WEBVTT

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The job of uncovering the global food waste scandal

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started for me when I was 15 years old.

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I bought some pigs. I was living in Sussex.

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And I started to feed them in the most traditional

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and environmentally friendly way.

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I went to my school kitchen, and I said,

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"Give me the scraps that my school friends have turned

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their noses up at."

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I went to the local baker and took their stale bread.

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I went to the local greengrocer, and I went to a farmer

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who was throwing away potatoes because they were

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the wrong shape or size for supermarkets.

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This was great. My pigs turned that food waste

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into delicious pork. I sold that pork

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to my school friends' parents, and I made

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a good pocket money addition to my teenage allowance.

NOTE Paragraph

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But I noticed that most of the food that I was giving my pigs

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was in fact fit for human consumption,

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and that I was only scratching the surface,

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and that right the way up the food supply chain,

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in supermarkets, greengrocers, bakers, in our homes,

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in factories and farms, we were hemorrhaging out food.

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Supermarkets didn't even want to talk to me

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about how much food they were wasting.

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I'd been round the back. I'd seen bins full of food

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being locked and then trucked off to landfill sites,

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and I thought, surely there is something more sensible

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to do with food than waste it.

NOTE Paragraph

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One morning, when I was feeding my pigs,

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I noticed a particularly tasty-looking sun-dried tomato loaf

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that used to crop up from time to time.

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I grabbed hold of it,

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sat down, and ate my breakfast with my pigs. (Laughter)

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That was the first act of what I later learned to call freeganism,

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really an exhibition of the injustice of food waste,

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and the provision of the solution to food waste,

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which is simply to sit down and eat food,

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rather than throwing it away.

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That became, as it were, a way of confronting

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large businesses in the business of wasting food,

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and exposing, most importantly, to the public,

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that when we're talking about food being thrown away,

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we're not talking about rotten stuff, we're not talking about

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stuff that's beyond the pale.

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We're talking about good, fresh food that is being wasted

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on a colossal scale.

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Eventually, I set about writing my book,

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really to demonstrate the extent of this problem

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on a global scale. What this shows is

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a nation-by-nation breakdown of the likely level

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of food waste in each country in the world.

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Unfortunately, empirical data, good, hard stats, don't exist,

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and therefore to prove my point, I first of all had to find

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some proxy way of uncovering

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how much food was being wasted.

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So I took the food supply of every single country

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and I compared it to what was actually likely

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to be being consumed in each country.

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That's based on diet intake surveys, it's based on

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levels of obesity, it's based on a range of factors

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that gives you an approximate guess

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as to how much food is actually going into people's mouths.

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That black line in the middle of that table

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is the likely level of consumption

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with an allowance for certain levels of inevitable waste.

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There will always be waste. I'm not that unrealistic

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that I think we can live in a waste-free world.

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But that black line shows what a food supply should be

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in a country if they allow for a good, stable, secure,

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nutritional diet for every person in that country.

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Any dot above that line, and you'll quickly notice that

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that includes most countries in the world,

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represents unnecessary surplus, and is likely to reflect

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levels of waste in each country.

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As a country gets richer, it invests more and more

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in getting more and more surplus

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into its shops and restaurants,

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and as you can see, most European

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and North American countries

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fall between 150 and 200 percent

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of the nutritional requirements of their populations.

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So a country like America has twice as much food

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on its shop shelves and in its restaurants

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than is actually required to feed the American people.

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But the thing that really struck me,

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when I plotted all this data, and it was a lot of numbers,

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was that you can see how it levels off.

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Countries rapidly shoot towards that 150 mark,

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and then they level off, and they don't really go on rising

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as you might expect.

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So I decided to unpack that data a little bit further

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to see if that was true or false.

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And that's what I came up with.

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If you include not just the food that ends up

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in shops and restaurants, but also the food

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that people feed to livestock,

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the maize, the soy, the wheat, that humans could eat

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but choose to fatten livestock instead to produce

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increasing amounts of meat and dairy products,

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what you find is that most rich countries

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have between three and four times the amount of food

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that their population needs to feed itself.

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A country like America has four times the amount of food

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that it needs.

NOTE Paragraph

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When people talk about the need to increase global

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food production to feed those nine billion people

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that are expected on the planet by 2050,

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I always think of these graphs.

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The fact is, we have an enormous buffer

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in rich countries between ourselves and hunger.

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We've never had such gargantuan surpluses before.

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In many ways, this is a great success story

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of human civilization, of the agricultural surpluses

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that we set out to achieve 12,000 years ago.

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It is a success story. It has been a success story.

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But what we have to recognize now is that we are

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reaching the ecological limits that our planet can bear,

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and when we chop down forests, as we are every day,

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to grow more and more food,

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when we extract water from depleting water reserves,

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when we emit fossil fuel emissions in the quest

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to grow more and more food,

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and then we throw away so much of it,

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we have to think about what we can start saving.

NOTE Paragraph

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And yesterday, I went to one of the local supermarkets

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that I often visit to

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inspect, if you like, what they're throwing away.

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I found quite a few packets of biscuits amongst

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all the fruit and vegetables and everything else

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that was in there.

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And I thought, well this could serve as a symbol for today.

NOTE Paragraph

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So I want you to imagine that these nine biscuits

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that I found in the bin represent the global food supply,

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okay? We start out with nine.

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That's what's in fields around the world every single year.

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The first biscuit we're going to lose

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before we even leave the farm.

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That's a problem primarily associated with

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developing work agriculture, whether it's

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a lack of infrastructure, refrigeration, pasteurization,

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grain stores, even basic fruit crates, which means

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that food goes to waste before it even leaves the fields.

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The next three biscuits are the foods that we decide

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to feed to livestock, the maize, the wheat and the soya.

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Unfortunately, our beasts are inefficient animals,

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and they turn two-thirds of that into feces and heat,

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so we've lost those two, and we've only kept this one

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in meat and dairy products.

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Two more we're going to throw away directly into bins.

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This is what most of us think of when we think

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of food waste, what ends up in the garbage,

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what ends up in supermarket bins,

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what ends up in restaurant bins. We've lost another two,

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and we've left ourselves with just four biscuits to feed on.

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That is not a superlatively efficient use of global resources,

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especially when you think of the billion hungry people

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that exist already in the world.

NOTE Paragraph

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Having gone through the data, I then needed

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to demonstrate where that food ends up.

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Where does it end up? We're used to seeing the stuff

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on our plates, but what about all the stuff

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that goes missing in between?

NOTE Paragraph

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Supermarkets are an easy place to start.

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This is the result of my hobby,

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which is unofficial bin inspections. (Laughter)

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Strange you might think, but if we could rely on corporations

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to tell us what they were doing in the back of their stores,

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we wouldn't need to go sneaking around the back,

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opening up bins and having a look at what's inside.

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But this is what you can see more or less on

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every street corner in Britain, in Europe, in North America.

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It represents a colossal waste of food,

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but what I discovered whilst I was writing my book

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was that this very evident abundance of waste

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was actually the tip of the iceberg.

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When you start going up the supply chain,

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you find where the real food waste is happening

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on a gargantuan scale.

NOTE Paragraph

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Can I have a show of hands

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if you have a loaf of sliced bread in your house?

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Who lives in a household where that crust --

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that slice at the first and last end of each loaf --

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who lives in a household where it does get eaten?

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Okay, most people, not everyone, but most people,

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and this is, I'm glad to say, what I see across the world,

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and yet has anyone seen a supermarket or sandwich shop

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anywhere in the world that serves sandwiches

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with crusts on it? (Laughter)

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I certainly haven't.

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So I kept on thinking, where do those crusts go? (Laughter)

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This is the answer, unfortunately:

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13,000 slices of fresh bread coming out of

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this one single factory every single day, day-fresh bread.

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In the same year that I visited this factory,

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I went to Pakistan, where people in 2008 were going hungry

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as a result of a squeeze on global food supplies.

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We contribute to that squeeze

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by depositing food in bins here in Britain

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and elsewhere in the world. We take food

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off the market shelves that hungry people depend on.

NOTE Paragraph

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Go one step up, and you get to farmers,

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who throw away sometimes a third or even more

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of their harvest because of cosmetic standards.

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This farmer, for example, has invested 16,000 pounds

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in growing spinach, not one leaf of which he harvested,

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because there was a little bit of grass growing in amongst it.

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Potatoes that are cosmetically imperfect,

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all going for pigs.

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Parsnips that are too small for supermarket specifications,

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tomatoes in Tenerife,

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oranges in Florida,

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bananas in Ecuador, where I visited last year,

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all being discarded. This is one day's waste

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from one banana plantation in Ecuador.

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All being discarded, perfectly edible,

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because they're the wrong shape or size.

NOTE Paragraph

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If we do that to fruit and vegetables,

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you bet we can do it to animals too.

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Liver, lungs, heads, tails,

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kidneys, testicles,

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all of these things which are traditional,

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delicious and nutritious parts of our gastronomy

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go to waste. Offal consumption has halved

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in Britain and America in the last 30 years.

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As a result, this stuff gets fed to dogs at best,

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or is incinerated.

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This man, in Kashgar, Xinjiang province, in Western China,

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is serving up his national dish.

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It's called sheep's organs.

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It's delicious, it's nutritious,

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and as I learned when I went to Kashgar,

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it symbolizes their taboo against food waste.

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I was sitting in a roadside cafe.

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A chef came to talk to me, I finished my bowl,

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and halfway through the conversation, he stopped talking

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and he started frowning into my bowl.

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I thought, "My goodness, what taboo have I broken?

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How have I insulted my host?"

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He pointed at three grains of rice

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at the bottom of my bowl, and he said, "Clean." (Laughter)

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I thought, "My God, you know, I go around the world

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telling people to stop wasting food.

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This guy has thrashed me at my own game." (Laughter)

NOTE Paragraph

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But it gave me faith. It gave me faith that we, the people,

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do have the power to stop this tragic waste of resources

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if we regard it as socially unacceptable

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to waste food on a colossal scale,

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if we make noise about it, tell corporations about it,

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tell governments we want to see an end to food waste,

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we do have the power to bring about that change.

NOTE Paragraph

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Fish, 40 to 60 percent of European fish

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are discarded at sea, they don't even get landed.

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In our homes, we've lost touch with food.

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This is an experiment I did on three lettuces.

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Who keeps lettuces in their fridge?

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Most people. The one on the left

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was kept in a fridge for 10 days.

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The one in the middle, on my kitchen table. Not much difference.

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The one on the right I treated like cut flowers.

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It's a living organism, cut the slice off,

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stuck it in a vase of water,

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it was all right for another two weeks after this.

NOTE Paragraph

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Some food waste, as I said at the beginning,

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will inevitably arise, so the question is,

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what is the best thing to do with it?

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I answered that question when I was 15.

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In fact, humans answered that question 6,000 years ago:

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We domesticated pigs

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to turn food waste back into food.

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And yet, in Europe, that practice has become illegal

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since 2001 as a result of the foot-and-mouth outbreak.

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It's unscientific. It's unnecessary.

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If you cook food for pigs, just as if

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you cook food for humans, it is rendered safe.

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It's also a massive saving of resources.

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At the moment, Europe depends on importing

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millions of tons of soy from South America,

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where its production contributes to global warming,

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to deforestation, to biodiversity loss,

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to feed livestock here in Europe.

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At the same time we throw away millions of tons

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of food waste which we could and should be feeding them.

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If we did that, and fed it to pigs, we would save

00:12:42.304 --> 00:12:44.655
that amount of carbon.

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If we feed our food waste which is the current

00:12:47.747 --> 00:12:50.042
government favorite way of getting rid of food waste,

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to anaerobic digestion, which turns food waste

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into gas to produce electricity,

00:12:55.147 --> 00:12:58.880
you save a paltry 448 kilograms of carbon dioxide

00:12:58.880 --> 00:13:01.362
per ton of food waste. It's much better to feed it to pigs.

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We knew that during the war. (Laughter)

NOTE Paragraph

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A silver lining: It has kicked off globally,

00:13:08.896 --> 00:13:10.666
the quest to tackle food waste.

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Feeding the 5,000 is an event I first organized in 2009.

00:13:14.520 --> 00:13:16.776
We fed 5,000 people all on food that otherwise

00:13:16.776 --> 00:13:18.174
would have been wasted.

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Since then, it's happened again in London,

00:13:20.474 --> 00:13:22.607
it's happening internationally, and across the country.

00:13:22.607 --> 00:13:24.950
It's a way of organizations coming together

00:13:24.950 --> 00:13:28.692
to celebrate food, to say the best thing to do with food

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is to eat and enjoy it, and to stop wasting it.

00:13:31.499 --> 00:13:34.092
For the sake of the planet we live on,

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for the sake of our children,

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for the sake of all the other

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organisms that share our planet with us,

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we are a terrestrial animal, and we depend on our land

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for food. At the moment, we are trashing our land

00:13:47.053 --> 00:13:49.567
to grow food that no one eats.

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Stop wasting food. Thank you very much. (Applause)

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(Applause)