[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.94,0:00:03.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is the Higgs?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.19,0:00:07.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Since 1964 we've had this idea
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.61,0:00:12.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,proposed by Englert, Brout and Higgs
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.08,0:00:16.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that empty space is like a medium
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.60,0:00:20.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and as particles travel through this medium
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.58,0:00:22.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some of them interact with it,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.74,0:00:24.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some of them don't interact with it,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.35,0:00:27.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The ones that do interact with this medium,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.38,0:00:29.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they acquire masses,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.10,0:00:31.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the ones that pass through it without interacting,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.86,0:00:34.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,those are massless particles.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.65,0:00:36.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me give you an analogy:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.87,0:00:40.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,imagine an infinite field of snow
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.66,0:00:43.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,extending thoughout all of space,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.87,0:00:47.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,flat, featureless, going in all directions,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.98,0:00:50.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe the middle of Siberia.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.68,0:00:52.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now imagine that you're trying to cross
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.64,0:00:54.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this field of snow.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.30,0:00:56.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So maybe you're a skier,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.36,0:00:58.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you skim across the top,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.76,0:01:02.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's like a particle that a particle that
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.46,0:01:04.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,does not interact with the Higgs field,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.04,0:01:06.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it does not sink into the snow, it goes very fast,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.31,0:01:11.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's like a particle with no mass travelling at the speed of light.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.24,0:01:13.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But maybe you've only got snw shoes,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.71,0:01:17.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in that case you sink into the Higgs snow field,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.83,0:01:21.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you've got less speed that the skier,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.76,0:01:23.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,less that the speed of light,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.10,0:01:25.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's like a particle with mass, because you are
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.66,0:01:30.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,connecting, interacting, with that Higgs snow field.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.11,0:01:33.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then finally if you've just got boots on,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.65,0:01:35.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then you you sink deeply into the snow,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.83,0:01:37.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you go very very slowly,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.80,0:01:40.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's like a particle with a big mass.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.80,0:01:45.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, think of this Higgs field as being
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.35,0:01:48.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like this universal field of snow.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.38,0:01:52.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, where does the Higgs boson come in?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.54,0:01:55.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We all know what snow is made out of.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.71,0:01:58.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's made out of snow flakes.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.33,0:02:02.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the same way this universal Higgs snow fields,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.38,0:02:04.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is made up out of little quanta,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.89,0:02:11.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,those quanta are like snowflakes, that's what we call the Higgs boson.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.50,0:02:16.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Higgs boson has this job of giving masses
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.88,0:02:20.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to all the other elementary particles.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.48,0:02:26.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you look at the basic equations
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.18,0:02:30.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the Standard Model, as written on my T-shirt,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.72,0:02:33.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're very symmetric, that way in which
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.95,0:02:36.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all the different particles appear is the the same.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.73,0:02:39.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At least on the top two lines there're nothing
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.27,0:02:43.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to distinguish particles that have different masses for eaxample.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.13,0:02:47.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this symmetry has to be broken,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.26,0:02:50.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,electrons are lighter than muons,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.73,0:02:54.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the top quark is much much heavier
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.05,0:02:56.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than the quarks that make up everyday nuclei.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.50,0:02:59.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, the top two lines, the symmetric lines,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.15,0:03:01.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cannot be all there is,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.06,0:03:02.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there has to be something to discriminate,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.59,0:03:05.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to distinguish, between the different types of particle.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.53,0:03:09.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's the job of the Higgs boson,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.18,0:03:11.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's the job of the two bottom lines.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.62,0:03:16.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Depending on how those different types of quark
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.22,0:03:18.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or the electron and muon,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.54,0:03:23.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,depending on how they connect to that Higgs field,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.24,0:03:25.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we believe they get different masses.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.98,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The symmetry between these particles is broken.