[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.21,0:00:07.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Music)
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.32,0:00:18.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These bees are in my backyard\Nin Berkeley, California.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.82,0:00:21.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Until last year,\NI'd never kept bees before,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.22,0:00:25.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but National Geographic asked me\Nto photograph a story about them,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.27,0:00:27.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I decided, to be able\Nto take compelling images,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.77,0:00:30.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I should start keeping bees myself.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.25,0:00:31.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as you may know,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.95,0:00:34.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bees pollinate one third\Nof our food crops,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.57,0:00:37.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and lately they've been having\Na really hard time.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.73,0:00:42.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So as a photographer, I wanted to explore\Nwhat this problem really looks like.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.28,0:00:45.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I'm going to show you\Nwhat I found over the last year.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.28,0:00:47.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This furry little creature
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.90,0:00:52.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a fresh young bee halfway emerged\Nfrom its brood cell,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.24,0:00:55.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and bees right now are dealing\Nwith several different problems,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.28,0:00:59.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including pesticides, diseases,\Nand habitat loss,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.54,0:01:04.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the single greatest threat\Nis a parasitic mite from Asia,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.15,0:01:06.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Varroa destructor.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.48,0:01:09.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this pinhead-sized mite\Ncrawls onto young bees
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.35,0:01:11.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and sucks their blood.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.70,0:01:13.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This eventually destroys a hive
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.70,0:01:16.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it weakens\Nthe immune system of the bees,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.94,0:01:20.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it makes them more vulnerable\Nto stress and disease.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.78,0:01:23.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, bees are the most sensitive
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.77,0:01:26.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when they're developing\Ninside their brood cells,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.51,0:01:29.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I wanted to know\Nwhat that process really looks like,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.62,0:01:32.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so I teamed up\Nwith a bee lab at U.C. Davis
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.25,0:01:35.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and figured out how to raise bees\Nin front of a camera.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.99,0:01:38.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm going to show you\Nthe first 21 days of a bee's life
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.98,0:01:41.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,condensed into 60 seconds.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.76,0:01:48.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a bee egg\Nas it hatches into a larva,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.57,0:01:53.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and those newly hatched larvae\Nswim around their cells
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.01,0:01:57.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,feeding on this white goo\Nthat nurse bees secrete for them.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.62,0:02:04.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then, their head and their legs\Nslowly differentiate
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.16,0:02:07.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as they transform into pupae.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.83,0:02:11.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's that same pupation process,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.85,0:02:15.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can actually see the mites\Nrunning around in the cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.24,0:02:19.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then the tissue in their body reorganizes
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.51,0:02:24.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the pigment slowly\Ndevelops in their eyes.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.87,0:02:32.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The last step of the process\Nis their skin shrivels up
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.76,0:02:35.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they sprout hair.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.24,0:02:39.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Music)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.80,0:02:51.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So -- (Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.70,0:02:57.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As you can see halfway\Nthrough that video,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.91,0:03:00.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the mites were running around\Non the baby bees,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.46,0:03:04.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the way that beekeepers\Ntypically manage these mites
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.39,0:03:07.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is they treat their hives with chemicals.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.40,0:03:09.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the long run, that's bad news,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.67,0:03:13.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so researchers are working\Non finding alternatives
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.22,0:03:15.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to control these mites.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.20,0:03:18.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is one of those alternatives.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.96,0:03:23.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's an experimental breeding program\Nat the USDA Bee Lab in Baton Rouge,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.33,0:03:27.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this queen and her attendant bees\Nare part of that program.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.74,0:03:31.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, the researchers figured out
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.43,0:03:35.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that some of the bees have\Na natural ability to fight mites,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.15,0:03:39.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so they set out to breed\Na line of mite-resistant bees.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.78,0:03:43.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is what it takes\Nto breed bees in a lab.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.42,0:03:46.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The virgin queen is sedated
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.16,0:03:51.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then artificially inseminated\Nusing this precision instrument.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.20,0:03:53.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, this procedure allows the researchers
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.48,0:03:58.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to control exactly\Nwhich bees are being crossed,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.50,0:04:01.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but there's a tradeoff\Nin having this much control.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.63,0:04:04.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They succeeded in breeding\Nmite-resistant bees,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.83,0:04:07.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but in that process, those bees\Nstarted to lose traits
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.92,0:04:11.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like their gentleness\Nand their ability to store honey,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.68,0:04:14.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so to overcome that problem,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.19,0:04:17.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these researchers are now collaborating\Nwith commercial beekeepers.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.25,0:04:23.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is Bret Adee opening\None of his 72,000 beehives.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.12,0:04:27.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He and his brother run the largest\Nbeekeeping operation in the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.75,0:04:33.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the USDA is integrating their\Nmite-resistant bees into his operation
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.41,0:04:35.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the hope that over time,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.05,0:04:38.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they'll be able to select the bees\Nthat are not only mite-resistant
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.72,0:04:43.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but also retain all of these qualities\Nthat make them useful to us.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.16,0:04:45.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And to say it like that
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.86,0:04:49.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,makes it sound like we're manipulating\Nand exploiting bees,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.16,0:04:52.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the truth is, we've been doing that\Nfor thousands of years.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.59,0:04:57.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We took this wild creature\Nand put it inside of a box,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.75,0:04:59.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,practically domesticating it,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.86,0:05:03.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and originally that was\Nso that we could harvest their honey,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.97,0:05:06.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but over time we started losing\Nour native pollinators,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.72,0:05:08.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our wild pollinators,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.42,0:05:11.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there are many places now\Nwhere those wild pollinators
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.48,0:05:15.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can no longer meet the pollination\Ndemands of our agriculture,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.28,0:05:20.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so these managed bees have become\Nan integral part of our food system.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.51,0:05:23.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So when people talk about saving bees,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.23,0:05:25.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my interpretation of that
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.36,0:05:28.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is we need to save\Nour relationship to bees,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.59,0:05:33.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in order to design new solutions,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.59,0:05:38.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have to understand\Nthe basic biology of bees
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.69,0:05:44.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and understand the effects\Nof stressors that we sometimes cannot see.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.91,0:05:49.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In other words, we have\Nto understand bees up close.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.11,0:05:51.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.38,0:05:53.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)