[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.84,0:00:18.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We live in a physical world.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.24,0:00:20.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We also live in a physical world
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.26,0:00:24.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's in a process of \Nmerging with the digital world.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.39,0:00:26.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As a consequence,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.18,0:00:28.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,increasingly, aspect of the physical world
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.96,0:00:31.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such as, say,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.01,0:00:33.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the fact that it's \Ngeographically distributed,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.26,0:00:37.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are starting to impact \Nour digital experiences.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.68,0:00:40.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a worldwide property,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.04,0:00:41.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's due to the fact
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.40,0:00:44.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we live all across \Nthe surface of a planet
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.69,0:00:46.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that has a finite diameter.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.68,0:00:49.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, for example, in virtual worlds,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.51,0:00:52.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you have one party \Non one side of the planet,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.55,0:00:54.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and one party \Non another side of the planet,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.96,0:00:57.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are interacting via a virtual world,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.40,0:00:58.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such as Second Life,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.79,0:01:01.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the experience delays due to the fact
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.79,0:01:04.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that light takes a finite amount of time
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.51,0:01:06.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to travel around the Earth's surface
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.70,0:01:08.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in order to connect them.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.48,0:01:10.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this problem isn't in any way
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.53,0:01:13.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,specific to virtual worlds \Nor entertainment.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.51,0:01:17.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a problem that's keenly felt \Nin industrial sectors,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.08,0:01:18.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in financial sectors.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.99,0:01:20.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Financial sector in particular,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.68,0:01:23.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is very well incentified to make sure
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.17,0:01:26.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the time delays \Nfor transmitting information
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.44,0:01:30.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between financial exchanges is minimised.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.50,0:01:32.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One more example,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.59,0:01:34.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,telerobotics and telesurgery.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.93,0:01:37.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As we move towards an era,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.26,0:01:39.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where a physician \Nin one location on Earth
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.76,0:01:41.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can perform surgery on a patient
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.93,0:01:43.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the opposite end of the Earth,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.98,0:01:47.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the delays involved in \Nmanipulating remote machines
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.10,0:01:50.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,become increasingly essential \Nto performance.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.24,0:01:55.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so how if we try \Nto combat this thus far?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.49,0:01:58.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a map of submarine cables
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.71,0:02:03.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,strewn all around the Earth's \Noceans and on land.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.10,0:02:06.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are literally \Nwiring up our planet surface
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.43,0:02:10.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in order to efficiently \Nallow information to flow
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.13,0:02:12.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from any point on the Earth's surface
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.34,0:02:15.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to any other point \Non the Earth's surface.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.16,0:02:16.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You might imagine
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.57,0:02:17.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we are relatively close to
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.75,0:02:20.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,solving this problem \Nof information delays.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.14,0:02:23.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But of course,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.53,0:02:25.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as with all physical properties,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.66,0:02:26.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there are limits.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.97,0:02:28.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's one very important one.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.95,0:02:31.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What you're seeing here are 2 maps
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.39,0:02:33.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of some of the state-of-the-art
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.42,0:02:36.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Internet connections \Nconnecting locations.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.26,0:02:37.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On the left, \N
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.61,0:02:39.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a New York to Chicago connection.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.70,0:02:41.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On the right,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.11,0:02:42.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,New York to London.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.84,0:02:44.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Interestingly,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.11,0:02:46.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you look at \Nthe amount of time it takes
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.11,0:02:48.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to send information back and forth,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.28,0:02:49.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through these pipes,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.89,0:02:51.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you compare it
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.30,0:02:53.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the theoretical physical limit
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.58,0:02:56.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to how fast you could \Nsend information round trip
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.53,0:03:00.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using light through optical fiber,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.30,0:03:01.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you'll notice
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.55,0:03:03.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we're literally approaching
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.58,0:03:06.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the physical limits allowed to us
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.10,0:03:08.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for sending information around the Earth
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.41,0:03:10.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between these important cities.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.80,0:03:13.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the problem \Nfor the reasons I've mentioned
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.67,0:03:18.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's only going to become \Nmore exacerbated with time.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.01,0:03:20.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why is this a problem?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.80,0:03:22.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, the way we've architected
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.35,0:03:25.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,many of our global transactions \Nright now on the Internet,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.44,0:03:27.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and our networks in general,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.28,0:03:30.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,requires round trip transactions.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.10,0:03:31.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, you have location A,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.85,0:03:33.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and location B,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.39,0:03:35.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you want to coordinate processes
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.60,0:03:37.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between these two locations,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.56,0:03:40.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they have to send \Ninformation to each other
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.02,0:03:41.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about their current state,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.75,0:03:43.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and wait for the other party \N
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.59,0:03:45.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to react to that new information,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.56,0:03:48.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and send back an execution signal.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.01,0:03:49.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In other words,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.43,0:03:50.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for most transactions today,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.95,0:03:52.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're stuck with round trip delays
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.100,0:03:54.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the Internet.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.97,0:03:58.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, biology, \N
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.01,0:04:00.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as has historically been the case,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.26,0:04:02.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has come up with \Na solution to this problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.68,0:04:04.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, if you as a human,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.72,0:04:06.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,touch a hot surface,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.35,0:04:08.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you'll note, \Nthat your hand pulls itself back
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.85,0:04:11.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before you feel the pain\Nin your mind.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.51,0:04:13.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the reason is that the pain signal \N
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.85,0:04:16.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,isn't travelling the entire distance
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.18,0:04:18.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from your finger up to your brain,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.21,0:04:20.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then back to your motor neurons,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.70,0:04:22.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to pull your hand back.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.23,0:04:25.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead, it's just travelling \Nto an intermediate location,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.11,0:04:26.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,your spinal column,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.37,0:04:27.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where it's immediately recognized \N
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.91,0:04:29.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as actionable information,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.90,0:04:32.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and signals are immediately \Nturned around
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.43,0:04:34.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for a more rapid response.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.47,0:04:36.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's called a reflex arc.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.32,0:04:39.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, biology is handing us the solution.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.02,0:04:43.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can do reflex arcs \Nfor global networking.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.85,0:04:45.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So rather than doing
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.68,0:04:48.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,round trip transmission of information,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.01,0:04:51.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let's instead position \Nserver infrastructure
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.26,0:04:54.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at well selected intermediate locations
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.26,0:04:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between two different \Ngeographic locations
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.00,0:04:59.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that need to be coordinated.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.02,0:05:00.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, this is a problem \N
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.08,0:05:01.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I've been thinking about
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.24,0:05:02.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for a number of years:
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.61,0:05:05.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how best to position \Nthese intermediate locations
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.25,0:05:08.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in order to literally \Nget around the speed of light
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.48,0:05:11.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by not being forced to \Nwait for this round trip transmission?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.77,0:05:13.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And recently, \N
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.24,0:05:16.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I identified and published \Nthe optimal solution.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.58,0:05:18.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, what you're seeing here \Nis an equation
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.55,0:05:21.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that describes \Nthe theoretical optimal solution
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.35,0:05:23.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for where to place yourself \N
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.17,0:05:25.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in between two different locations
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.42,0:05:28.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in order to optimally \Ncoordinate processes
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.15,0:05:30.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,happening at either end.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.61,0:05:33.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so, just for fun,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.39,0:05:35.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've taken this equation,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.41,0:05:38.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and applied it to a financial task.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.18,0:05:39.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, what you're looking at here,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.76,0:05:41.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is literally a treasure map.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.85,0:05:43.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The large red dots represent \N
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.58,0:05:45.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the world's largest stock exchanges,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.68,0:05:48.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the small blue dots here
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.29,0:05:52.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,represent the calculated \Noptimal intermediate locations
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.26,0:05:54.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for coordinating, trading,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.69,0:05:56.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on pairs of these exchanges.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.88,0:05:58.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you'll note,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.02,0:06:00.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that many of these \Noptimal intermediate locations
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.92,0:06:03.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are in network sparse areas, \N
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.31,0:06:05.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and on oceans.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.14,0:06:08.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so, this presents us with \Nwhat may perhaps be
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.26,0:06:11.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the first excuse to \Nliterally boil the oceans
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.27,0:06:13.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using computation.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.06,0:06:19.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, how do we go about to \Ndeploying this new infrastructure?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.22,0:06:23.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, I've shown here \N3 different modalities
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.58,0:06:25.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for deploying these new servers
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.89,0:06:29.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that would be responsible \Nfor creating global reflex arcs,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.62,0:06:33.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in order to help us get around \Nspeed of light limitations.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.35,0:06:34.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, on the left,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.56,0:06:36.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you see microwave towers,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.43,0:06:38.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we see balloons in the middle,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.22,0:06:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we see microwave buoys,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.00,0:06:44.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,microwave relay buoys, to the right.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.62,0:06:49.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are just 3 modalities \Nby which one can envisage,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.01,0:06:51.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,getting around the speed of light
Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.55,0:06:54.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,due to the Earth's finite size.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.40,0:06:57.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so, I think, stepping back,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.10,0:07:00.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're faced with an opportunity \Nat this point in time,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.99,0:07:03.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to not just bump up against \N
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.50,0:07:05.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the finite speed of light,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.72,0:07:08.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a pretence to \Ntelecommunications on Earth,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.37,0:07:10.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but to use this as an opportunity
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.74,0:07:14.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to create lots of \Nnew infrastructure in locations
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.25,0:07:17.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that previously had none, \Nand in particular,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.24,0:07:20.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm especially fond of this analogy,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.82,0:07:23.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Silk Road, or the Silk Route,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.08,0:07:26.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the trade of silk was responsible,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.38,0:07:28.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the first few centuries CE,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.72,0:07:30.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for creating economic growth
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.61,0:07:32.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at intermediate locations
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.48,0:07:35.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between opposite ends of a trade route.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.27,0:07:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I think the opportunity here
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.00,0:07:40.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to leverage the finite speed of light
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.33,0:07:42.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to deploy infrastructure \N
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.04,0:07:44.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in many locations around the world
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.06,0:07:45.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that currently don't have access \N
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.98,0:07:47.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to low latency Internet,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.94,0:07:49.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and as a result,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.11,0:07:52.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,treat geography \Nas a new form of natural resource
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.64,0:07:55.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that can lead to \Nbroader economic development.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.58,0:07:57.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you very much.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.35,0:07:59.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)