WEBVTT 00:00:14.549 --> 00:00:17.445 You know, I had a real rough time in school with ADD, 00:00:17.469 --> 00:00:18.625 and I have a PhD. 00:00:18.649 --> 00:00:20.989 I earned a PhD, but ... tough to pay attention -- 00:00:21.013 --> 00:00:24.805 biology, geology, physics, chemistry -- really tough for me. 00:00:24.829 --> 00:00:26.796 Only one thing grabbed my attention, 00:00:26.820 --> 00:00:30.231 and it's that planet called Earth. 00:00:30.255 --> 00:00:33.271 But in this picture here, you'll see that Earth is mostly water. 00:00:33.295 --> 00:00:34.446 That's the Pacific. 00:00:34.470 --> 00:00:36.704 Seventy percent of Earth is covered with water. 00:00:36.728 --> 00:00:38.880 You can say, "Hey, I know Earth. I live here." 00:00:38.904 --> 00:00:40.174 You don't know Earth. 00:00:40.198 --> 00:00:43.437 You don't know this planet, because most of it's covered with that -- 00:00:43.461 --> 00:00:44.666 average depth, two miles. 00:00:44.690 --> 00:00:45.870 And when you go outside 00:00:45.894 --> 00:00:48.761 and look up at the Empire State Building, Chrysler Building, 00:00:48.785 --> 00:00:52.014 the average depth of the ocean is 15 of those on top of one another. 00:00:52.038 --> 00:00:55.198 We've explored about five percent of what's in that water. 00:00:55.222 --> 00:00:59.002 "Explored," meaning, for the first time, go peek and see what's there. 00:00:59.026 --> 00:01:01.622 So what I want to do today is show you some things 00:01:01.646 --> 00:01:03.939 about this planet, about the oceans. 00:01:03.963 --> 00:01:06.861 I want to take you from shallow water down to the deep water, 00:01:06.885 --> 00:01:09.086 and hopefully, like me, you'll see some things 00:01:09.110 --> 00:01:11.765 that get you hooked on exploring planet Earth. 00:01:12.455 --> 00:01:15.221 You know things like corals; you've seen plenty of corals, 00:01:15.245 --> 00:01:17.607 those of you who've been to the beach, snorkeling, 00:01:17.631 --> 00:01:20.366 know corals are an amazing place to go -- full of life, 00:01:20.390 --> 00:01:23.241 some big animals, small animals, some nice, some dangerous, 00:01:23.265 --> 00:01:25.130 sharks, whales, all that stuff. 00:01:25.154 --> 00:01:27.432 They need to be protected from humanity. 00:01:27.456 --> 00:01:28.620 They're great places. 00:01:28.644 --> 00:01:32.313 But what you probably don't know is in the very deep part of the ocean, 00:01:32.337 --> 00:01:33.625 we have volcanic eruptions. 00:01:33.649 --> 00:01:36.269 Most volcanoes on Earth are at the bottom of the sea -- 00:01:36.293 --> 00:01:37.542 more than 80 percent. 00:01:37.566 --> 00:01:39.020 And we actually have fire, 00:01:39.044 --> 00:01:41.730 fire deep inside the ocean, going on right now. 00:01:41.754 --> 00:01:45.023 All over the world -- in the Pacific, the Atlantic, the Indian Ocean. 00:01:45.047 --> 00:01:48.171 In this place, the ocean floor, the rocks actually turn to liquid. 00:01:48.195 --> 00:01:50.354 So you actually have waves on the ocean floor. 00:01:50.378 --> 00:01:53.379 You'd say nothing could live there, but when we look in detail, 00:01:53.403 --> 00:01:56.533 even there, in the deepest, darkest places on Earth, we find life, 00:01:56.557 --> 00:01:58.908 which tells us that life really wants to happen. 00:01:58.932 --> 00:02:00.821 So, pretty amazing stuff. 00:02:00.845 --> 00:02:02.869 Every time we go to the bottom of the sea, 00:02:02.893 --> 00:02:05.162 we explore with our submarines, with our robots, 00:02:05.186 --> 00:02:07.202 we see something that's usually surprising, 00:02:07.226 --> 00:02:09.857 sometimes it's startling and sometimes revolutionary. 00:02:09.881 --> 00:02:12.316 You see that puddle of water sitting there. 00:02:12.340 --> 00:02:14.602 And all around the water there's a little cliff, 00:02:14.626 --> 00:02:16.316 there's a little white sandy beach. 00:02:16.340 --> 00:02:19.146 We'll get closer, you'll see the beach a little bit better, 00:02:19.170 --> 00:02:21.250 some of the waves in that water, down there. 00:02:21.274 --> 00:02:23.242 The thing that's special about this water 00:02:23.266 --> 00:02:25.559 is that it's at the bottom of the Gulf of Mexico. 00:02:25.583 --> 00:02:27.409 So you're sitting inside a submarine, 00:02:27.433 --> 00:02:31.717 looking out the window at a little pond of water beneath the sea. 00:02:31.741 --> 00:02:35.022 We see ponds, we see lakes, we see rivers -- 00:02:35.046 --> 00:02:37.812 in fact, right here is a river at the bottom of the ocean 00:02:37.836 --> 00:02:39.948 going from the lower left to the upper right. 00:02:39.972 --> 00:02:41.916 Water is actually flowing through there. 00:02:41.940 --> 00:02:43.355 This totally blew our minds. 00:02:43.379 --> 00:02:45.096 How can you have this at the bottom? 00:02:45.120 --> 00:02:47.217 You're in the ocean looking at more water. 00:02:47.241 --> 00:02:49.952 And there's animals that only live in that water. 00:02:50.630 --> 00:02:52.262 So, the bottom of the ocean -- 00:02:52.286 --> 00:02:55.152 I love this map, because it shows in the middle of the ocean, 00:02:55.176 --> 00:02:56.413 there's a mountain range. 00:02:56.437 --> 00:02:59.873 It's the greatest mountain range on Earth, called the mid-ocean ridge -- 00:02:59.897 --> 00:03:02.976 50,000 miles long, and we've hardly had a peek at it. 00:03:03.000 --> 00:03:04.150 Hardly had a peek at it. 00:03:04.174 --> 00:03:07.325 We find valleys, many thousands of valleys, 00:03:07.349 --> 00:03:10.476 larger, wider, deeper than the Grand Canyon. 00:03:10.500 --> 00:03:13.215 We find, as I said, underwater lakes, rivers, waterfalls. 00:03:13.239 --> 00:03:14.906 The largest waterfall on the planet 00:03:14.930 --> 00:03:17.454 is actually under the ocean, up near Iceland. 00:03:17.873 --> 00:03:20.745 All that stuff is in that five percent that we've explored. 00:03:21.333 --> 00:03:23.888 So the deal about the ocean is that to explore it, 00:03:23.912 --> 00:03:25.760 you've got to have technology. 00:03:25.784 --> 00:03:28.085 Not only technology, but it's not just Dave Gallo 00:03:28.109 --> 00:03:30.318 or one person exploring, it's a team of people. 00:03:30.342 --> 00:03:32.536 You've got to have the talent, the team. 00:03:32.560 --> 00:03:34.194 You've got to have the technology. 00:03:34.218 --> 00:03:37.373 In this case, it's our ship, Atlantis, and the submarine, Alvin. 00:03:37.397 --> 00:03:39.897 Inside that submarine -- this is an Alvin launch -- 00:03:39.921 --> 00:03:41.072 there's three people. 00:03:41.096 --> 00:03:42.906 They're being wheeled out onto deck. 00:03:42.930 --> 00:03:44.140 There's 47 other people, 00:03:44.164 --> 00:03:47.781 the teamwork on that ship, making sure that these people are okay. 00:03:47.805 --> 00:03:50.663 Everybody in that submarine is thinking one thing right now: 00:03:50.687 --> 00:03:53.566 Should I have gone to the bathroom one more time? 00:03:53.590 --> 00:03:55.454 Because you're in there for 10 hours -- 00:03:55.478 --> 00:03:57.000 10 hours in that little sphere. 00:03:57.024 --> 00:03:59.999 Three of you together and nobody is going to be around you. 00:04:00.023 --> 00:04:03.207 You go into the water and once you hit the water, it's amazing. 00:04:03.231 --> 00:04:06.135 There's a lovely color blue that penetrates right inside you. 00:04:06.159 --> 00:04:08.223 You don't hear the surface ship anymore, 00:04:08.247 --> 00:04:09.851 you hear that pinging of a sonar. 00:04:09.875 --> 00:04:12.311 If you've got an iPhone you've got sonar on there -- 00:04:12.335 --> 00:04:15.677 it's that same pinging that goes down to the bottom and comes back up. 00:04:15.701 --> 00:04:18.838 Divers check out the sub to make sure the outside is okay, 00:04:18.862 --> 00:04:20.022 and then they say "Go," 00:04:20.046 --> 00:04:23.239 and down you go to the bottom of the ocean and it's an amazing trip. 00:04:23.263 --> 00:04:25.976 So for two and a half hours, you sink down to the bottom. 00:04:26.581 --> 00:04:28.976 And two hours of it is totally pitch black. 00:04:29.000 --> 00:04:31.456 We thought that nothing could live inside that world 00:04:31.480 --> 00:04:32.793 at the bottom of the ocean. 00:04:32.817 --> 00:04:35.396 And when we look, we find some amazing things. 00:04:35.420 --> 00:04:37.643 All the way down -- we call it the mid-water -- 00:04:37.667 --> 00:04:40.443 from the top of the ocean down to the bottom, we find life. 00:04:40.467 --> 00:04:42.442 Whenever we stop and look, we find life. 00:04:42.466 --> 00:04:44.141 I'm going to show you some jellies. 00:04:44.165 --> 00:04:46.908 They're absolutely some of the coolest creatures on Earth. 00:04:46.932 --> 00:04:49.288 Look at that thing, just flailing his arms around. 00:04:49.312 --> 00:04:50.712 That's like a little lobster. 00:04:50.736 --> 00:04:53.986 That one is like all these animals with their mouths hooked together, 00:04:54.010 --> 00:04:55.163 the colonial animals. 00:04:55.187 --> 00:04:58.158 Some animals are tiny, some can be longer than this stage. 00:04:58.182 --> 00:04:59.333 Just amazing animals. 00:04:59.357 --> 00:05:01.273 And you can't collect them with a net -- 00:05:01.297 --> 00:05:03.892 we have to go with our cameras and take a look at them. 00:05:03.916 --> 00:05:06.171 So every time we go, new species of life. 00:05:06.195 --> 00:05:07.664 The ocean is full of life. 00:05:08.572 --> 00:05:10.485 And yet the deepest part of the ocean -- 00:05:10.509 --> 00:05:13.089 when we go to that mountain range, we find hot springs. 00:05:13.113 --> 00:05:15.557 Now we were sure -- because this is poisonous water, 00:05:15.581 --> 00:05:17.812 because it's so deep it would crush the Titanic 00:05:17.836 --> 00:05:20.275 the same way you crush an empty cup in your hand -- 00:05:20.299 --> 00:05:22.633 we were sure there would be no life there at all. 00:05:22.657 --> 00:05:25.815 Instead, we find more life and diversity and density 00:05:25.839 --> 00:05:27.452 than in the tropical rainforest. 00:05:27.476 --> 00:05:30.849 So, in one instance, in one peek out the window of the sub, 00:05:30.873 --> 00:05:32.024 we discover something 00:05:32.048 --> 00:05:34.790 that revolutionizes the way we think about life on Earth; 00:05:34.814 --> 00:05:37.216 and that is, you don't always have to have sunlight 00:05:37.240 --> 00:05:38.398 to get life going. 00:05:38.858 --> 00:05:41.692 There's big animals down there too, some that look familiar. 00:05:41.716 --> 00:05:44.366 That guy's called Dumbo. I love him. Dumbo's great. 00:05:44.390 --> 00:05:47.038 This guy -- oh man, I wish I had more footage of this. 00:05:47.062 --> 00:05:49.967 We're trying to get an expedition together to go look at this 00:05:49.991 --> 00:05:51.976 and maybe in a year we'll have that. 00:05:52.000 --> 00:05:53.315 Go online and look. 00:05:53.339 --> 00:05:56.409 Vampyroteuthis infernalis. The vampire squid. 00:05:56.433 --> 00:05:57.866 Incredibly cool. 00:05:57.890 --> 00:06:00.700 In the darkness of the deep sea, he's got glowing tentacles, 00:06:00.724 --> 00:06:04.036 so if I'm coming at you like him, I put my arms out in the darkness 00:06:04.060 --> 00:06:06.458 so all you see are little glowing things over here. 00:06:06.482 --> 00:06:07.946 Meanwhile, I'm coming at you. 00:06:07.970 --> 00:06:09.121 When he wants to escape, 00:06:09.145 --> 00:06:11.969 he's got these glowing pods on his butt that look like eyes. 00:06:11.993 --> 00:06:14.036 Glowing eyes on his butt. How cool is that? 00:06:14.060 --> 00:06:15.236 Just an amazing animal. 00:06:15.260 --> 00:06:16.301 (Laughter) 00:06:16.325 --> 00:06:18.640 "Vampire" squid, because when it gets protective, 00:06:18.664 --> 00:06:20.798 it pulls this black cape over its whole body, 00:06:20.822 --> 00:06:22.130 and curls up into a ball. 00:06:22.154 --> 00:06:23.521 Outrageous animal. 00:06:24.434 --> 00:06:26.956 This ship, "The Ship of Dreams" -- 00:06:26.980 --> 00:06:28.792 a hundred years ago this coming April, 00:06:28.816 --> 00:06:30.974 this ship was supposed to show up in New York. 00:06:30.998 --> 00:06:32.149 It's the Titanic. 00:06:32.173 --> 00:06:34.185 I co-led an expedition out there last year. 00:06:34.209 --> 00:06:36.623 We are learning so much about that ship. 00:06:36.647 --> 00:06:38.966 The Titanic is an interesting place for biology, 00:06:38.990 --> 00:06:42.123 because animals are moving in to live on the Titanic. 00:06:42.147 --> 00:06:44.674 Microbes are actually eating the hull of the Titanic. 00:06:44.698 --> 00:06:48.103 That's where Jack was king of the world there on the bow of the Titanic. 00:06:48.127 --> 00:06:49.326 So we're doing real good. 00:06:49.350 --> 00:06:52.425 And what's exciting to me is that we're making a virtual Titanic, 00:06:52.449 --> 00:06:56.834 so you can sit there at home with your joystick and your headset on, 00:06:56.858 --> 00:06:59.412 and you can actually explore the Titanic for yourself. 00:06:59.436 --> 00:07:01.931 That's what we want to do, make these virtual worlds, 00:07:01.955 --> 00:07:05.268 so it's not Dave Gallo or someone else exploring the world; it's you. 00:07:05.292 --> 00:07:06.672 You explore it for yourself. 00:07:06.696 --> 00:07:08.377 So here's the bottom line: 00:07:08.401 --> 00:07:11.257 The oceans are unexplored 00:07:11.281 --> 00:07:13.757 and I can't begin to tell you how important that is, 00:07:13.781 --> 00:07:15.594 because they're important to us. 00:07:15.618 --> 00:07:18.249 Seven billion people live on this planet 00:07:18.273 --> 00:07:20.134 and all of us are impacted by the sea, 00:07:20.158 --> 00:07:24.674 because the oceans control the air you breathe, the water you drink, 00:07:24.698 --> 00:07:25.849 the food you eat. 00:07:25.873 --> 00:07:28.222 All those are controlled in some way by the ocean, 00:07:28.246 --> 00:07:30.697 and this is a thing that we haven't even explored -- 00:07:30.721 --> 00:07:32.062 five percent. 00:07:32.086 --> 00:07:33.910 The thing I want to leave you with is, 00:07:33.934 --> 00:07:36.315 in that five percent, I showed you some cool stuff. 00:07:36.339 --> 00:07:37.872 There's a lot more cool stuff -- 00:07:37.896 --> 00:07:41.984 every dive we go on in the ocean, we find something new about the sea. 00:07:42.008 --> 00:07:43.749 So what's in that other 95 percent? 00:07:43.773 --> 00:07:46.458 Did we get the exciting stuff or is there more out there? 00:07:46.482 --> 00:07:49.545 And I'm here to tell you that the ocean is full of surprises. 00:07:49.569 --> 00:07:51.776 There's a quote I love by Marcel Proust: 00:07:51.800 --> 00:07:55.311 "The true voyage of exploration is not so much in seeking new landscapes," 00:07:55.335 --> 00:07:56.485 which we do, 00:07:56.509 --> 00:07:57.712 "but in having new eyes." 00:07:57.736 --> 00:08:00.106 And so I hope today, by showing you some of this, 00:08:00.130 --> 00:08:02.336 it's given you some new eyes about this planet, 00:08:02.360 --> 00:08:05.439 and for the first time, I want you to think about it differently. 00:08:05.463 --> 00:08:06.987 Thank you very much. Thank you. 00:08:07.012 --> 00:08:10.067 (Applause)