[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.35,0:00:04.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is the Higgs?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Since 1964 we've had this idea
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,proposed by Englert, Brout and Higgs
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that empty space is like a medium
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and as particles travel through this medium
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some of them interact with it,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some of them don't interact with it,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The ones that do interact with this medium,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they acquire masses,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the ones that pass through it without interacting,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,those are massless particles.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me give you an analogy:
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,imagine an infinite field of snow
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,extending thoughout all of space,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,flat, featureless, going in all directions,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe the middle of Siberia.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now imagine that you're trying to cross
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this field of snow.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So maybe you're a skier,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you skim across the top,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's like a particle that a particle that
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,does not interact with the Higgs field,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it does not sink into the snow, it goes very fast,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's like a particle with no mass travelling at the speed of light.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But maybe you've only got snw shoes,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in that case you sink into the Higgs snow field,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you've got less speed that the skier,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,less that the speed of light,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's like a particle with mass, because you are
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,connecting, interacting, with that Higgs snow field.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then finally if you've just got boots on,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then you you sink deeply into the snow,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you go very very slowly,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's like a particle with a big mass.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, think of this Higgs field as being
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like this universal field of snow.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, where does the Higgs boson come in?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We all know what snow is made out of.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's made out of snow flakes.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the same way this universal Higgs snow fields,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is made up out of little quanta,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,those quanta are like snowflakes, that's what we call the Higgs boson.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Higgs boson has this job of giving masses
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to all the other elementary particles.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you look at the basic equations
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the Standard Model, as written on my T-shirt,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're very symmetric, that way in which
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all the different particles appear is the the same.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At least on the top two lines there're nothing
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to distinguish particles that have different masses for eaxample.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this symmetry has to be broken,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,electrons are lighter than muons,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the top quark is much much heavier
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than the quarks that make up everyday nuclei.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, the top two lines, the symmetric lines,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cannot be all there is,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there has to be something to discriminate,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to distinguish, between the different types of particle.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's the job of the Higgs boson,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's the job of the two bottom lines.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Depending on how those different types of quark
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or the electron and muon,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,depending on how they connect to that Higgs field,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that Higgs boson,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we believe they get different masses.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The symmetry between these particles is broken.