[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.71,0:00:03.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some of my most wonderful memories of childhood
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.42,0:00:06.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are of spending time with my grandmother, Mamar,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.97,0:00:10.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in our four-family home in Brooklyn, New York.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.77,0:00:13.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Her apartment was an oasis.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.84,0:00:15.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was a place where I could sneak a cup of coffee,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.89,0:00:19.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which was really warm milk \Nwith just a touch of caffeine.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.77,0:00:22.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She loved life.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.30,0:00:24.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And although she worked in a factory,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.80,0:00:27.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she saved her pennies and she traveled to Europe.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.97,0:00:31.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I remember poring over those pictures with her
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.30,0:00:35.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then dancing with her to her favorite music.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.41,0:00:40.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then, when I was eight and she was 60,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.03,0:00:42.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,something changed.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.09,0:00:44.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She no longer worked or traveled.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.44,0:00:46.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She no longer danced.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.13,0:00:48.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There were no more coffee times.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.88,0:00:51.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My mother missed work and took her to doctors
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.07,0:00:53.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who couldn't make a diagnosis.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.45,0:00:58.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And my father, who worked at night, \Nwould spend every afternoon with her,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.79,0:01:01.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just to make sure she ate.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.88,0:01:06.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Her care became all-consuming for our family.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.58,0:01:08.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And by the time a diagnosis was made,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.22,0:01:10.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she was in a deep spiral.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.93,0:01:14.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now many of you will recognize her symptoms.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.49,0:01:17.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My grandmother had depression.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.15,0:01:20.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A deep, life-altering depression,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.47,0:01:23.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from which she never recovered.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.56,0:01:27.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And back then, so little \Nwas known about depression.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.25,0:01:30.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But even today, 50 years later,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.66,0:01:33.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's still so much more to learn.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.93,0:01:38.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, we know that women \Nare 70 percent more likely
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.84,0:01:41.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to experience depression over their lifetimes
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.83,0:01:44.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,compared with men.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.11,0:01:46.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And even with this high prevalence,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.95,0:01:53.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,women are misdiagnosed between \N30 and 50 percent of the time.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.24,0:01:56.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now we know that women are more likely
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.17,0:02:01.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to experience the symptoms \Nof fatigue, sleep disturbance,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.56,0:02:04.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pain and anxiety compared with men.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.10,0:02:06.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And these symptoms are often overlooked
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.80,0:02:09.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as symptoms of depression.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.77,0:02:13.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it isn't only depression in which \Nthese sex differences occur,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.55,0:02:18.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they occur across so many diseases.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.07,0:02:20.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it's my grandmother's struggles
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.06,0:02:23.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that have really led me on a lifelong quest.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.80,0:02:27.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And today, I lead a center in which the mission
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.02,0:02:30.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to discover why these sex differences occur
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.80,0:02:32.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to use that knowledge
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.91,0:02:35.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to improve the health of women.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.86,0:02:39.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, we know that every cell has a sex.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.100,0:02:43.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, that's a term coined \Nby the Institute of Medicine.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.95,0:02:47.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what it means is that \Nmen and women are different
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.71,0:02:52.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,down to the cellular and molecular levels.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.15,0:02:57.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It means that we're different \Nacross all of our organs.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.09,0:03:02.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From our brains to our hearts, our lungs, our joints.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.59,0:03:06.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, it was only 20 years ago
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.47,0:03:10.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we hardly had any data on women's health
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.30,0:03:13.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,beyond our reproductive functions.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.18,0:03:16.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But then in 1993,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.08,0:03:20.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the NIH Revitalization Act was signed into law.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.70,0:03:23.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what this law did was it mandated
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.30,0:03:27.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that women and minorities \Nbe included in clinical trials
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.77,0:03:31.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that were funded by the National Institutes of Health.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.82,0:03:34.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in many ways, the law has worked.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.75,0:03:38.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Women are now routinely \Nincluded in clinical studies,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.42,0:03:40.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we've learned that there are major differences
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.67,0:03:42.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the ways that women and men
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.76,0:03:45.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,experience disease.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.30,0:03:47.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But remarkably,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.46,0:03:52.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what we have learned about these \Ndifferences is often overlooked.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.56,0:03:56.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, we have to ask ourselves the question:
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.38,0:04:00.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why leave women's health to chance?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.90,0:04:03.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we're leaving it to chance in two ways.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.54,0:04:07.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first is that there is so much more to learn
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.24,0:04:09.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we're not making the investment
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.65,0:04:13.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in fully understanding the extent \Nof these sex differences.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.81,0:04:18.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the second is that we aren't \Ntaking what we have learned,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.54,0:04:22.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and routinely applying it in clinical care.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.24,0:04:26.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are just not doing enough.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.23,0:04:28.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, I'm going to share with you three examples
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.49,0:04:32.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of where sex differences have \Nimpacted the health of women,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.19,0:04:34.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and where we need to do more.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.86,0:04:36.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's start with heart disease.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.88,0:04:42.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's the number one killer of women \Nin the United States today.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.08,0:04:44.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the face of heart disease.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.97,0:04:47.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Linda is a middle-aged woman,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.26,0:04:49.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who had a stent placed in one of the arteries
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.84,0:04:51.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,going to her heart.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.94,0:04:55.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When she had recurring symptoms \Nshe went back to her doctor.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.19,0:04:57.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Her doctor did the gold standard test:
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.83,0:05:00.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a cardiac catheterization.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.12,0:05:02.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It showed no blockages.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.53,0:05:04.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Linda's symptoms continued.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.60,0:05:07.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She had to stop working.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.08,0:05:09.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's when she found us.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.83,0:05:13.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When Linda came to us, we did \Nanother cardiac catheterization
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.98,0:05:17.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this time, we found clues.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.40,0:05:19.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we needed another test
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.87,0:05:22.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to make the diagnosis.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.46,0:05:27.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we did a test called an intracoronary ultrasound,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.04,0:05:29.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where you use soundwaves to look at the artery
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.35,0:05:32.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the inside out.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.08,0:05:34.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what we found
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.02,0:05:36.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was that Linda's disease didn't look like
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.47,0:05:39.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the typical male disease.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.54,0:05:42.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The typical male disease looks like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.73,0:05:46.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's a discrete blockage or stenosis.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.05,0:05:50.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Linda's disease, like the disease of so many women,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.35,0:05:52.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,looks like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.19,0:05:55.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The plaque is laid down more evenly, more diffusely
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.73,0:05:59.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,along the artery, and it's harder to see.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.70,0:06:03.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So for Linda, and for so many women,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.10,0:06:06.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the gold standard test wasn't gold.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.80,0:06:09.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, Linda received the right treatment.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.78,0:06:11.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She went back to her life and, fortunately, today
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.96,0:06:13.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she is doing well.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.71,0:06:15.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But Linda was lucky.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.32,0:06:17.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She found us, we found her disease.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.94,0:06:20.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But for too many women, that's not the case.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.86,0:06:23.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have the tools.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.17,0:06:26.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have the technology to make the diagnosis.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.85,0:06:30.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it's all too often that these sex diffferences
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.25,0:06:32.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are overlooked.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.55,0:06:34.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what about treatment?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.73,0:06:37.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A landmark study that was published two years ago
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.44,0:06:39.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,asked the very important question:
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.86,0:06:44.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What are the most effective treatments \Nfor heart disease in women?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.91,0:06:48.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The authors looked at papers \Nwritten over a 10-year period,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.57,0:06:51.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and hundreds had to be thrown out.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.05,0:06:55.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what they found out was that \Nof those that were tossed out,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.82,0:06:59.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,65 percent were excluded
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.48,0:07:03.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because even though women \Nwere included in the studies,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.84,0:07:10.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the analysis didn't differentiate \Nbetween women and men.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.20,0:07:13.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What a lost opportunity.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.42,0:07:15.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The money had been spent
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.45,0:07:17.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we didn't learn how women fared.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.60,0:07:20.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And these studies could not contribute one iota
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.40,0:07:22.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the very, very important question,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.81,0:07:25.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what are the most effective treatments
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.20,0:07:28.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for heart disease in women?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.10,0:07:33.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want to introduce you to \NHortense, my godmother,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.59,0:07:37.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hung Wei, a relative of a colleague,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.04,0:07:39.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and somebody you may recognize --
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.23,0:07:42.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dana, Christopher Reeve's wife.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.87,0:07:47.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All three women have something \Nvery important in common.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.23,0:07:50.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All three were diagnosed with lung cancer,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.81,0:07:53.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the number one cancer killer of women
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.74,0:07:56.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the United States today.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.44,0:08:00.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All three were nonsmokers.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.31,0:08:05.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sadly, Dana and Hung Wei died of their disease.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.48,0:08:11.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, what we know is that women who are\Nnonsmokers are three times more likely
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.62,0:08:14.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be diagnosed with lung cancer than are men
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.36,0:08:16.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who are nonsmokers.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.34,0:08:20.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now interestingly, when women are \Ndiagnosed with lung cancer,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.03,0:08:23.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their survival tends to be better than that of men.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.21,0:08:25.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, here are some clues.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.09,0:08:27.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our investigators have found that there are
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.49,0:08:32.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,certain genes in the lung tumor \Ncells of both women and men.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.16,0:08:34.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And these genes are activated
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.35,0:08:36.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mainly by estrogen.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.44,0:08:39.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when these genes are over-expressed,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.26,0:08:41.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's associated with improved survival
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.99,0:08:44.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,only in young women.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.66,0:08:46.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now this is a very early finding
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.33,0:08:49.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we don't yet know whether it has relevance
Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.97,0:08:52.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to clinical care.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.41,0:08:56.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it's findings like this that may provide hope
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.27,0:08:59.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and may provide an opportunity to save lives
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.04,0:09:01.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of both women and men.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.59,0:09:02.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, let me share with you an example
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.97,0:09:06.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of when we do consider sex differences,\Nit can drive the science.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.95,0:09:09.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Several years ago a new lung cancer drug
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.27,0:09:10.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was being evaluated,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.92,0:09:15.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when the authors looked \Nat whose tumors shrank,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.29,0:09:18.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they found that 82 percent were women.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.72,0:09:21.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This led them to ask the question: Well, why?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.69,0:09:23.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what they found
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.24,0:09:26.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was that the genetic mutations \Nthat the drug targeted
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.72,0:09:29.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were far more common in women.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.45,0:09:31.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what this has led to
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.15,0:09:33.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a more personalized approach
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.33,0:09:37.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the treatment of lung cancer \Nthat also includes sex.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.48,0:09:39.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is what we can accomplish
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.58,0:09:43.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when we don't leave women's health to chance.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.41,0:09:46.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We know that when you invest in research,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.61,0:09:48.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you get results.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.14,0:09:52.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Take a look at the death rate \Nfrom breast cancer over time.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.65,0:09:54.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now take a look at the death rates
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.57,0:09:57.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from lung cancer in women over time.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.90,0:10:01.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now let's look at the dollars \Ninvested in breast cancer --
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.52,0:10:04.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these are the dollars invested per death --
Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.48,0:10:08.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the dollars invested in lung cancer.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.71,0:10:13.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, it's clear that our investment in breast cancer
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.63,0:10:15.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has produced results.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.42,0:10:17.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They may not be fast enough,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.76,0:10:19.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it has produced results.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.98,0:10:21.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can do the same
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.78,0:10:26.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for lung cancer and for every other disease.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.78,0:10:30.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let's go back to depression.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.10,0:10:32.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Depression is the number one cause
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.41,0:10:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of disability in women in the world today.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.00,0:10:39.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our investigators have found
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.14,0:10:40.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that there are differences in the brains
Dialogue: 0,0:10:40.96,0:10:42.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of women and men
Dialogue: 0,0:10:42.43,0:10:45.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the areas that are connected with mood.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.55,0:10:47.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when you put men and women
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.62,0:10:49.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a functional MRI scanner --
Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.50,0:10:54.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's the kind of scanner that shows how the brain is functioning when it's activated --
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.05,0:10:58.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so you put them in the scanner \Nand you expose them to stress.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.09,0:11:01.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can actually see the difference.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:01.98,0:11:04.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's findings like this
Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.50,0:11:07.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we believe hold some of the clues
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.49,0:11:11.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for why we see these very significant sex differences
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.24,0:11:13.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in depression.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.49,0:11:15.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But even though we know
Dialogue: 0,0:11:15.05,0:11:17.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that these differences occur,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.92,0:11:20.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,66 percent
Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.57,0:11:24.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the brain research that begins in animals
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.57,0:11:26.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is done in either male animals
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.89,0:11:31.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or animals in whom the sex is not identified.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:31.24,0:11:34.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, I think we have to ask again the question:
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.86,0:11:39.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why leave women's health to chance?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.66,0:11:42.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is a question that haunts those of us
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.49,0:11:44.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in science and medicine
Dialogue: 0,0:11:44.30,0:11:50.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who believe that we are on the verge \Nof being able to dramatically improve
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.66,0:11:52.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the health of women.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.34,0:11:54.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We know that every cell has a sex.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.82,0:11:57.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We know that these differences \Nare often overlooked.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.76,0:12:02.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And therefore we know that women \Nare not getting the full benefit
Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.05,0:12:05.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of modern science and medicine today.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:05.95,0:12:07.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have the tools
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.60,0:12:11.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we lack the collective will and momentum.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.48,0:12:14.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Women's health is an equal rights issue
Dialogue: 0,0:12:14.23,0:12:17.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as important as equal pay.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:17.78,0:12:19.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's an issue of the quality
Dialogue: 0,0:12:19.96,0:12:23.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the integrity of science and medicine.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.12,0:12:30.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:12:30.58,0:12:35.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So imagine the momentum we could achieve
Dialogue: 0,0:12:35.13,0:12:37.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in advancing the health of women
Dialogue: 0,0:12:37.24,0:12:40.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if we considered whether these \Nsex differences were present
Dialogue: 0,0:12:40.10,0:12:43.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the very beginning of designing research.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:43.69,0:12:47.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or if we analyzed our data by sex.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.57,0:12:49.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, people often ask me:
Dialogue: 0,0:12:49.51,0:12:51.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What can I do?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:51.28,0:12:53.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And here's what I suggest:
Dialogue: 0,0:12:53.62,0:12:57.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First, I suggest that you think about women's health
Dialogue: 0,0:12:57.79,0:12:59.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the same way
Dialogue: 0,0:12:59.54,0:13:05.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you think and care about other \Ncauses that are important to you.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:05.58,0:13:08.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And second, and equally as important,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:08.76,0:13:10.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that as a woman,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:10.97,0:13:13.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you have to ask your doctor
Dialogue: 0,0:13:13.62,0:13:18.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the doctors who are caring \Nfor those who you love:
Dialogue: 0,0:13:18.03,0:13:22.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is this disease or treatment different in women?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:22.90,0:13:26.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, this is a profound question \Nbecause the answer is likely yes,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:26.49,0:13:30.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but your doctor may not know \Nthe answer, at least not yet.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:30.19,0:13:34.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if you ask the question, \Nyour doctor will very likely
Dialogue: 0,0:13:34.56,0:13:36.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,go looking for the answer.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:36.85,0:13:39.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is so important,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:39.18,0:13:41.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not only for ourselves,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:41.34,0:13:43.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but for all of those whom we love.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:43.100,0:13:48.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whether it be a mother, a daughter, a sister,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:48.48,0:13:52.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a friend or a grandmother.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:52.18,0:13:54.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was my grandmother's suffering
Dialogue: 0,0:13:54.32,0:13:56.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that inspired my work
Dialogue: 0,0:13:56.26,0:13:59.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to improve the health of women.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:59.24,0:14:01.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's her legacy.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:01.59,0:14:06.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our legacy can be to improve the health of women
Dialogue: 0,0:14:06.26,0:14:08.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for this generation
Dialogue: 0,0:14:08.40,0:14:11.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and for generations to come.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:11.42,0:14:13.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:13.57,0:14:16.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)