,0:13:25.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To accept that, we've got\Nto believe in truth,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:25.34,0:13:28.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we've got to encourage\Nmore active ways of knowing.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:29.39,0:13:31.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we've got to have the humility
Dialogue: 0,0:13:32.27,0:13:34.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to realize that we're not\Nthe measure of all things.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:37.05,0:13:40.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We may yet one day realize the vision
Dialogue: 0,0:13:40.60,0:13:43.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of having the internet in our brains.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:44.54,0:13:48.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if we want that to be liberating\Nand not terrifying,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:48.49,0:13:51.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if we want it to expand our understanding
Dialogue: 0,0:13:51.27,0:13:53.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and not just our passive knowing,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:54.58,0:13:58.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we need to remember that our perspectives,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:58.25,0:14:01.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as wondrous, as beautiful as they are,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:02.17,0:14:03.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are just that --
Dialogue: 0,0:14:03.48,0:14:05.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,perspectives on one reality.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:07.10,0:14:08.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:08.39,0:14:13.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)