[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.96,0:00:03.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The job of uncovering the global food waste scandal
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.72,0:00:06.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,started for me when I was 15 years old.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.74,0:00:09.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I bought some pigs. I was living in Sussex.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.26,0:00:11.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I started to feed them in the most traditional
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.64,0:00:13.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and environmentally friendly way.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.61,0:00:15.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I went to my school kitchen, and I said,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.94,0:00:17.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Give me the scraps that my school friends have turned
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.48,0:00:18.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their noses up at."
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.35,0:00:21.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I went to the local baker and took their stale bread.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.01,0:00:23.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I went to the local greengrocer, and I went to a farmer
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.74,0:00:25.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who was throwing away potatoes because they were
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.58,0:00:28.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the wrong shape or size for supermarkets.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.77,0:00:31.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was great. My pigs turned that food waste
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.86,0:00:34.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into delicious pork. I sold that pork
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.51,0:00:36.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to my school friends' parents, and I made
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.50,0:00:41.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a good pocket money addition to my teenage allowance.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.14,0:00:44.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I noticed that most of the food that I was giving my pigs
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.02,0:00:46.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was in fact fit for human consumption,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.40,0:00:48.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that I was only scratching the surface,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.67,0:00:51.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that right the way up the food supply chain,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.53,0:00:54.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in supermarkets, greengrocers, bakers, in our homes,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.75,0:00:58.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in factories and farms, we were hemorrhaging out food.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.01,0:01:00.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Supermarkets didn't even want to talk to me
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.61,0:01:01.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about how much food they were wasting.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.98,0:01:04.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'd been round the back. I'd seen bins full of food
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.47,0:01:07.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,being locked and then trucked off to landfill sites,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.22,0:01:10.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I thought, surely there is something more sensible
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.24,0:01:13.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to do with food than waste it.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.40,0:01:15.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One morning, when I was feeding my pigs,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.71,0:01:19.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I noticed a particularly tasty-looking sun-dried tomato loaf
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.40,0:01:21.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that used to crop up from time to time.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.47,0:01:22.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I grabbed hold of it,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.87,0:01:26.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sat down, and ate my breakfast with my pigs. (Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.42,0:01:29.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That was the first act of what I later learned to call freeganism,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.54,0:01:33.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,really an exhibition of the injustice of food waste,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.80,0:01:36.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the provision of the solution to food waste,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.14,0:01:38.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is simply to sit down and eat food,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.80,0:01:40.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rather than throwing it away.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.29,0:01:43.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That became, as it were, a way of confronting
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.57,0:01:46.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,large businesses in the business of wasting food,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.55,0:01:49.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and exposing, most importantly, to the public,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.07,0:01:51.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that when we're talking about food being thrown away,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.24,0:01:53.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're not talking about rotten stuff, we're not talking about
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.38,0:01:56.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,stuff that's beyond the pale.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.10,0:01:58.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're talking about good, fresh food that is being wasted
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.21,0:02:00.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on a colossal scale.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.75,0:02:02.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Eventually, I set about writing my book,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.61,0:02:04.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,really to demonstrate the extent of this problem
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.66,0:02:08.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on a global scale. What this shows is
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.06,0:02:11.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a nation-by-nation breakdown of the likely level
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.54,0:02:14.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of food waste in each country in the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.64,0:02:18.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unfortunately, empirical data, good, hard stats, don't exist,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.52,0:02:21.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and therefore to prove my point, I first of all had to find
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.01,0:02:23.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some proxy way of uncovering
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.16,0:02:25.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how much food was being wasted.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.40,0:02:27.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I took the food supply of every single country
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.96,0:02:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I compared it to what was actually likely
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.00,0:02:33.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be being consumed in each country.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.04,0:02:36.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's based on diet intake surveys, it's based on
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.92,0:02:39.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,levels of obesity, it's based on a range of factors
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.59,0:02:40.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that gives you an approximate guess
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.93,0:02:44.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as to how much food is actually going into people's mouths.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.16,0:02:46.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That black line in the middle of that table
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.89,0:02:49.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the likely level of consumption
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.88,0:02:54.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with an allowance for certain levels of inevitable waste.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.24,0:02:56.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There will always be waste. I'm not that unrealistic
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.16,0:02:58.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I think we can live in a waste-free world.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.14,0:03:02.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that black line shows what a food supply should be
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.02,0:03:06.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a country if they allow for a good, stable, secure,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.47,0:03:10.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nutritional diet for every person in that country.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.22,0:03:12.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Any dot above that line, and you'll quickly notice that
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.63,0:03:15.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that includes most countries in the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.33,0:03:19.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,represents unnecessary surplus, and is likely to reflect
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.62,0:03:22.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,levels of waste in each country.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.24,0:03:25.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As a country gets richer, it invests more and more
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.51,0:03:26.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in getting more and more surplus
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.80,0:03:29.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into its shops and restaurants,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.61,0:03:31.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and as you can see, most European
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.66,0:03:33.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and North American countries
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.08,0:03:36.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fall between 150 and 200 percent
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.22,0:03:39.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the nutritional requirements of their populations.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.60,0:03:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So a country like America has twice as much food
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.00,0:03:44.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on its shop shelves and in its restaurants
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.61,0:03:48.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than is actually required to feed the American people.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.18,0:03:49.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the thing that really struck me,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.74,0:03:53.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when I plotted all this data, and it was a lot of numbers,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.95,0:03:57.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was that you can see how it levels off.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.62,0:04:00.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Countries rapidly shoot towards that 150 mark,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.68,0:04:03.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then they level off, and they don't really go on rising
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.97,0:04:05.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as you might expect.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.52,0:04:08.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I decided to unpack that data a little bit further
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.06,0:04:10.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to see if that was true or false.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.35,0:04:11.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's what I came up with.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.84,0:04:13.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you include not just the food that ends up
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.77,0:04:15.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in shops and restaurants, but also the food
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.89,0:04:18.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that people feed to livestock,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.05,0:04:21.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the maize, the soy, the wheat, that humans could eat
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.55,0:04:24.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but choose to fatten livestock instead to produce
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.03,0:04:25.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,increasing amounts of meat and dairy products,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.96,0:04:27.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what you find is that most rich countries
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.63,0:04:31.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have between three and four times the amount of food
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.96,0:04:35.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that their population needs to feed itself.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.04,0:04:38.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A country like America has four times the amount of food
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.32,0:04:41.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it needs.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.28,0:04:44.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When people talk about the need to increase global
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.25,0:04:46.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,food production to feed those nine billion people
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.91,0:04:49.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are expected on the planet by 2050,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.42,0:04:51.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I always think of these graphs.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.14,0:04:54.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The fact is, we have an enormous buffer
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.09,0:04:57.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in rich countries between ourselves and hunger.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.97,0:05:02.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've never had such gargantuan surpluses before.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.65,0:05:05.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In many ways, this is a great success story
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.31,0:05:09.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of human civilization, of the agricultural surpluses
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.45,0:05:12.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we set out to achieve 12,000 years ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.80,0:05:16.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is a success story. It has been a success story.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.36,0:05:18.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what we have to recognize now is that we are
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.90,0:05:22.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reaching the ecological limits that our planet can bear,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.53,0:05:25.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when we chop down forests, as we are every day,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.17,0:05:26.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to grow more and more food,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.52,0:05:30.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when we extract water from depleting water reserves,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.26,0:05:33.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when we emit fossil fuel emissions in the quest
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.65,0:05:34.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to grow more and more food,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.94,0:05:37.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then we throw away so much of it,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.80,0:05:40.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have to think about what we can start saving.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.73,0:05:44.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And yesterday, I went to one of the local supermarkets
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.46,0:05:46.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I often visit to
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.67,0:05:50.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,inspect, if you like, what they're throwing away.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.85,0:05:53.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I found quite a few packets of biscuits amongst
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.26,0:05:54.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all the fruit and vegetables and everything else
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.88,0:05:55.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was in there.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.83,0:05:58.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I thought, well this could serve as a symbol for today.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.27,0:06:00.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I want you to imagine that these nine biscuits
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.70,0:06:04.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I found in the bin represent the global food supply,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.23,0:06:05.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,okay? We start out with nine.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.83,0:06:09.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's what's in fields around the world every single year.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.32,0:06:11.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first biscuit we're going to lose
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.08,0:06:12.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before we even leave the farm.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.84,0:06:16.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's a problem primarily associated with
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.10,0:06:17.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,developing work agriculture, whether it's
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.77,0:06:20.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a lack of infrastructure, refrigeration, pasteurization,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.27,0:06:23.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,grain stores, even basic fruit crates, which means
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.18,0:06:26.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that food goes to waste before it even leaves the fields.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.93,0:06:30.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The next three biscuits are the foods that we decide
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.43,0:06:34.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to feed to livestock, the maize, the wheat and the soya.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.17,0:06:39.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unfortunately, our beasts are inefficient animals,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.01,0:06:43.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they turn two-thirds of that into feces and heat,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.19,0:06:45.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so we've lost those two, and we've only kept this one
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.81,0:06:48.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in meat and dairy products.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.04,0:06:51.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Two more we're going to throw away directly into bins.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.62,0:06:53.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is what most of us think of when we think
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.18,0:06:55.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of food waste, what ends up in the garbage,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.69,0:06:57.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what ends up in supermarket bins,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.54,0:07:00.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what ends up in restaurant bins. We've lost another two,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.27,0:07:04.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we've left ourselves with just four biscuits to feed on.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.02,0:07:07.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is not a superlatively efficient use of global resources,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.82,0:07:10.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially when you think of the billion hungry people
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.28,0:07:12.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that exist already in the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.42,0:07:14.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Having gone through the data, I then needed
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.41,0:07:18.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to demonstrate where that food ends up.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.08,0:07:19.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Where does it end up? We're used to seeing the stuff
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.70,0:07:21.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on our plates, but what about all the stuff
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.61,0:07:23.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that goes missing in between?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.55,0:07:25.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Supermarkets are an easy place to start.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.96,0:07:28.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the result of my hobby,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.55,0:07:33.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is unofficial bin inspections. (Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.02,0:07:35.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Strange you might think, but if we could rely on corporations
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.62,0:07:38.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to tell us what they were doing in the back of their stores,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.73,0:07:41.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we wouldn't need to go sneaking around the back,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.21,0:07:43.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,opening up bins and having a look at what's inside.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.77,0:07:45.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this is what you can see more or less on
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.73,0:07:49.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,every street corner in Britain, in Europe, in North America.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.24,0:07:52.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It represents a colossal waste of food,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.31,0:07:54.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but what I discovered whilst I was writing my book
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.81,0:07:58.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was that this very evident abundance of waste
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.15,0:08:01.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was actually the tip of the iceberg.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.10,0:08:03.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you start going up the supply chain,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.15,0:08:06.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you find where the real food waste is happening
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.14,0:08:08.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on a gargantuan scale.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.13,0:08:09.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can I have a show of hands
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.60,0:08:14.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you have a loaf of sliced bread in your house?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.06,0:08:15.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Who lives in a household where that crust --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.98,0:08:19.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that slice at the first and last end of each loaf --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.17,0:08:21.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who lives in a household where it does get eaten?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.61,0:08:23.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay, most people, not everyone, but most people,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.98,0:08:26.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this is, I'm glad to say, what I see across the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.44,0:08:29.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and yet has anyone seen a supermarket or sandwich shop
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.23,0:08:31.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,anywhere in the world that serves sandwiches
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.46,0:08:33.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with crusts on it? (Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.24,0:08:34.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I certainly haven't.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.82,0:08:39.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I kept on thinking, where do those crusts go? (Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.99,0:08:42.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the answer, unfortunately:
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.20,0:08:44.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,13,000 slices of fresh bread coming out of
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.11,0:08:49.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this one single factory every single day, day-fresh bread.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.72,0:08:51.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the same year that I visited this factory,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.22,0:08:55.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I went to Pakistan, where people in 2008 were going hungry
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.67,0:08:59.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a result of a squeeze on global food supplies.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.45,0:09:01.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We contribute to that squeeze
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.64,0:09:04.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by depositing food in bins here in Britain
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.63,0:09:06.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and elsewhere in the world. We take food
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.83,0:09:09.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,off the market shelves that hungry people depend on.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.94,0:09:12.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Go one step up, and you get to farmers,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.49,0:09:14.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who throw away sometimes a third or even more
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.65,0:09:16.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of their harvest because of cosmetic standards.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.70,0:09:19.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This farmer, for example, has invested 16,000 pounds
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.62,0:09:23.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in growing spinach, not one leaf of which he harvested,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.04,0:09:25.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because there was a little bit of grass growing in amongst it.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.50,0:09:27.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Potatoes that are cosmetically imperfect,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.98,0:09:29.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all going for pigs.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.51,0:09:33.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Parsnips that are too small for supermarket specifications,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.55,0:09:35.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tomatoes in Tenerife,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.56,0:09:37.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,oranges in Florida,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.37,0:09:40.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bananas in Ecuador, where I visited last year,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.37,0:09:42.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all being discarded. This is one day's waste
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.79,0:09:45.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from one banana plantation in Ecuador.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.32,0:09:47.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All being discarded, perfectly edible,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.53,0:09:50.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they're the wrong shape or size.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.02,0:09:51.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we do that to fruit and vegetables,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.60,0:09:54.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you bet we can do it to animals too.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.42,0:09:57.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Liver, lungs, heads, tails,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.15,0:09:59.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,kidneys, testicles,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.13,0:10:00.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all of these things which are traditional,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.84,0:10:03.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,delicious and nutritious parts of our gastronomy
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.66,0:10:07.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,go to waste. Offal consumption has halved
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.16,0:10:09.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in Britain and America in the last 30 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.69,0:10:12.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As a result, this stuff gets fed to dogs at best,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.33,0:10:14.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or is incinerated.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.10,0:10:17.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This man, in Kashgar, Xinjiang province, in Western China,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.95,0:10:19.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is serving up his national dish.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.86,0:10:21.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's called sheep's organs.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.58,0:10:23.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's delicious, it's nutritious,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.24,0:10:25.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and as I learned when I went to Kashgar,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.65,0:10:28.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it symbolizes their taboo against food waste.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.72,0:10:30.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was sitting in a roadside cafe.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.92,0:10:33.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A chef came to talk to me, I finished my bowl,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.52,0:10:35.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and halfway through the conversation, he stopped talking
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.29,0:10:37.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he started frowning into my bowl.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.85,0:10:39.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I thought, "My goodness, what taboo have I broken?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.73,0:10:41.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How have I insulted my host?"
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.32,0:10:43.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He pointed at three grains of rice
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.06,0:10:47.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the bottom of my bowl, and he said, "Clean." (Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.35,0:10:49.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I thought, "My God, you know, I go around the world
Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.26,0:10:50.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,telling people to stop wasting food.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.68,0:10:55.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This guy has thrashed me at my own game." (Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.72,0:10:58.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it gave me faith. It gave me faith that we, the people,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.95,0:11:03.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,do have the power to stop this tragic waste of resources
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.98,0:11:06.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if we regard it as socially unacceptable
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.18,0:11:07.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to waste food on a colossal scale,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.69,0:11:10.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if we make noise about it, tell corporations about it,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.26,0:11:12.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tell governments we want to see an end to food waste,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:12.88,0:11:15.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we do have the power to bring about that change.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:15.37,0:11:18.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fish, 40 to 60 percent of European fish
Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.08,0:11:21.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are discarded at sea, they don't even get landed.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:21.16,0:11:23.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In our homes, we've lost touch with food.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:23.86,0:11:26.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is an experiment I did on three lettuces.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.77,0:11:29.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Who keeps lettuces in their fridge?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.41,0:11:32.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most people. The one on the left
Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.99,0:11:34.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was kept in a fridge for 10 days.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.44,0:11:36.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The one in the middle, on my kitchen table. Not much difference.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.66,0:11:39.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The one on the right I treated like cut flowers.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.23,0:11:41.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a living organism, cut the slice off,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.42,0:11:42.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,stuck it in a vase of water,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.86,0:11:46.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was all right for another two weeks after this.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.41,0:11:48.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some food waste, as I said at the beginning,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:48.37,0:11:50.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will inevitably arise, so the question is,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.20,0:11:52.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what is the best thing to do with it?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.40,0:11:53.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I answered that question when I was 15.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.90,0:11:59.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, humans answered that question 6,000 years ago:
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.31,0:12:01.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We domesticated pigs
Dialogue: 0,0:12:01.52,0:12:04.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to turn food waste back into food.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:04.30,0:12:08.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And yet, in Europe, that practice has become illegal
Dialogue: 0,0:12:08.03,0:12:11.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,since 2001 as a result of the foot-and-mouth outbreak.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.31,0:12:13.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's unscientific. It's unnecessary.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:13.22,0:12:15.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you cook food for pigs, just as if
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.90,0:12:18.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you cook food for humans, it is rendered safe.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.87,0:12:21.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's also a massive saving of resources.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.43,0:12:24.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At the moment, Europe depends on importing
Dialogue: 0,0:12:24.32,0:12:25.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,millions of tons of soy from South America,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:25.99,0:12:28.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where its production contributes to global warming,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:28.87,0:12:31.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to deforestation, to biodiversity loss,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:31.47,0:12:33.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to feed livestock here in Europe.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:33.92,0:12:36.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At the same time we throw away millions of tons
Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.22,0:12:39.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of food waste which we could and should be feeding them.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:39.44,0:12:42.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we did that, and fed it to pigs, we would save
Dialogue: 0,0:12:42.30,0:12:44.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that amount of carbon.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:44.66,0:12:47.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we feed our food waste which is the current
Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.75,0:12:50.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,government favorite way of getting rid of food waste,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.04,0:12:52.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to anaerobic digestion, which turns food waste
Dialogue: 0,0:12:52.84,0:12:55.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into gas to produce electricity,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:55.15,0:12:58.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you save a paltry 448 kilograms of carbon dioxide
Dialogue: 0,0:12:58.88,0:13:01.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,per ton of food waste. It's much better to feed it to pigs.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:01.36,0:13:04.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We knew that during the war. (Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:13:04.62,0:13:08.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A silver lining: It has kicked off globally,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:08.90,0:13:10.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the quest to tackle food waste.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:10.67,0:13:14.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Feeding the 5,000 is an event I first organized in 2009.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:14.52,0:13:16.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We fed 5,000 people all on food that otherwise
Dialogue: 0,0:13:16.78,0:13:18.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would have been wasted.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:18.17,0:13:20.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Since then, it's happened again in London,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:20.47,0:13:22.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's happening internationally, and across the country.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:22.61,0:13:24.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a way of organizations coming together
Dialogue: 0,0:13:24.95,0:13:28.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to celebrate food, to say the best thing to do with food
Dialogue: 0,0:13:28.69,0:13:31.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to eat and enjoy it, and to stop wasting it.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:31.50,0:13:34.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For the sake of the planet we live on,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:34.09,0:13:37.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the sake of our children,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:37.37,0:13:38.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the sake of all the other
Dialogue: 0,0:13:38.94,0:13:41.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,organisms that share our planet with us,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:41.39,0:13:44.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we are a terrestrial animal, and we depend on our land
Dialogue: 0,0:13:44.43,0:13:47.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for food. At the moment, we are trashing our land
Dialogue: 0,0:13:47.05,0:13:49.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to grow food that no one eats.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:49.57,0:13:52.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Stop wasting food. Thank you very much. (Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:13:52.66,0:13:55.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)