[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.77,0:00:03.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a lot of ones and zeros.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.03,0:00:06.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's what we call binary information.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.13,0:00:07.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is how computers talk.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.57,0:00:09.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's how they store information.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.50,0:00:11.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's how computers think.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.13,0:00:12.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's how computers do
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.75,0:00:15.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,everything it is that computers do.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.13,0:00:17.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm a cybersecurity researcher,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.18,0:00:19.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which means my job is to sit\Ndown with this information
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.25,0:00:20.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and try to make sense of it,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.93,0:00:23.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to try to understand what all\Nthe ones and zeroes mean.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.68,0:00:25.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unfortunately for me, we're not just talking
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.53,0:00:27.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about the ones and zeros\NI have on the screen here.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.76,0:00:30.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're not just talking about a\Nfew pages of ones and zeros.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.44,0:00:33.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're talking about billions and billions
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.05,0:00:34.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of ones and zeros,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.38,0:00:37.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more than anyone could possibly comprehend.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.03,0:00:38.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, as exciting as that sounds,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.88,0:00:41.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when I first started doing cyber —
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.38,0:00:43.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter) —
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.12,0:00:45.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when I first started doing cyber, I wasn't sure
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.12,0:00:46.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that sifting through ones and zeros
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.60,0:00:48.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was what I wanted to do with the rest of my life,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.89,0:00:50.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because in my mind, cyber
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.91,0:00:54.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was keeping viruses off of my grandma's computer,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.59,0:00:57.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was keeping people's Myspace\Npages from being hacked,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.94,0:01:00.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and maybe, maybe on my most glorious day,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.12,0:01:03.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was keeping someone's credit\Ncard information from being stolen.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.88,0:01:05.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those are important things,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.24,0:01:07.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but that's not how I wanted to spend my life.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.100,0:01:09.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But after 30 minutes of work
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.93,0:01:11.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a defense contractor,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.28,0:01:14.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I soon found out that my idea of cyber
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.07,0:01:15.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was a little bit off.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.94,0:01:17.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, in terms of national security,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.89,0:01:19.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,keeping viruses off of my grandma's computer
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.96,0:01:23.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was surprisingly low on their priority list.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.14,0:01:24.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the reason for that is cyber
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.44,0:01:28.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is so much bigger than any one of those things.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.24,0:01:31.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cyber is an integral part of all of our lives,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.06,0:01:34.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because computers are an\Nintegral part of all of our lives,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.12,0:01:36.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even if you don't own a computer.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.08,0:01:38.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Computers control everything in your car,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.72,0:01:40.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from your GPS to your airbags.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.60,0:01:41.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They control your phone.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.92,0:01:43.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're the reason you can call 911
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.09,0:01:44.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and get someone on the other line.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.88,0:01:47.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They control our nation's entire infrastructure.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.68,0:01:49.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're the reason you have electricity,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.35,0:01:51.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,heat, clean water, food.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.69,0:01:53.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Computers control our military equipment,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.59,0:01:55.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,everything from missile silos to satellites
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.27,0:01:59.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to nuclear defense networks.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.18,0:02:01.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All of these things are made possible
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.17,0:02:02.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because of computers,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.59,0:02:04.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and therefore because of cyber,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.57,0:02:06.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when something goes wrong,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.08,0:02:09.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cyber can make all of these things impossible.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.19,0:02:10.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that's where I step in.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.78,0:02:13.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A big part of my job is defending all of these things,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.72,0:02:15.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,keeping them working,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.38,0:02:17.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but once in a while, part of my\Njob is to break one of these things,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.71,0:02:20.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because cyber isn't just about defense,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.10,0:02:22.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's also about offense.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.38,0:02:23.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're entering an age where we talk about
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.95,0:02:25.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cyberweapons.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.42,0:02:28.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, so great is the potential for cyber offense
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.55,0:02:32.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that cyber is considered a new domain of warfare.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.17,0:02:33.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Warfare.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.97,0:02:35.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not necessarily a bad thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.90,0:02:38.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On the one hand, it means we have whole new front
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.65,0:02:40.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on which we need to defend ourselves,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.39,0:02:41.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but on the other hand,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.88,0:02:43.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it means we have a whole new way to attack,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.72,0:02:45.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a whole new way to stop evil people
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.58,0:02:47.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from doing evil things.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.81,0:02:49.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let's consider an example of this
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.62,0:02:51.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's completely theoretical.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.31,0:02:53.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Suppose a terrorist wants to blow up a building,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.56,0:02:55.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he wants to do this again and again
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.63,0:02:57.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the future.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.08,0:02:59.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So he doesn't want to be in\Nthat building when it explodes.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.92,0:03:01.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's going to use a cell phone
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.44,0:03:03.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a remote detonator.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.78,0:03:05.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, it used to be the only way we had
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.65,0:03:07.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to stop this terrorist
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.28,0:03:09.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was with a hail of bullets and a car chase,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.96,0:03:12.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but that's not necessarily true anymore.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.29,0:03:13.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're entering an age where we can stop him
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.85,0:03:14.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the press of a button
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.96,0:03:16.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from 1,000 miles away,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.97,0:03:18.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because whether he knew it or not,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.56,0:03:20.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as soon as he decided to use his cell phone,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.27,0:03:23.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he stepped into the realm of cyber.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.40,0:03:26.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A well-crafted cyber attack\Ncould break into his phone,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.52,0:03:28.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,disable the overvoltage protections on his battery,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.67,0:03:30.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,drastically overload the circuit,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.42,0:03:32.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cause the battery to overheat, and explode.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.78,0:03:35.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No more phone, no more detonator,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.23,0:03:37.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe no more terrorist,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.15,0:03:38.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all with the press of a button
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.18,0:03:40.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from a thousand miles away.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.86,0:03:42.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So how does this work?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.61,0:03:44.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It all comes back to those ones and zeros.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.88,0:03:47.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Binary information makes your phone work,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.88,0:03:51.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and used correctly, it can make your phone explode.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.47,0:03:53.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So when you start to look at\Ncyber from this perspective,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.94,0:03:57.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,spending your life sifting through binary information
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.10,0:03:59.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,starts to seem kind of exciting.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.52,0:04:02.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But here's the catch: This is hard,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.17,0:04:03.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,really, really hard,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.85,0:04:05.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and here's why.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.69,0:04:08.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Think about everything you have on your cell phone.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.45,0:04:10.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You've got the pictures you've taken.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.42,0:04:12.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You've got the music you listen to.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.20,0:04:13.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You've got your contacts list,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.85,0:04:15.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,your email, and probably 500 apps
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.47,0:04:18.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you've never used in your entire life,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.48,0:04:22.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and behind all of this is the software, the code,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.46,0:04:23.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that controls your phone,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.84,0:04:26.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and somewhere, buried inside of that code,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.50,0:04:29.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a tiny piece that controls your battery,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.05,0:04:30.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's what I'm really after,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.92,0:04:34.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but all of this, just a bunch of ones and zeros,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.60,0:04:36.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's all just mixed together.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.13,0:04:39.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In cyber, we call this finding a\Nneedle in a stack of needles,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.68,0:04:42.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because everything pretty much looks alike.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.03,0:04:43.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm looking for one key piece,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.76,0:04:46.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it just blends in with everything else.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.99,0:04:49.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let's step back from this theoretical situation
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.25,0:04:51.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of making a terrorist's phone explode,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.59,0:04:54.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and look at something that actually happened to me.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.41,0:04:55.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Pretty much no matter what I do,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.75,0:04:57.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my job always starts with sitting down
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.19,0:04:59.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a whole bunch of binary information,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.56,0:05:01.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I'm always looking for one key piece
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.29,0:05:03.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to do something specific.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.28,0:05:05.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this case, I was looking for a very advanced,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.35,0:05:06.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,very high-tech piece of code
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.87,0:05:08.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I knew I could hack,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.09,0:05:09.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it was somewhere buried
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.80,0:05:11.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,inside of a billion ones and zeroes.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.83,0:05:13.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unfortunately for me, I didn't know
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.40,0:05:15.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,quite what I was looking for.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.10,0:05:16.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I didn't know quite what it would look like,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.29,0:05:19.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which makes finding it really, really hard.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.21,0:05:21.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I have to do that, what I have to do
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.25,0:05:23.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is basically look at various pieces
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.59,0:05:25.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of this binary information,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.31,0:05:27.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,try to decipher each piece, and see if it might be
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.52,0:05:28.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what I'm after.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.74,0:05:30.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So after a while, I thought I had found the piece
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.36,0:05:31.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was looking for.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.70,0:05:33.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I thought maybe this was it.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.81,0:05:35.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It seemed to be about right, but I couldn't quite tell.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.84,0:05:38.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I couldn't tell what those\Nones and zeros represented.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.76,0:05:42.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I spent some time trying to put this together,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.13,0:05:43.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but wasn't having a whole lot of luck,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.80,0:05:44.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and finally I decided,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.99,0:05:46.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm going to get through this,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.60,0:05:48.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm going to come in on a weekend,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.11,0:05:49.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I'm not going to leave
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.45,0:05:51.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until I figure out what this represents.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.16,0:05:53.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that's what I did. I came\Nin on a Saturday morning,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.32,0:05:56.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and about 10 hours in, I sort of\Nhad all the pieces to the puzzle.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.97,0:05:58.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I just didn't know how they fit together.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.36,0:06:01.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I didn't know what these ones and zeros meant.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.15,0:06:03.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At the 15-hour mark,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.22,0:06:05.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I started to get a better picture of what was there,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.82,0:06:07.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I had a creeping suspicion
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.59,0:06:09.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that what I was looking at
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.18,0:06:12.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was not at all related to what I was looking for.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.10,0:06:14.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By 20 hours, the pieces started to come together
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.59,0:06:18.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,very slowly — (Laughter) —
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.36,0:06:19.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I was pretty sure I was going down
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.62,0:06:21.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the wrong path at this point,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.56,0:06:23.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I wasn't going to give up.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.81,0:06:26.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After 30 hours in the lab,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.64,0:06:28.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I figured out exactly what I was looking at,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.91,0:06:31.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I was right, it wasn't what I was looking for.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.72,0:06:33.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I spent 30 hours piecing together
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.42,0:06:36.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the ones and zeros that\Nformed a picture of a kitten.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.14,0:06:37.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.94,0:06:41.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I wasted 30 hours of my life searching for this kitten
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.75,0:06:43.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that had nothing at all to do
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.58,0:06:45.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with what I was trying to accomplish.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.57,0:06:49.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I was frustrated, I was exhausted.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.43,0:06:52.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After 30 hours in the lab, I probably smelled horrible.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.66,0:06:54.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But instead of just going home
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.89,0:06:57.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and calling it quits, I took a step back
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.42,0:06:59.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and asked myself, what went wrong here?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.96,0:07:02.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How could I make such a stupid mistake?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.17,0:07:03.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm really pretty good at this.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.57,0:07:04.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I do this for a living.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.89,0:07:07.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what happened?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.04,0:07:09.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well I thought, when you're\Nlooking at information at this level,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.81,0:07:12.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's so easy to lose track of what you're doing.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.64,0:07:14.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's easy to not see the forest through the trees.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.38,0:07:16.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's easy to go down the wrong rabbit hole
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.55,0:07:18.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and waste a tremendous amount of time
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.31,0:07:20.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,doing the wrong thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.13,0:07:21.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I had this epiphany.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.73,0:07:24.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We were looking at the data completely incorrectly
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.73,0:07:26.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,since day one.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.22,0:07:28.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is how computers think, ones and zeros.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.32,0:07:29.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not how people think,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.71,0:07:32.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we've been trying to adapt our minds
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.03,0:07:33.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to think more like computers
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.37,0:07:35.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that we can understand this information.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.97,0:07:37.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead of trying to make our minds fit the problem,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.92,0:07:39.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we should have been making the problem
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.57,0:07:40.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fit our minds,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.54,0:07:42.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because our brains have a tremendous potential
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.65,0:07:45.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for analyzing huge amounts of information,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.73,0:07:47.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just not like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.03,0:07:48.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what if we could unlock that potential
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.50,0:07:50.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just by translating this
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.02,0:07:52.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the right kind of information?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.87,0:07:54.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So with these ideas in mind,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.06,0:07:55.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I sprinted out of my basement lab at work
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.68,0:07:56.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to my basement lab at home,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.99,0:07:58.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which looked pretty much the same.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.99,0:08:00.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The main difference is, at work,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.81,0:08:02.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm surrounded by cyber materials,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.39,0:08:04.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and cyber seemed to be the\Nproblem in this situation.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.99,0:08:08.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At home, I'm surrounded by\Neverything else I've ever learned.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.35,0:08:10.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I poured through every book I could find,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.22,0:08:11.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,every idea I'd ever encountered,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.55,0:08:13.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to see how could we translate a problem
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.70,0:08:16.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from one domain to something completely different?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.83,0:08:18.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The biggest question was,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.22,0:08:20.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what do we want to translate it to?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.19,0:08:22.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What do our brains do perfectly naturally
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.30,0:08:24.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we could exploit?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.18,0:08:26.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My answer was vision.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.47,0:08:29.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have a tremendous capability\Nto analyze visual information.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.62,0:08:32.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can combine color gradients, depth cues,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.20,0:08:33.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all sorts of these different signals
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.99,0:08:36.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into one coherent picture of the world around us.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.38,0:08:37.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's incredible.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.79,0:08:39.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if we could find a way to translate
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.17,0:08:41.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these binary patterns to visual signals,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.36,0:08:43.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we could really unlock the power of our brains
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.19,0:08:45.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to process this stuff.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:45.90,0:08:47.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I started looking at the binary information,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.74,0:08:48.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I asked myself, what do I do
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.83,0:08:50.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when I first encounter something like this?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.71,0:08:52.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the very first thing I want to do,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.33,0:08:53.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the very first question I want to answer,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.69,0:08:54.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is what is this?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.97,0:08:57.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't care what it does, how it works.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.50,0:08:59.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All I want to know is, what is this?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.98,0:09:01.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the way I can figure that out
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.65,0:09:03.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is by looking at chunks,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.34,0:09:05.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sequential chunks of binary information,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.79,0:09:08.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I look at the relationships\Nbetween those chunks.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.69,0:09:10.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I gather up enough of these sequences,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.46,0:09:12.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I begin to get an idea of exactly
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.47,0:09:15.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what this information must be.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.10,0:09:16.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let's go back to that
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.28,0:09:18.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,blow up the terrorist's phone situation.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.37,0:09:20.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is what English text looks like
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.58,0:09:21.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at a binary level.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.89,0:09:24.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is what your contacts list would look like
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.22,0:09:25.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if I were examining it.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.78,0:09:28.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's really hard to analyze this at this level,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.01,0:09:30.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but if we take those same binary chunks
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.11,0:09:31.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I would be trying to find,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.30,0:09:33.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and instead translate that
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.06,0:09:34.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to a visual representation,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.98,0:09:36.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,translate those relationships,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.78,0:09:38.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is what we get.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.33,0:09:40.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is what English text looks like
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.25,0:09:42.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from a visual abstraction perspective.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.92,0:09:44.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All of a sudden,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.06,0:09:45.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it shows us all the same information
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.49,0:09:46.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was in the ones and zeros,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.66,0:09:48.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but show us it in an entirely different way,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.99,0:09:50.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a way that we can immediately comprehend.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.70,0:09:53.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can instantly see all of the patterns here.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.67,0:09:56.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It takes me seconds to pick out patterns here,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.26,0:09:58.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but hours, days, to pick them out
Dialogue: 0,0:09:58.51,0:09:59.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in ones and zeros.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.83,0:10:01.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It takes minutes for anybody to learn
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.57,0:10:03.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what these patterns represent here,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.24,0:10:05.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but years of experience in cyber
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.48,0:10:07.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to learn what those same patterns represent
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.14,0:10:08.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in ones and zeros.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.72,0:10:10.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this piece is caused by
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.38,0:10:12.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lower case letters followed by lower case letters
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.41,0:10:14.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,inside of that contact list.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.18,0:10:15.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is upper case by upper case,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.52,0:10:18.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,upper case by lower case, lower case by upper case.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.20,0:10:20.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is caused by spaces. This\Nis caused by carriage returns.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.89,0:10:22.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can go through every little detail
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.40,0:10:25.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the binary information in seconds,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.36,0:10:28.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as opposed to weeks, months, at this level.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.90,0:10:30.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is what an image looks like
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.41,0:10:32.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from your cell phone.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.28,0:10:33.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this is what it looks like
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.30,0:10:35.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a visual abstraction.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.19,0:10:37.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is what your music looks like,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.17,0:10:39.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but here's its visual abstraction.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.38,0:10:41.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most importantly for me,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.14,0:10:44.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is what the code on your cell phone looks like.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.41,0:10:46.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is what I'm after in the end,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.57,0:10:48.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but this is its visual abstraction.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.71,0:10:51.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If I can find this, I can't make the phone explode.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.22,0:10:53.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I could spend weeks trying to find this
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.84,0:10:55.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in ones and zeros,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.01,0:10:56.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it takes me seconds to pick out
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.80,0:11:00.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a visual abstraction like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.10,0:11:02.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of those most remarkable parts about all of this
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.59,0:11:05.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is it gives us an entirely new way to understand
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.42,0:11:08.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,new information, stuff that we haven't seen before.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.66,0:11:11.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I know what English looks like at a binary level,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.17,0:11:13.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I know what its visual abstraction looks like,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.28,0:11:16.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I've never seen Russian binary in my entire life.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:16.59,0:11:18.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It would take me weeks just to figure out
Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.39,0:11:21.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what I was looking at from raw ones and zeros,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:21.39,0:11:23.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but because our brains can instantly pick up
Dialogue: 0,0:11:23.14,0:11:25.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and recognize these subtle patterns inside
Dialogue: 0,0:11:25.96,0:11:27.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of these visual abstractions,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:27.44,0:11:29.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can unconsciously apply those
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.28,0:11:30.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in new situations.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:30.85,0:11:32.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is what Russian looks like
Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.33,0:11:33.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a visual abstraction.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.91,0:11:35.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because I know what one language looks like,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.72,0:11:37.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can recognize other languages
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.29,0:11:39.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even when I'm not familiar with them.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.16,0:11:40.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is what a photograph looks like,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:40.95,0:11:42.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but this is what clip art looks like.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.84,0:11:45.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is what the code on your phone looks like,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.39,0:11:48.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but this is what the code on\Nyour computer looks like.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:48.10,0:11:49.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our brains can pick up on these patterns
Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.96,0:11:51.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in ways that we never could have
Dialogue: 0,0:11:51.91,0:11:54.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from looking at raw ones and zeros.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.41,0:11:56.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we've really only scratched the surface
Dialogue: 0,0:11:56.26,0:11:58.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of what we can do with this approach.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:58.40,0:12:00.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've only begun to unlock the capabilities
Dialogue: 0,0:12:00.08,0:12:03.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of our minds to process visual information.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:03.39,0:12:05.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we take those same concepts and translate them
Dialogue: 0,0:12:05.38,0:12:07.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into three dimensions instead,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.04,0:12:10.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we find entirely new ways of\Nmaking sense of information.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:10.23,0:12:12.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In seconds, we can pick out every pattern here.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:12.72,0:12:14.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can see the cross associated with code.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:14.54,0:12:16.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can see cubes associated with text.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:16.47,0:12:18.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can even pick up the tiniest visual artifacts.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.94,0:12:21.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Things that would take us weeks,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.07,0:12:23.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,months to find in ones and zeroes,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.27,0:12:25.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are immediately apparent
Dialogue: 0,0:12:25.07,0:12:27.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in some sort of visual abstraction,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:27.34,0:12:28.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and as we continue to go through this
Dialogue: 0,0:12:28.47,0:12:30.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and throw more and more information at it,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:30.49,0:12:32.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what we find is that we're capable of processing
Dialogue: 0,0:12:32.77,0:12:35.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,billions of ones and zeros
Dialogue: 0,0:12:35.18,0:12:36.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a matter of seconds
Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.35,0:12:39.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just by using our brain's built-in ability
Dialogue: 0,0:12:39.59,0:12:41.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to analyze patterns.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:41.54,0:12:43.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is really nice and helpful,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:43.84,0:12:46.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but all this tells me is what I'm looking at.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:46.20,0:12:47.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So at this point, based on visual patterns,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.69,0:12:50.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can find the code on the phone.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.10,0:12:52.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that's not enough to blow up a battery.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:52.76,0:12:54.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The next thing I need to find is the code
Dialogue: 0,0:12:54.33,0:12:56.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that controls the battery, but we're back
Dialogue: 0,0:12:56.09,0:12:57.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the needle in a stack of needles problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:57.82,0:13:00.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That code looks pretty much like all the other code
Dialogue: 0,0:13:00.21,0:13:02.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on that system.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:02.45,0:13:04.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I might not be able to find the\Ncode that controls the battery,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:04.85,0:13:06.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but there's a lot of things\Nthat are very similar to that.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:06.86,0:13:08.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have code that controls your screen,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:08.71,0:13:10.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that controls your buttons,\Nthat controls your microphones,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:10.93,0:13:12.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so even if I can't find the code for the battery,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:12.86,0:13:15.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I bet I can find one of those things.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:15.10,0:13:17.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the next step in my binary analysis process
Dialogue: 0,0:13:17.81,0:13:19.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to look at pieces of information
Dialogue: 0,0:13:19.04,0:13:21.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are similar to each other.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:21.06,0:13:25.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's really, really hard to do at a binary level,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:25.04,0:13:28.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but if we translate those similarities\Nto a visual abstraction instead,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:28.68,0:13:31.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't even have to sift through the raw data.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:31.12,0:13:33.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All I have to do is wait for the image to light up
Dialogue: 0,0:13:33.28,0:13:35.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to see when I'm at similar pieces.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:35.51,0:13:38.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I follow these strands of similarity\Nlike a trail of bread crumbs
Dialogue: 0,0:13:38.54,0:13:41.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to find exactly what I'm looking for.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:41.65,0:13:43.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So at this point in the process,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:43.38,0:13:44.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've located the code
Dialogue: 0,0:13:44.70,0:13:46.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,responsible for controlling your battery,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:46.38,0:13:48.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but that's still not enough to blow up a phone.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:48.96,0:13:50.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The last piece of the puzzle
Dialogue: 0,0:13:50.52,0:13:53.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is understanding how that code
Dialogue: 0,0:13:53.20,0:13:54.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,controls your battery.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:54.40,0:13:56.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For this, I need to identify
Dialogue: 0,0:13:56.79,0:13:58.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,very subtle, very detailed relationships
Dialogue: 0,0:13:58.51,0:14:00.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,within that binary information,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:00.60,0:14:02.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,another very hard thing to do
Dialogue: 0,0:14:02.35,0:14:04.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when looking at ones and zeros.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:04.66,0:14:06.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if we translate that information
Dialogue: 0,0:14:06.06,0:14:08.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into a physical representation,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:08.24,0:14:11.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can sit back and let our\Nvisual cortex do all the hard work.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:11.26,0:14:12.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It can find all the detailed patterns,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:12.99,0:14:15.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all the important pieces, for us.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:15.01,0:14:17.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It can find out exactly how the pieces of that code
Dialogue: 0,0:14:17.60,0:14:20.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,work together to control that battery.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:20.54,0:14:23.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All of this can be done in a matter of hours,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:23.54,0:14:24.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whereas the same process
Dialogue: 0,0:14:24.90,0:14:27.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would have taken months in the past.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:27.82,0:14:29.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is all well and good
Dialogue: 0,0:14:29.01,0:14:31.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a theoretical blow up a terrorist's phone situation.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:31.95,0:14:34.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I wanted to find out if this would really work
Dialogue: 0,0:14:34.80,0:14:37.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the work I do every day.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:37.43,0:14:40.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I was playing around with these same concepts
Dialogue: 0,0:14:40.48,0:14:43.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with some of the data I've looked at in the past,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:43.50,0:14:45.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and yet again, I was trying to find
Dialogue: 0,0:14:45.100,0:14:48.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a very detailed, specific piece of code
Dialogue: 0,0:14:48.20,0:14:51.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,inside of a massive piece of binary information.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:51.80,0:14:53.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I looked at it at this level,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:53.57,0:14:55.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thinking I was looking at the right thing,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:55.52,0:14:57.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,only to see this doesn't have
Dialogue: 0,0:14:57.84,0:14:59.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the connectivity I would have expected
Dialogue: 0,0:14:59.58,0:15:01.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the code I was looking for.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:01.49,0:15:04.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, I'm not really sure what this is,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:04.09,0:15:05.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but when I stepped back a level
Dialogue: 0,0:15:05.10,0:15:06.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and looked at the similarities within the code
Dialogue: 0,0:15:06.82,0:15:09.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I saw, this doesn't have similarities
Dialogue: 0,0:15:09.11,0:15:10.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like any code that exists out there.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:10.60,0:15:12.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can't even be looking at code.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:12.83,0:15:15.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, from this perspective,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:15.22,0:15:17.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I could tell, this isn't code.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:17.26,0:15:19.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is an image of some sort.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:19.31,0:15:20.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And from here, I can see,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:20.99,0:15:23.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's not just an image, this is a photograph.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:23.90,0:15:25.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now that I know it's a photograph,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:25.30,0:15:28.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've got dozens of other\Nbinary translation techniques
Dialogue: 0,0:15:28.23,0:15:30.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to visualize and understand that information,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:30.65,0:15:33.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so in a matter of seconds,\Nwe can take this information,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:33.19,0:15:35.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,shove it through a dozen other\Nvisual translation techniques
Dialogue: 0,0:15:35.59,0:15:39.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in order to find out exactly what we were looking at.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:39.32,0:15:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I saw — (Laughter) —
Dialogue: 0,0:15:41.00,0:15:44.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was that darn kitten again.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:44.46,0:15:45.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All this is enabled
Dialogue: 0,0:15:45.51,0:15:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we were able to find a way
Dialogue: 0,0:15:47.00,0:15:49.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to translate a very hard problem
Dialogue: 0,0:15:49.03,0:15:51.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to something our brains do very naturally.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:51.54,0:15:53.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what does this mean?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:53.78,0:15:55.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, for kittens, it means
Dialogue: 0,0:15:55.32,0:15:57.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no more hiding in ones and zeros.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:57.74,0:16:01.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For me, it means no more wasted weekends.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:01.04,0:16:03.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For cyber, it means we have a radical new way
Dialogue: 0,0:16:03.66,0:16:06.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to tackle the most impossible problems.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:06.62,0:16:08.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It means we have a new weapon
Dialogue: 0,0:16:08.43,0:16:10.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the evolving theater of cyber warfare,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:10.85,0:16:12.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but for all of us,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:12.27,0:16:13.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it means that cyber engineers
Dialogue: 0,0:16:13.74,0:16:15.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,now have the ability to become first responders
Dialogue: 0,0:16:15.89,0:16:18.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in emergency situations.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:18.47,0:16:19.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When seconds count,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:19.52,0:16:22.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we've unlocked the means to stop the bad guys.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:22.93,0:16:24.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:24.93,0:16:27.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)