[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.25,0:00:02.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is the Higgs?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.78,0:00:07.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Since 1964 we've had this idea
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.58,0:00:11.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,proposed by Englert, Brout and Higgs
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.71,0:00:15.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that empty space is like a medium
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.12,0:00:19.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and as particles travel through this medium
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.85,0:00:21.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some of them interact with it,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.97,0:00:23.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some of them don't interact with it,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.36,0:00:27.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The ones that do interact with this medium,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.30,0:00:28.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they acquire masses,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.90,0:00:31.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the ones that pass through it without interacting,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.74,0:00:33.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,those are massless particles.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.06,0:00:36.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me give you an analogy:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.42,0:00:40.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,imagine an infinite field of snow
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.05,0:00:42.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,extending thoughout all of space,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.11,0:00:46.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,flat, featureless, going in all directions,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.47,0:00:49.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe the middle of Siberia.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.22,0:00:52.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now imagine that you're trying to cross
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.45,0:00:53.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this field of snow.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.10,0:00:56.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So maybe you're a skier,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.63,0:00:58.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you skim across the top,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.50,0:01:00.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's like a particle that a particle that
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.23,0:01:02.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,does not interact with the Higgs field,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.29,0:01:05.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it does not sink into the snow, it goes very fast,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.87,0:01:09.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's like a particle with no mass travelling at the speed of light.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.100,0:01:13.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But maybe you've only got snw shoes,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.24,0:01:16.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in that case you sink into the Higgs snow field,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.63,0:01:21.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you've got less speed that the skier,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.08,0:01:23.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,less that the speed of light,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.22,0:01:25.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's like a particle with mass, because you are
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.61,0:01:28.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,connecting, interacting, with that Higgs snow field.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.62,0:01:33.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then finally if you've just got boots on,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.22,0:01:35.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then you you sink deeply into the snow,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.77,0:01:37.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you go very very slowly,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.79,0:01:40.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's like a particle with a big mass.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.58,0:01:44.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, think of this Higgs field as being
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.59,0:01:47.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like this universal field of snow.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.29,0:01:51.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, where does the Higgs boson come in?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.42,0:01:55.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We all know what snow is made out of.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.19,0:01:57.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's made out of snow flakes.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.50,0:02:01.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the same way this universal Higgs snow fields,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.92,0:02:04.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is made up out of little quanta,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.91,0:02:09.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,those quanta are like snowflakes, that's what we call the Higgs boson.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.08,0:02:16.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Higgs boson has this job of giving masses
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.89,0:02:18.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to all the other elementary particles.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.84,0:02:25.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you look at the basic equations
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.41,0:02:29.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the Standard Model, as written on my T-shirt,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.31,0:02:33.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're very symmetric, that way in which
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.20,0:02:35.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all the different particles appear is the the same.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.21,0:02:39.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At least on the top two lines there're nothing
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.06,0:02:42.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to distinguish particles that have different masses for eaxample.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.01,0:02:46.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this symmetry has to be broken,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.100,0:02:49.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,electrons are lighter than muons,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.32,0:02:52.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the top quark is much much heavier
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.24,0:02:54.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than the quarks that make up everyday nuclei.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.53,0:02:58.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, the top two lines, the symmetric lines,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.17,0:03:00.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cannot be all there is,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.24,0:03:02.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there has to be something to discriminate,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.72,0:03:05.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to distinguish, between the different types of particle.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.16,0:03:08.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's the job of the Higgs boson,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.37,0:03:11.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's the job of the two bottom lines.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.52,0:03:15.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Depending on how those different types of quark
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.67,0:03:17.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or the electron and muon,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.89,0:03:22.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,depending on how they connect to that Higgs field,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.84,0:03:25.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we believe they get different masses.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.65,0:03:28.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The symmetry between these particles is broken.