[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.27,0:00:05.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 2002, a group of treatment activists met
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.76,0:00:09.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to discuss the early development of the airplane.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.78,0:00:14.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Wright Brothers, in the beginning of the last century,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.49,0:00:16.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had for the first time managed
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.19,0:00:18.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to make one of those devices fly.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.76,0:00:22.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They also had taken out numerous patents
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.02,0:00:23.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on essential parts of the airplane.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.100,0:00:25.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were not the only ones.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.44,0:00:29.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That was common practice in the industry,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.02,0:00:31.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and those who held patents on airplanes
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.32,0:00:32.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were defending them fiercely
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.47,0:00:35.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and suing competitors left and right.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.89,0:00:40.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This actually wasn't so great for the development of the aviation industry,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.81,0:00:44.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this was at a time that in particular the U.S. government
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.12,0:00:46.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was interested in ramping up
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.67,0:00:49.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the production of military airplanes.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.36,0:00:52.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So there was a bit of a conflict there.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.07,0:00:55.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The U.S. government decided to take action,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.31,0:00:57.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and forced those patent holders
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.64,0:01:01.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to make their patents available to share with others
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.81,0:01:07.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to enable the production of airplanes.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.32,0:01:10.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what has this
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.28,0:01:14.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,got to do with this?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.30,0:01:19.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 2002, Nelson Otwoma, a Kenyan social scientist,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.37,0:01:24.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,discovered he had HIV and needed access to treatment.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.51,0:01:28.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was told that a cure did not exist.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.74,0:01:31.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,AIDS, he heard, was lethal,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.95,0:01:35.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and treatment was not offered. This was at a time
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.14,0:01:37.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that treatment actually existed in rich countries.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.91,0:01:40.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,AIDS had become a chronic disease.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.90,0:01:44.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People in our countries here in Europe, in North America,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.50,0:01:47.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were living with HIV, healthy lives.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.45,0:01:50.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not so for Nelson. He wasn't rich enough,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.28,0:01:54.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and not so for his three-year-old son, who he discovered a year later
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.26,0:01:57.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,also had HIV.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.50,0:02:00.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nelson decided to become a treatment activist
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.92,0:02:03.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and join up with other groups.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.04,0:02:09.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 2002, they were facing a different battle.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.39,0:02:14.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Prices for ARVs, the drugs needed to treat HIV,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.10,0:02:18.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cost about 12,000 [dollars] per patient per year.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.50,0:02:21.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The patents on those drugs were held
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.02,0:02:26.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by a number of Western pharmaceutical companies
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.80,0:02:29.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that were not necessarily willing
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.72,0:02:32.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to make those patents available.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.96,0:02:35.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you have a patent, you can exclude
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.13,0:02:39.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,anyone else from making, from producing or making
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.86,0:02:42.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,low-cost versions, for example,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.86,0:02:46.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,available of those medications.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.43,0:02:50.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Clearly this led to patent wars breaking out
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.69,0:02:53.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all over the globe.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.65,0:02:57.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Luckily, those patents did not exist everywhere.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.31,0:02:59.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There were countries that did not recognize
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.70,0:03:02.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pharmaceutical product patents, such as India,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.62,0:03:05.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Indian pharmaceutical companies
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.14,0:03:09.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,started to produce so-called generic versions,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.10,0:03:13.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,low-cost copies of antiretroviral medicines,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.57,0:03:16.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and make them available in the developing world,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.87,0:03:19.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and within a year the price had come down
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.58,0:03:23.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from 10,000 dollars per patient per year
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.37,0:03:25.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to 350 dollars per patient per year,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.87,0:03:29.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and today that same triple pill cocktail
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.39,0:03:32.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is available for 60 dollars per patient per year,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.22,0:03:35.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and of course that started to have an enormous effect
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.59,0:03:38.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the number of people who could afford access
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.68,0:03:40.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to those medicines.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.17,0:03:42.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Treatment programs became possible,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.74,0:03:45.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,funding became available, and the number of people
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.86,0:03:52.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on antiretroviral drugs started to increase very rapidly.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.62,0:03:55.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, eight million people
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.33,0:03:58.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have access to antiretroviral drugs.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.45,0:04:02.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thirty-four million are infected with HIV.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.43,0:04:04.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Never has this number been so high,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.43,0:04:05.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but actually this is good news,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.67,0:04:08.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because what it means is people stop dying.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.30,0:04:10.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People who have access to these drugs stop dying.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.62,0:04:11.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there's something else.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.96,0:04:14.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They also stop passing on the virus.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.74,0:04:18.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is fairly recent science that has shown that.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.41,0:04:21.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What that means is we have the tools
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.06,0:04:24.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to break the back of this epidemic.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.82,0:04:30.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what's the problem?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.09,0:04:31.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, things have changed.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.96,0:04:35.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First of all, the rules have changed.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.78,0:04:41.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, all countries are obliged to provide
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.71,0:04:46.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,patents for pharmaceuticals that last at least 20 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.24,0:04:49.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is as a result of the intellectual property rules
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.17,0:04:51.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the World Trade Organization.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.52,0:04:54.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what India did is no longer possible.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.70,0:05:00.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Second, the practice of patent-holding companies have changed.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.04,0:05:04.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here you see the patent practices
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.42,0:05:08.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before the World Trade Organization's rules, before '95,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.51,0:05:10.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before antiretroviral drugs.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.89,0:05:13.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is what you see today,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.59,0:05:16.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this is in developing countries, so what that means is,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.28,0:05:18.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,unless we do something deliberate
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.70,0:05:21.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and unless we do something now,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.09,0:05:26.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we will very soon be faced with another drug price crisis,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.20,0:05:28.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because new drugs are developed,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.42,0:05:31.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,new drugs go to market, but these medicines are patented
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.79,0:05:34.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a much wider range of countries.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.86,0:05:39.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So unless we act, unless we do something today,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.49,0:05:43.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we will soon be faced [with] what some have termed
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.42,0:05:46.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the treatment time bomb.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.47,0:05:51.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It isn't only the number of drugs that are patented.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.33,0:05:54.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's something else that can really scare
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.11,0:05:55.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,generic manufacturers away.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.95,0:05:59.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This shows you a patent landscape.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.95,0:06:03.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the landscape of one medicine.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.64,0:06:06.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you can imagine that if you are a generic company
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.24,0:06:08.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about to decide whether to invest
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.23,0:06:11.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the development of this product, unless you know
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.37,0:06:13.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the licenses to these patents
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.87,0:06:16.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are actually going to be available,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.37,0:06:19.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you will probably choose to do something else.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.42,0:06:23.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Again, deliberate action is needed.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.35,0:06:25.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So surely
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.75,0:06:29.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if a patent pool could be established
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.68,0:06:33.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to ramp up the production of military airplanes,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.74,0:06:37.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we should be able to do something similar
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.27,0:06:40.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to tackle the HIV/AIDS epidemic.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.98,0:06:43.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we did.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.04,0:06:48.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 2010, UNITAID established the Medicines Patent Pool
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.43,0:06:51.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for HIV.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.91,0:06:53.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is how it works:
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.54,0:06:57.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Patent holders, inventors
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.21,0:07:01.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that develop new medicines
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.06,0:07:03.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,patent those inventions,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.62,0:07:05.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but make those patents available
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.38,0:07:08.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the Medicines Patent Pool. The Medicines Patent Pool
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.35,0:07:12.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then license those out to whoever needs access to those patents.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.16,0:07:13.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That can be generic manufacturers.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.84,0:07:17.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It can also be not-for-profit drug development agencies,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.65,0:07:19.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for example.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.13,0:07:21.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those manufacturers can then sell those medicines
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.64,0:07:26.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at much lower cost to people who need access to them,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.69,0:07:29.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to treatment programs that need access to them.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.26,0:07:33.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They pay royalties over the sales to the patent holders,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.44,0:07:43.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so they are remunerated for sharing their intellectual property.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.77,0:07:47.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is one key difference
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.83,0:07:51.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the airplane patent pool.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.19,0:07:56.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Medicines Patent Pool is a voluntary mechanism.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.10,0:07:59.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The airplane patent holders were not left a choice
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.54,0:08:01.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether they'd license their patents or not.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.18,0:08:03.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were forced to do so.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.38,0:08:07.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is something that the Medicines Patent Pool cannot do.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.30,0:08:10.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It relies on the willingness of pharmaceutical companies
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.65,0:08:14.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to license their patents and make them available
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.22,0:08:18.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for others to use.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.76,0:08:23.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, Nelson Otwoma is healthy.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.93,0:08:27.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He has access to antiretroviral drugs.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.91,0:08:31.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,His son will soon be 14 years old.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.69,0:08:34.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nelson is a member of the expert advisory group
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.26,0:08:36.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the Medicines Patent Pool,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.72,0:08:38.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he told me not so long ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.82,0:08:44.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Ellen, we rely in Kenya and in many other countries
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.36,0:08:47.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the Medicines Patent Pool to make sure
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.76,0:08:53.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that new medicines also become available to us,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.27,0:08:58.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that new medicines, without delay, become available to us."
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.66,0:09:02.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is no longer fantasy.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.02,0:09:06.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Already, I'll give you an example.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.50,0:09:09.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In August of this year, the United States drug agency
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.96,0:09:13.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,approved a new four-in-one AIDS medication.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.90,0:09:16.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The company, Gilead, that holds the patents,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.61,0:09:20.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has licensed the intellectual property to the Medicines Patent Pool.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.84,0:09:24.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The pool is already working today, two months later,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.77,0:09:27.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with generic manufacturers to make sure that this product
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.88,0:09:31.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can go to market at low cost
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.03,0:09:34.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where and when it is needed. This is unprecedented.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.44,0:09:36.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This has never been done before.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.38,0:09:40.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The rule is about a 10-year delay for a new product
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.10,0:09:43.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to go to market in developing countries, if at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.07,0:09:47.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This has never been seen before.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.10,0:09:50.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nelson's expectations are very high,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.60,0:09:54.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and quite rightly so. He and his son will need access
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.87,0:09:57.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the next generation of antiretrovirals
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.96,0:10:01.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the next, throughout their lifetime,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.07,0:10:05.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that he and many others in Kenya and other countries
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.75,0:10:10.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can continue to live healthy, active lives.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.18,0:10:13.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now we count on the willingness of drug companies
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.40,0:10:16.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to make that happen. We count on those companies
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.02,0:10:19.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that understand that it is in the interest, not only in the interest
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.44,0:10:22.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the global good, but also in their own interest,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.62,0:10:28.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to move from conflict to collaboration,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.34,0:10:31.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and through the Medicines Patent Pool they can make that happen.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.22,0:10:34.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They can also choose not to do that,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.62,0:10:40.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but those that go down that road may end up
Dialogue: 0,0:10:40.83,0:10:43.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a similar situation the Wright brothers ended up with
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.75,0:10:47.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,early last century, facing forcible measures
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.58,0:10:52.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by government. So they'd better jump now.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:52.77,0:10:56.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you. (Applause)