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(2:19 D. Koller) Hi everyone! It's a real privilege for me to be able to speak with you

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and thank you all for these amazing contributions that you're all making

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towards making education accessible to a much, much larger number of people.

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I'd also like to start off by thanking not only you, the individual volunteers,

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but also the organizations that have been working with us here at Coursera

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to help you and to help us with this amazing project.

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And these include GUOKR in China, the Lemann Foundation in Brazil,

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ABBYY Language services in Russia, the Slim Foundation in Mexico

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and many other organizations that we hope will come onboard too (unclear ...ully)

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or that are already with us in order to help this translation project.

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Coursera has always been an international platform.

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As it happens, both my co-founder Andrew Ng and myself are not originally from the United States.

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I grew up in Israel and Andrew grew up in Hong Kong and Singapore.

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And so, we've always realized the importance of having an effort that spands the globe

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and appeals -- and that's accessible to everyone.

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In fact, even from the earliest days of the MOOC effort,

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we had only 40% of the audience from the United States, 60% from outside the United States.

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And that fraction of people outside the United States has only been growing over time:

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well (check) now only a third of our audience comes from the United States.

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And so, we're really excited to have -- to be able to expand that reach to an even larger number of people.

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Half or more of our users are currently from countries where the primary language is not English.

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Now, this is pretty incredible when you think about this.

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Our courses are hard.

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They're hard even if you're listening to them in your native language.

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And if you're listening to them in a language where you have to simultaneously

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think about understanding what's being said as well as to understand the material,

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I mean, that's really an incredible challenge,

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and it's quite amazing that these many people have been able to deal with that,

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but at the same time, we realize that there's many many more for whom this is a barrier,

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that is, that their inability to simultaneously understand English and the content

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prevents them from having the benefit of access to our courses.

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And so, because of that, we knew that we needed to make Coursera more accessible

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and a better place for learners all over the world, regardless of what their native language is.

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And so, we've been doing a number of things to move that along,

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we've been partnering with institutions that teach in native languages other than English,

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and currently, we have, I think, ten different -- nine different languages offered on the platform

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and we hope to increase both the number of languages

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as well as the number of courses in each of those languages,

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to make a much broader range of content available to people.

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We've internationalized the user interface of the platform into six languages,

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so as to make people whose native language is that language

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feel at home when they came onto the site.

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And now, in what I think is likely to be our biggest-impact project yet

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in terms of increasing access regardless of language barriers,

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we have the Global Translation Community project,

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lead by my amazing colleagues Sébastien and Eli, here

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and it's a -- all the credit goes to them, by the way.

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So, we've been just awe-struck by the passion and commitment

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that we've seen among all of you in joining this effort.

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And I know we've heard from many of you that for you, this is an opportunity to give something back

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but it's sort of, you know, I think there is an amazing opportunity here of free, high-quality education

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and this is a way for you to share that education with people that,

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you now, might not otherwise have access tools -- in many cases your fellow country-people

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and it's really amazing that you decided to give of your time, your energy and your passion

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to make that possible.

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And I know that many people in your countries and in other countries that speak the same language

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will be very grateful for your effort and I know we are as well: so thank you all.

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(7:12 E. Bildner) Thank you, thank you so much for that introduction (inaudible) Daphne.

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Again, just as I mentioned, my name is Eli and I work on the International Grow team

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and we'll field some of the great questions that we're seeing coming in.

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Just a couple of logistical notes:

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I see there are a few questions about the nature of the community logistics

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and Sébastien and I will get to those, I guess after (inaudible) Daphne.

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So we'll let Daphne talk about more (inaudible) about Coursera and international growth.

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In a second (check) I see there are a couple more comments about the hangout being a little bit hard to hear,

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if you're watching through YouTube, it might be better to click through to the link to the live hangout

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and close the YouTube tab.

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You can only hear it once. I hope that will take care of that.

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So, with that started, with that all said, I wanted to - let's see,

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I saw a question here about the effect, you know,

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what impact Coursera will have on the globalization of higher education.

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So, I guess, you characteristically (check) talked about that,

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you know, what does this mean for having universities in many different countries

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(inaudible) worldwide higher education (inaudible)

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(8:23 D. Koller) So I think, in some sense, this is a tremendous opportunity

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for higher education and for the world

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because it allows people to see education as it's offered in parts of the world

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that many will just never have the opportunity to visit

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and so, you can view this as a way of allowing people

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to share perspectives and opinions across national boundaries

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and many of our courses, in fact, are very much contextualized.

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So for example, if you're teaching a course on sociology

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or on sustainability or on business, or many other topics,

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the perspectives that you'd get from someone in China

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is very different from what you would get from someone in Nigeria or in the United States.

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So this ability to really get these diverse points of view and share those with other learners

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is really, I think, one of the things that both the learners on our platform get (inaudible)

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also the instructors who are teaching benefit a lot from this.

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So I think that's one aspect of globalization.

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The other aspect, I think, is just the capacity issue that is present in many parts of the world.

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Those of us who live in countries that are -- where the educational infrastructure is better developed

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often take for granted the ability that we have to just sign up for a college

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and obviously, we have to pass the admission criteria,

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but if we do, then there is a place for us and we have the opportunity to learn;

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but in many parts of the world, that's just not true.

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And there are people that would dearly love to have the opportunity for an educational experience

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and that opportunity is just not there for them,

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because of a lack of capacity in the educational system,

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because they don't have enough money,

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because of social circumstances and -- or economic circumstances --

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and this really, I think, allows the opportunity for people in those countries

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to have access to something that just otherwise would not exist.

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And hopefully, over time, the educational infrastructure will catch up,

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maybe, perhaps, to some extent by having that content there

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that helps further development and create more qualified instructors within the country.

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And so we hope to use this as a spur to develop

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-- to spur the development of educational infrastructure around the world.

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(10:52 E. Bildner) Daphne, I guess we're seeing a couple of other questions come in.

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How do you see Coursera interacting with other online initiatives in --

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that are specifically focused on individual countries, you know,

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Coursera is an international platform, but there are lots of local resources (inaudible) to you

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and how do you see that interaction working?

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(11:12 D. Koller) So I think there is a diverse -- with this move towards online education

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that really started out with the efforts that Andrew and I did at Stanford in September 2001,

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there is now realization that there is a big opportunity there,

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and there is a number of initiatives that are coming up to leverage that and move that forward.

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You know, I think that some of these are efforts that are very,

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in some sense, complementary to what we're doing.

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So, for example, there are portals in certain countries, like Nadees (check) portal for example,

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that is one of our Chinese partners, that really point to great content from Coursera,

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from Khan Academy, from other resources

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and serve as a place where people in that country can find out about great educational content.

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(inaudible) a little bit more similar to what we're doing, so you could view this,

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they're trying to do the same thing, but perhaps focused on the needs of that particular country

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and I think that's totally fine, because there is a limited capacity to what we can host on Coursera

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in terms of university partners,

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and so if you have a site that says "I'm going to allow the many universities within a given country

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that can't be on Coursera to still offer content in language, in -- you know, that's really,

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that's about local -- that really focus on aspects that are tied to the local culture (check)"

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I think that's absolutely fine.

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(12:47 E. Bildner) Thanks. We get a great question coming in from Akhrum Dahab (check),

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I guess n Tchad. Thank you, Akhram.

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"What would you do to help people from poor countries with limited connection speed,

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like Tchad where I live?"

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(12:59 D. Koller) Well, first of all, thank you so much for joining us from Tchad.

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That's very far away and it's wonderful that people from all over the world are part of this effort.

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So thank you for participating.

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We completely realize that there are serious infrastructure issues

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in allowing people from parts of the world where broadband internet, for example,

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is not readily available, to access our kind of content.

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And so, there is a two-part answer to this.

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The first is that the digital divide is a prevalent problem

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that we at Coursera are not going to be the solution for,

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because there are only so many problems that an organization can tackle.

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But fortunately, there is a number of organizations, governments and NGOs,

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that are working to try and overcome those infrastructure issues in a much broader basis

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and we're delighted to see that happening.

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There's been tremendous progress in India, for example, recently,

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and I hope other countries will follow suit.

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At the same time, we're doing what we can on our side, until that happens, to try and increase access.

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And that includes programs like the Global Translation Community,

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which hope (check) to overcome language barriers,

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the significant effort that we've made on building mobile apps

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that allow those people who access the internet primarily by their mobile device

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to have a much better experience, and that's specifically, I think,

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common in developing countries.

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And then there is a number of efforts that we've made in the Learning Hub project,

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which are these physical spaces that have high broadband internet connectivity

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in places like US embassies, or the digital libraries of the Slim foundation in Mexico and Latin America,

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as well as a number of other partners that we have around the world

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that provide local hubs where people who don't necessarily have access to the internet

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can come and study quietly, often with the guidance of the (inaudible)

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and we see amazing learning outcomes in those places,

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with much higher completion rates than we see in just the general population,

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and people having incredible experiences with that.

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And so that's another thing that we've done.

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(15:20 E. Bildner) Thanks, Daphne. A couple of other questions:

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Interesting one here from Hoda's (check), if I'm mispronouncing your name, Injay (check) in a --

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not sure where you come from, it's an interesting question:

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"Will Coursera be focusing on elistic education, as in knowledge for the sake of knowledge,

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or will be filling the gaps in reward system"

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so, I guess, more of a kind of vocational education.

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How do you think about that (inaudible) about Coursera's place is?

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(D. Koller) So, we're committed to education in multiple forms.

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We believe that it's wonderful that, if someone wants to study poetry or philosophy,

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we think that has an important place, even though that might not, for most people,

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be along their career projectory (check).

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At the same time, we also realize that, for many people, one of their goals in education

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is to increase their ability to provide for themselves and their families,

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and have access to a more, you know, stimulating job than they currently do.

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And so we really try to do both things:

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we have a very broad range of disciplines represented on our platform,

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including music and the arts and philosophy, and archeology

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a whole bunch of topics like that, but also we simply --

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there's a whole lot of topics that are much more applied,

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and if you call them "vocational" in the sense that they cater only to academic disciplines,

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but there are things like Android development, (inaudible) science,

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programming, finance, accounting,

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things that are really very much in line with the possibility of getting a better job.

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Our recently launched specializations also are very much in that vein,

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because there's not only a curriculum that allows -- that spans multiple courses

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(inaudible) to achieve mastery in a given discipline that can really give much stronger chances of a better job,

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but is also accompanied with a capstone project, like a final project

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that allows learners to demonstrate their ability to apply their skills in the context of the real world.

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Problem (check) in that gets -- that's something that can get,

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be used as a part of their portfolio when applying for a job.

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And so, we believe that we'd like to give those learners who want this

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the opportunity to use the educational platform in order to make a better life for themselves.

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(17:46 E. Bildner) Thanks Daphne. Interesting question here from Andres.

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Andres asks "Udacity just recently decided to discontinue their free certification program,

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so you changed (inaudible) somewhat. What's Coursera's view on, I guess, that."

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But I guess, more generally, how do we think about for the importance of free education

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and I guess, incorporating that into our own business and long term strategy?"

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(18:10 D. Koller) So, we are very committed to the notion of free education,

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and having the content remain free and available to everyone.

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We have two kinds of outcomes, if you will, that we offer learners currently on the platform

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and we view them quite differently.

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There is our verified certificate and our statement of accomplishment.

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We view the statement of accomplishment not as a credential or certificate.

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We view that as more of a memento that the learner can say:

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"OK, I feel good because I took something away with me from the course."

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It's not a credential because it doesn't have any kind of validation associated with it.

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It's not identity-verified, so Eli here can take the class in my place and get a certificate

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that says "Daphne Koller" and it's not, you know,

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there is no guarantee that I was the one who did the work, and in fact it's Eli who did the work.

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So -- and furthermore, creating one of these statements of accomplishment is really easy,

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you can take the PDF and you can (inaudible),

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you know, I can put my name instead of Eli's name --

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(E. Bildner 19:22) Don't try this

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(D. Koller) OK, don't try this (laughter)

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But the point is that there is no academic integrity associated with the statement of accomplishment:

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it's a memento.

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The verified certificate that we offer as part of our Signature Track is a credential.

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It's identity-verified, it's unforgeable because it has a (inaudible: ...ation) code.

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It's true that that one does have a modest cost, you know, $40-50 is about typical,

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but at the same time, we have from the very beginning, day 1,

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have had a financial aid program, so that learners from backgrounds

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that don't allow them to afford that $40 or $50, can still basically fill out a very simple 1-page application

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and we waive that $40 or $50 fee for that credential.

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And so, you can basically say: "Look, it's free to those learners who need it to be free

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and the other ones who can afford the $40 or $50, which for a large number of our learners,

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is, you know, not a very signi-- not a very onerous burden,

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they help pay for the free education we are providing to everyone."

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(20:31 E. Bildner) Thanks, Daphne. All right, let's see.

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Interesting question here from Rishkash (check) . Apoplogies again, I'm mispronouncing it --

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(D. Koller) Rishkash
(E. Bildner) Rishkash.

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"Do you think that translating courses will get people to learn the subject?

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Because I think the course will probably require English somewhere down the line."

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So I guess, the question, more broadly, is, you know, right now, translations are focused on subtitles,

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I guess the user interface is translated too, but how are we thinking about

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helping people experience a full course in either in translation,

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or in a language that's more comp-- that's a little easier for them to get along?

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(21:06 D. Koller) No, I think that's an excellent question, thank you, Rishikash.

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So, right now, as Eli said, the translations are solely for the subtitles to the course.

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And we realize that there is many parts of the experience,

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like the assessments, for example, where you still need English in order to do the course completely.

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So, let's see: where do we sit on that?

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Right now, we think that there is still -- in certain courses, you can use Google Translate,

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for example for some of the assessments, because if the questions are short and mostly,

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are just like writing, you know, answering the multiple choice questions or writing a program,

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you don't really need that much English if accompanied by Google Translate,

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really, to do that.

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But that's only a sub-set of courses.

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In order to provide a fully translated course experience,

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we would need to do some really fairly heavy lifting on the product's side, on the platform.

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It's definitely something that we plan to do.

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We haven't had a chance to do that yet:

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we're a small company, there's many things that we'd like to do,

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and we just haven't got around to this one

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but we hope to get around to it soon,

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and so be able to provide people with a much more internationalized course experience,

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where you will also potentially have, you know, forums that are in different languages and, you know,

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hopefully we will be able to do peer-grading in different languages,

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so that people who speak Chinese will grade people who wrote their essays in Chinese and --

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versus other languages and --

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and so, there is a lot of things that we still have to do and we hope to be able to get to that soon.

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(22:55 E. Bildner) Thank you. Interesting question here from David. David asks:

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"Will we ever see language courses on Coursera?"

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I mean, you know, I love learning languages, (inaudible) people out there,

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whether it's perfecting their English or different languages.

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Have you got something to say to (inaudible)?

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(23:09 D. Koller) You know, I hope the answer to that is yes.

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We are in some ways, you know, dependent on our university partners

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in which courses they elect to put on the platform.

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Right now, we've not yet had someone jump up and say:

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"I'd like to teach a language course."

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We do have one course which is an English as a Second Language course,

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which is intended for teachers of English as a second language,

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but we don't have any real language courses and we can give this as a call to all our university partners:

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If you're interested in offering a language course, please let me know and we'd love to have one.

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(23:40 E. Bildner) Great and I look forward to that.
(D. Koller) Yes, and me too.

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(E. Bildner) Let's see. Here is a question from Mahmoud (check). Machmoud asks:

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"Does Coursera plan to set up any infrastructure

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(inaudible) infrastructure in different countries to (inaudible) in person testing?"

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I guess, you know, the idea being that that would be, you know,

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if that would improve the authentication experience for (inaudible) earning a verified certificate.

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How do you think about that?

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(24:18 D. Koller) I think that this is a very interesting notion,

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and right now, we haven't seen a huge demand for it yet,

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partly because I think the incidence is, at this point, of cheating on our platform,

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they are definitely there, but they're not hugely common

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and so, it's not something that people really clamored for.

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But I think as the stakes grow, you know, for example,

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as more and more employers start recognizing these credentials,

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as universities start accepting them for credit and in some cases, perhaps,

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we'll need to have a higher level of academic integrity,

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at which point we might explore this possibility. (25:03)

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