[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.00,0:00:04.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,An article in the Yale Alumni Magazine
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.24,0:00:07.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,told the story of Clyde Murphy,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.84,0:00:11.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a black man who was a member\Nof the Class of 1970.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.96,0:00:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Clyde was a success story.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.32,0:00:19.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After Yale and a law degree from Columbia,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.16,0:00:22.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Clyde spent the next 30 years
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.40,0:00:25.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as one of America's\Ntop civil rights lawyers.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.28,0:00:28.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was also a great husband and father.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.08,0:00:32.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But despite his success,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.84,0:00:35.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,personally and professionally,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.08,0:00:38.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Clyde's story had a sad ending.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.44,0:00:40.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 2010,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.72,0:00:43.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the age of 62,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.64,0:00:47.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Clyde died from a blood clot in his lung.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.12,0:00:53.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Clyde's experience was not unique.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.72,0:00:57.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many of his black classmates from Yale
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.60,0:00:59.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,also died young.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.08,0:01:03.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, the magazine article indicated
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.32,0:01:08.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that 41 years after graduation from Yale,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.04,0:01:11.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the black members of the Class of 1970
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.24,0:01:14.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had a death rate\Nthat was three times higher
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.52,0:01:16.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than that of the average class member.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.68,0:01:19.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's stunning.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.24,0:01:23.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,America has recently awakened
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.68,0:01:26.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to a steady drumbeat
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.88,0:01:30.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of unarmed black men\Nbeing shot by the police.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.96,0:01:35.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is even a bigger story
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.56,0:01:39.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that every seven minutes,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.68,0:01:43.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a black person dies prematurely\Nin the United States.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.44,0:01:48.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is over 200 black people
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.28,0:01:50.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,die every single day
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.44,0:01:55.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who would not die if the health\Nof blacks and whites were equal.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.24,0:01:59.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For the last 25 years,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.92,0:02:02.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have been on a mission
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.88,0:02:05.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to understand why does race
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.68,0:02:08.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,matter so profoundly for health.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.76,0:02:11.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I started my career,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.56,0:02:15.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,many believed that it was simply\Nabout racial differences
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.96,0:02:17.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in income and education.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.48,0:02:23.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I discovered that while\Neconomic status matters for health,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.20,0:02:26.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there is more to the story.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.12,0:02:31.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So for example, if we look\Nat life expectancy at age 25,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.96,0:02:37.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at age 25 there's a five-year gap\Nbetween blacks and whites.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.08,0:02:41.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the gap by education\Nfor both whites and blacks
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.04,0:02:44.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is even larger than the racial gap.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.96,0:02:49.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At the same time,\Nat every level of education,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.60,0:02:51.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whites live longer than blacks.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.56,0:02:54.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So whites who are high school dropouts
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.88,0:02:58.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,live 3.4 years longer\Nthan their black counterparts,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.60,0:03:01.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the gap is even larger
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.52,0:03:03.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,among college graduates.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.20,0:03:07.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most surprising of all,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.24,0:03:10.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whites who have graduated from high school
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.64,0:03:14.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,live longer than blacks\Nwith a college degree
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.36,0:03:15.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or more education.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.60,0:03:20.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So why does race matter\Nso profoundly for health?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.52,0:03:24.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What else is it\Nbeyond education and income
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.40,0:03:26.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that might matter?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.04,0:03:29.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the early 1990s,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.52,0:03:32.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was asked to review a new book
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.60,0:03:35.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the health of black America.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.20,0:03:39.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was struck that almost every single one
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.32,0:03:41.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of its 25 chapters
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.60,0:03:43.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,said that racism
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.40,0:03:46.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was a factor that was hurting\Nthe health of blacks.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.36,0:03:49.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All of these researchers
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.12,0:03:54.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were stating that racism was a factor\Nadversely impacting blacks,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.08,0:03:57.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they provided no evidence.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.56,0:04:00.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For me, that was not good enough.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.96,0:04:03.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A few months later,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.64,0:04:06.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was speaking at a conference\Nin Washington, DC,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.60,0:04:09.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I said that one\Nof the priorities for research
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.80,0:04:13.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was to document the ways\Nin which racism affected health.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.88,0:04:17.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A white gentleman stood in the audience
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.44,0:04:20.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and said that while he agreed\Nwith me that racism was important,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.24,0:04:23.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we could never measure racism.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.88,0:04:26.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"We measure self-esteem," I said.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.20,0:04:29.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"There's no reason
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.64,0:04:32.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,why we can't measure racism\Nif we put our minds to it."
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.72,0:04:36.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so I put my mind to it
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.24,0:04:37.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and developed three scales.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.44,0:04:42.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first one captured\Nmajor experiences of discrimination,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.44,0:04:46.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like being unfairly fired\Nor being unfairly stopped by the police.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.72,0:04:52.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But discrimination also occurs\Nin more minor and subtle experiences,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.04,0:04:55.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so my second scale,\Ncalled the Everyday Discrimination Scale,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.00,0:04:57.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,captures nine items
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.76,0:04:59.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that captures experiences
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.12,0:05:02.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like you're treated\Nwith less courtesy than others,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.44,0:05:06.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you receive poorer service\Nthan others in restaurants or stores,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.04,0:05:08.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or people act as if they're afraid of you.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.24,0:05:12.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This scale captures
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.08,0:05:15.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ways in which the dignity and the respect
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.68,0:05:18.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of people who society does not value
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.64,0:05:21.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is chipped away on a daily basis.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.96,0:05:23.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Research has found
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.44,0:05:28.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that higher levels of discrimination
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.32,0:05:33.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are associated with an elevated risk\Nof a broad range of diseases
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.88,0:05:37.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from blood pressure to abdominal obesity
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.16,0:05:39.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to breast cancer to heart disease
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.84,0:05:42.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and even premature mortality.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.52,0:05:48.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Strikingly, some of the effects\Nare observed at a very young age.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.64,0:05:52.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, a study of black teens
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.12,0:05:59.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,found that those who reported higher\Nlevels of discrimination as teenagers
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.12,0:06:03.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had higher levels of stress hormones,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.52,0:06:07.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of blood pressure
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.48,0:06:10.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and of weight at age 20.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.44,0:06:13.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.92,0:06:18.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the stress of discrimination
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.48,0:06:20.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is only one aspect.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.44,0:06:22.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Discrimination and racism
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.96,0:06:27.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,also matters in other\Nprofound ways for health.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.28,0:06:30.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, there's\Ndiscrimination in medical care.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.08,0:06:35.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 1999, the National Academy of Medicine
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.40,0:06:37.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,asked me to serve on a committee
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.36,0:06:42.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that found, concluded\Nbased on the scientific evidence,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.44,0:06:44.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that blacks and other minorities
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.96,0:06:47.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,receive poorer quality care than whites.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.48,0:06:52.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was true for all kinds\Nof medical treatment,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.36,0:06:53.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the most simple
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.72,0:06:57.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the most technologically sophisticated.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.80,0:07:01.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One explanation for this pattern
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.84,0:07:05.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was a phenomenon\Nthat's called "implicit bias"
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.80,0:07:08.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or "unconscious discrimination."
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.12,0:07:10.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Research for decades\Nby social psychologists
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.96,0:07:14.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,indicates that if you hold\Na negative stereotype
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.48,0:07:17.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about a group in your subconscious mind
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.56,0:07:20.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you meet someone from that group,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.28,0:07:22.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you will discriminate against that person.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.60,0:07:24.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You will treat them differently.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.28,0:07:28.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's an unconscious process.\NIt's an automatic process.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.92,0:07:32.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is a subtle process, but it's normal
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.12,0:07:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it occurs even among\Nthe most well-intentioned individuals.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.28,0:07:42.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the deeper that I delved
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.32,0:07:44.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into the health impact of racism,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.36,0:07:48.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the more insidious the effects became.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.16,0:07:51.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is institutional discrimination,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.60,0:07:55.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which refers to discrimination
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.44,0:07:59.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that exists in the processes\Nof social institutions.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.40,0:08:02.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Residential segregation by race,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.76,0:08:07.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which has led to blacks and whites living\Nin very different neighborhood contexts,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.76,0:08:11.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a classic example\Nof institutional racism.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.12,0:08:17.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of America's best-kept secrets
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.08,0:08:19.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is how residential segregation
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.28,0:08:21.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the secret source
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.64,0:08:25.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that creates racial inequality\Nin the United States.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.80,0:08:29.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In America, where you live
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.76,0:08:32.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,determines your access to opportunities
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.92,0:08:36.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in education, in employment,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.24,0:08:40.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in housing and even\Nin access to medical care.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.64,0:08:48.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One study of the 171 largest\Ncities in the United States
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.08,0:08:51.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,concluded that there is not even one city
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.40,0:08:54.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where whites live\Nunder equal conditions to blacks,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.76,0:08:58.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that the worst urban contexts\Nin which whites reside
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.72,0:09:03.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is considerably better than the average\Ncontext of black communities.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.92,0:09:05.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another study found
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.64,0:09:08.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that if you could eliminate statistically
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.68,0:09:10.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,residential segregation,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.36,0:09:14.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you would completely erase\Nblack-white differences in income,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.52,0:09:17.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,education and unemployment,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.04,0:09:20.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and reduce black-white differences\Nin single motherhood
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.36,0:09:21.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by two thirds,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.60,0:09:23.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all of that driven by segregation.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.96,0:09:27.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have also learned
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.04,0:09:29.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how the negative stereotypes
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.84,0:09:32.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and images of blacks in our culture
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.84,0:09:35.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,literally create and sustain
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.88,0:09:39.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,both institutional\Nand individual discrimination.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.64,0:09:43.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A group of researchers\Nhave put together a database
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.48,0:09:46.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that contains the books,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.72,0:09:49.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,magazines and articles
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.76,0:09:54.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that an average college-educated\NAmerican would read over their lifetime.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.48,0:09:57.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It allows us to look within this database
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.32,0:10:02.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and see how Americans\Nhave seen words paired together
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.68,0:10:05.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as they grow up in their society.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.20,0:10:09.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So when the word "black"\Nappears in American culture,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.20,0:10:11.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what co-occurs with it?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.28,0:10:12.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Poor,"
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.72,0:10:13.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"violent,"
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.96,0:10:15.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"religious,"
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.32,0:10:16.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"lazy,"
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.56,0:10:17.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"cheerful,"
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.80,0:10:19.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"dangerous."
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.56,0:10:21.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When "white" occurs,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.08,0:10:23.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the frequently co-occurring words
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.36,0:10:24.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are "wealthy,"
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.72,0:10:25.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"progressive,"
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.00,0:10:27.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"conventional,"
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.12,0:10:29.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"stubborn,"
Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.36,0:10:30.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"successful,"
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.60,0:10:31.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"educated."
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.28,0:10:35.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So when a police officer
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.60,0:10:39.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,overreacts when he sees\Nan unarmed black male
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.24,0:10:45.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and perceives him\Nto be violent and dangerous,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.96,0:10:50.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we are not necessarily dealing\Nwith an inherently bad cop.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.28,0:10:53.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We may be simply viewing
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.84,0:10:55.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a normal American
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.88,0:10:59.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who is reflecting\Nwhat he has been exposed to
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.68,0:11:02.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a result of being raised
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.12,0:11:03.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in this society.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.08,0:11:06.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From my own experience,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.84,0:11:10.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I believe that your race
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.48,0:11:13.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,does not have to be\Na determinant of your destiny.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.72,0:11:17.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I migrated to the United States
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.28,0:11:19.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the Caribbean island of Saint Lucia
Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.44,0:11:22.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the late 1970s
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.84,0:11:24.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in pursuit of higher education,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.00,0:11:28.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in the last 40 years,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.40,0:11:29.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have done well.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:30.28,0:11:32.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have had a supportive family,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.92,0:11:34.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have worked hard,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.24,0:11:36.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have done well.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.12,0:11:39.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it took more for me to be successful.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:40.60,0:11:44.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I received a minority fellowship\Nfrom the University of Michigan.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.44,0:11:49.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yes. I am an affirmative action baby.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.56,0:11:53.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Without affirmative action,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.36,0:11:55.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I would not be here.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.00,0:11:59.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in the last 40 years,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.56,0:12:03.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,black America has been\Nless successful than I have.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:04.72,0:12:10.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 1978, black households\Nin the United States
Dialogue: 0,0:12:10.04,0:12:14.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,earned 59 cents for every dollar\Nof income whites earned.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.04,0:12:17.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 2015,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:17.32,0:12:22.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,black families still earn 59 cents
Dialogue: 0,0:12:22.20,0:12:26.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for every dollar of income\Nthat white families receive,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:26.04,0:12:29.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the racial gaps in wealth\Nare even more stunning.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:30.60,0:12:32.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For every dollar of wealth\Nthat whites have,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:33.88,0:12:37.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,black families have six pennies\Nand Latinos have seven pennies.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:38.80,0:12:40.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The fact is,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:40.28,0:12:42.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,racism
Dialogue: 0,0:12:42.24,0:12:46.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is producing a truly rigged system
Dialogue: 0,0:12:46.60,0:12:51.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is systematically disadvantaging\Nsome racial groups in the United States.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:52.88,0:12:55.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To paraphrase Plato,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:55.08,0:12:57.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there is nothing so unfair
Dialogue: 0,0:12:58.88,0:13:02.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as the equal treatment of unequal people.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:03.52,0:13:06.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's why I am committed
Dialogue: 0,0:13:06.44,0:13:08.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to working to dismantle racism.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.96,0:13:12.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I deeply appreciate the fact
Dialogue: 0,0:13:12.44,0:13:15.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I am standing on the shoulders
Dialogue: 0,0:13:15.72,0:13:20.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of those who have sacrificed\Neven their lives to open the doors
Dialogue: 0,0:13:20.08,0:13:21.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I have walked through.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:22.28,0:13:26.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want to ensure\Nthat those doors remain open
Dialogue: 0,0:13:26.20,0:13:29.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that everyone\Ncan walk through those doors.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:32.32,0:13:34.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Robert Kennedy said,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:34.68,0:13:38.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Each time a man" --\Nor woman, I would add --
Dialogue: 0,0:13:38.24,0:13:40.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"stands up for an ideal
Dialogue: 0,0:13:40.36,0:13:42.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or acts to improve the lot of others
Dialogue: 0,0:13:42.96,0:13:45.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or strikes out against injustice,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:45.56,0:13:49.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he sends forth a tiny ripple of hope,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:49.12,0:13:52.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and those ripples can build a current
Dialogue: 0,0:13:52.24,0:13:57.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that can sweep down the mightiest walls\Nof oppression and resistance."
Dialogue: 0,0:13:58.04,0:14:00.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I am optimistic today
Dialogue: 0,0:14:00.12,0:14:02.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because all across America,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:02.72,0:14:04.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have seen ripples of hope.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:05.72,0:14:07.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Boston Medical Center
Dialogue: 0,0:14:07.64,0:14:10.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has added lawyers to the medical team
Dialogue: 0,0:14:11.16,0:14:15.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that physicians can improve\Nthe health of their patients
Dialogue: 0,0:14:15.24,0:14:19.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the lawyers are addressing\Nthe nonmedical needs their patients have.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:20.48,0:14:24.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Loma Linda University\Nhas built a gateway college
Dialogue: 0,0:14:24.32,0:14:26.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in nearby San Bernardino
Dialogue: 0,0:14:26.16,0:14:29.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that in addition\Nto delivering medical care,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:29.48,0:14:32.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they can provide job skills
Dialogue: 0,0:14:32.32,0:14:33.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and job training
Dialogue: 0,0:14:34.00,0:14:38.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to a predominantly minority,\Nlow-income community members
Dialogue: 0,0:14:38.80,0:14:42.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that they will have the skills\Nthey need to get a decent job.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:44.96,0:14:47.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In Chapel Hill, North Carolina,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:47.36,0:14:51.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Abecedarian Project has figured out
Dialogue: 0,0:14:51.08,0:14:56.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how to ensure that they have lowered\Nthe risks for heart disease
Dialogue: 0,0:14:56.40,0:14:59.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for blacks in their mid-30s
Dialogue: 0,0:14:59.48,0:15:02.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by providing high-quality day care
Dialogue: 0,0:15:02.52,0:15:05.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from birth to age five.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:05.24,0:15:08.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In after-school centers\Nacross the United States,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:08.56,0:15:11.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Wintley Phipps and the US Dream Academy
Dialogue: 0,0:15:11.24,0:15:14.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is breaking the cycle of incarceration
Dialogue: 0,0:15:14.04,0:15:18.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by providing high-quality\Nacademic enrichment and mentoring
Dialogue: 0,0:15:18.48,0:15:21.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the children of prisoners
Dialogue: 0,0:15:21.20,0:15:23.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and children who have\Nfallen behind in school.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:24.60,0:15:26.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In Huntsville, Alabama,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:26.32,0:15:27.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oakwood University,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:27.76,0:15:30.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a historically black institution,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:30.12,0:15:34.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is showing how we can improve\Nthe health of black adults
Dialogue: 0,0:15:34.44,0:15:37.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by including a health evaluation
Dialogue: 0,0:15:37.48,0:15:40.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a part of freshman orientation
Dialogue: 0,0:15:40.64,0:15:43.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and giving those students\Nthe tools they need
Dialogue: 0,0:15:43.64,0:15:45.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to make healthy choices
Dialogue: 0,0:15:45.32,0:15:48.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and providing them annually\Na health transcript
Dialogue: 0,0:15:48.72,0:15:50.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so they can monitor their progress.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:51.52,0:15:53.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in Atlanta, Georgia,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:53.28,0:15:59.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Purpose Built Communities has dismantled\Nthe negative effects of segregation
Dialogue: 0,0:15:59.24,0:16:01.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by transforming a crime-ridden,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:01.92,0:16:04.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,drug-infested public housing project
Dialogue: 0,0:16:04.88,0:16:08.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into an oasis of mixed-income housing,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:08.60,0:16:10.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of academic performance,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:10.80,0:16:13.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of great community wellness
Dialogue: 0,0:16:13.68,0:16:15.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and of full employment.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:16.16,0:16:17.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And finally,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:17.88,0:16:19.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there is the Devine solution.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:20.68,0:16:23.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Professor Patricia Devine
Dialogue: 0,0:16:24.40,0:16:26.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the University of Wisconsin
Dialogue: 0,0:16:27.00,0:16:30.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has shown us how we can attack
Dialogue: 0,0:16:30.72,0:16:33.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our hidden biases head on
Dialogue: 0,0:16:33.72,0:16:35.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and effectively reduce them.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:36.68,0:16:38.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Each one of us
Dialogue: 0,0:16:38.48,0:16:40.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can be a ripple of hope.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:41.20,0:16:44.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This work will not always be easy,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:44.72,0:16:47.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but former Supreme Court Justice\NThurgood Marshall
Dialogue: 0,0:16:48.68,0:16:51.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has told us, "We must dissent.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:51.60,0:16:54.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We must dissent from the indifference.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:54.04,0:16:56.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We must dissent from the apathy.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:56.12,0:16:59.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We must dissent from the hatred\Nand from the mistrust.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:59.60,0:17:01.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We must dissent
Dialogue: 0,0:17:01.28,0:17:04.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because America can do better,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:04.56,0:17:09.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because America has no choice\Nbut to do better."
Dialogue: 0,0:17:09.40,0:17:10.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:10.64,0:17:14.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)