WEBVTT 00:00:00.843 --> 00:00:03.434 In 2007, I became the attorney general 00:00:03.434 --> 00:00:05.159 of the state of New Jersey. 00:00:05.159 --> 00:00:07.439 Before that, I'd been a criminal prosecutor, 00:00:07.439 --> 00:00:10.120 first in the Manhattan district attorney's office, 00:00:10.120 --> 00:00:12.770 and then at the United States Department of Justice. NOTE Paragraph 00:00:12.770 --> 00:00:14.971 But when I became the attorney general, 00:00:14.971 --> 00:00:18.866 two things happened that changed the way I see criminal justice. 00:00:18.866 --> 00:00:20.896 The first is that I asked what I thought 00:00:20.896 --> 00:00:23.082 were really basic questions. 00:00:23.082 --> 00:00:25.938 I wanted to understand who we were arresting, 00:00:25.938 --> 00:00:27.602 who we were charging, 00:00:27.602 --> 00:00:29.730 and who we were putting in our nation's jails 00:00:29.730 --> 00:00:31.146 and prisons. 00:00:31.146 --> 00:00:32.794 I also wanted to understand 00:00:32.794 --> 00:00:34.123 if we were making decisions 00:00:34.123 --> 00:00:36.641 in a way that made us safer. 00:00:36.641 --> 00:00:39.893 And I couldn't get this information out. 00:00:39.893 --> 00:00:43.250 It turned out that most big criminal justice agencies 00:00:43.250 --> 00:00:44.552 like my own 00:00:44.552 --> 00:00:46.934 didn't track the things that matter. 00:00:46.934 --> 00:00:50.252 So after about a month of being incredibly frustrated, 00:00:50.252 --> 00:00:52.223 I walked down into a conference room 00:00:52.223 --> 00:00:54.113 that was filled with detectives 00:00:54.113 --> 00:00:56.895 and stacks and stacks of case files, 00:00:56.895 --> 00:00:58.071 and the detectives were sitting there 00:00:58.071 --> 00:01:00.305 with yellow legal pads taking notes. 00:01:00.305 --> 00:01:01.891 They were trying to get the information 00:01:01.891 --> 00:01:03.109 I was looking for 00:01:03.109 --> 00:01:05.154 by going through case by case 00:01:05.154 --> 00:01:07.052 for the past five years. 00:01:07.052 --> 00:01:08.705 And as you can imagine, 00:01:08.705 --> 00:01:11.348 when we finally got the results, they weren't good. 00:01:11.348 --> 00:01:13.003 It turned out that we were doing 00:01:13.003 --> 00:01:15.023 a lot of low-level drug cases 00:01:15.023 --> 00:01:16.498 on the streets just around the corner 00:01:16.498 --> 00:01:18.766 from our office in Trenton. NOTE Paragraph 00:01:18.766 --> 00:01:20.233 The second thing that happened 00:01:20.233 --> 00:01:23.907 is that I spent the day in the Camden, New Jersey police department. 00:01:23.907 --> 00:01:25.794 Now, at that time, Camden, New Jersey, 00:01:25.794 --> 00:01:28.446 was the most dangerous city in America. 00:01:28.446 --> 00:01:32.273 I ran the Camden Police Department because of that. 00:01:32.273 --> 00:01:34.385 I spent the day in the police department, 00:01:34.385 --> 00:01:37.111 and I was taken into a room with senior police officials, 00:01:37.111 --> 00:01:38.786 all of whom were working hard 00:01:38.786 --> 00:01:42.043 and trying very hard to reduce crime in Camden. 00:01:42.043 --> 00:01:43.869 And what I saw in that room, 00:01:43.869 --> 00:01:46.114 as we talked about how to reduce crime, 00:01:46.114 --> 00:01:49.973 were a series of officers with a lot of little yellow sticky notes. 00:01:49.973 --> 00:01:52.819 And they would take a yellow sticky and they would write something on it 00:01:52.823 --> 00:01:54.622 and they would put it up on a board. 00:01:54.622 --> 00:01:56.793 And one of them said, "We had a robbery two weeks ago. 00:01:56.793 --> 00:01:58.504 We have no suspects." 00:01:58.504 --> 00:02:03.531 And another said, "We had a shooting in this neighborhood last week. We have no suspects." 00:02:03.531 --> 00:02:06.114 We weren't using data-driven policing. 00:02:06.114 --> 00:02:08.156 We were essentially trying to fight crime 00:02:08.156 --> 00:02:10.683 with yellow Post-it notes. NOTE Paragraph 00:02:10.683 --> 00:02:12.818 Now, both of these things made me realize 00:02:12.818 --> 00:02:16.069 fundamentally that we were failing. 00:02:16.069 --> 00:02:19.192 We didn't even know who was in our criminal justice system, 00:02:19.192 --> 00:02:22.427 we didn't have any data about the things that mattered, 00:02:22.427 --> 00:02:24.995 and we didn't share data or use analytics 00:02:24.995 --> 00:02:27.146 or tools to help us make better decisions 00:02:27.146 --> 00:02:29.149 and to reduce crime. 00:02:29.149 --> 00:02:31.373 And for the first time, I started to think 00:02:31.373 --> 00:02:33.283 about how we made decisions. 00:02:33.283 --> 00:02:34.680 When I was an assistant D.A., 00:02:34.680 --> 00:02:36.550 and when I was a federal prosecutor, 00:02:36.550 --> 00:02:38.296 I looked at the cases in front of me, 00:02:38.296 --> 00:02:40.922 and I generally made decisions based on my instinct 00:02:40.922 --> 00:02:42.614 and my experience. 00:02:42.614 --> 00:02:44.273 When I became attorney general, 00:02:44.273 --> 00:02:45.912 I could look at the system as a whole, 00:02:45.912 --> 00:02:47.730 and what surprised me is that I found 00:02:47.730 --> 00:02:49.635 that that was exactly how we were doing it 00:02:49.635 --> 00:02:51.938 across the entire system -- 00:02:51.938 --> 00:02:54.339 in police departments, in prosecutors's offices, 00:02:54.339 --> 00:02:57.139 in courts and in jails. 00:02:57.139 --> 00:02:59.336 And what I learned very quickly 00:02:59.336 --> 00:03:02.969 is that we weren't doing a good job. 00:03:02.969 --> 00:03:04.985 So I wanted to do things differently. 00:03:04.985 --> 00:03:07.182 I wanted to introduce data and analytics 00:03:07.182 --> 00:03:09.231 and rigorous statistical analysis 00:03:09.231 --> 00:03:10.631 into our work. 00:03:10.631 --> 00:03:13.601 In short, I wanted to moneyball criminal justice. NOTE Paragraph 00:03:13.601 --> 00:03:15.628 Now, moneyball, as many of you know, 00:03:15.628 --> 00:03:17.197 is what the Oakland A's did, 00:03:17.197 --> 00:03:19.170 where they used smart data and statistics 00:03:19.170 --> 00:03:20.792 to figure out how to pick players 00:03:20.792 --> 00:03:22.313 that would help them win games, 00:03:22.313 --> 00:03:25.293 and they went from a system that was based on baseball scouts 00:03:25.293 --> 00:03:27.153 who used to go out and watch players 00:03:27.153 --> 00:03:28.790 and use their instinct and experience, 00:03:28.790 --> 00:03:30.533 the scouts' instincts and experience, 00:03:30.533 --> 00:03:32.246 to pick players, from one to use 00:03:32.246 --> 00:03:35.068 smart data and rigorous statistical analysis 00:03:35.068 --> 00:03:38.439 to figure out how to pick players that would help them win games. NOTE Paragraph 00:03:38.439 --> 00:03:40.237 It worked for the Oakland A's, 00:03:40.237 --> 00:03:42.456 and it worked in the state of New Jersey. 00:03:42.456 --> 00:03:44.529 We took Camden off the top of the list 00:03:44.529 --> 00:03:46.700 as the most dangerous city in America. 00:03:46.700 --> 00:03:49.855 We reduced murders there by 41 percent, 00:03:49.855 --> 00:03:52.837 which actually means 37 lives were saved. 00:03:52.837 --> 00:03:56.577 And we reduced all crime in the city by 26 percent. 00:03:56.577 --> 00:03:59.816 We also changed the way we did criminal prosecutions. 00:03:59.816 --> 00:04:01.821 So we went from doing low-level drug crimes 00:04:01.821 --> 00:04:03.463 that were outside our building 00:04:03.463 --> 00:04:05.805 to doing cases of statewide importance, 00:04:05.805 --> 00:04:08.963 on things like reducing violence with the most violent offenders, 00:04:08.963 --> 00:04:10.821 prosecuting street gangs, 00:04:10.821 --> 00:04:14.229 gun and drug trafficking, and political corruption. NOTE Paragraph 00:04:14.229 --> 00:04:16.731 And all of this matters greatly, 00:04:16.731 --> 00:04:18.676 because public safety to me 00:04:18.676 --> 00:04:21.212 is the most important function of government. 00:04:21.212 --> 00:04:23.510 If we're not safe, we can't be educated, 00:04:23.510 --> 00:04:24.858 we can't be healthy, 00:04:24.858 --> 00:04:27.803 we can't do any of the other things we want to do in our lives. 00:04:27.803 --> 00:04:29.504 And we live in a country today 00:04:29.504 --> 00:04:32.638 where we face serious criminal justice problems. 00:04:32.638 --> 00:04:36.299 We have 12 million arrests every single year. 00:04:36.299 --> 00:04:38.342 The vast majority of those arrests 00:04:38.342 --> 00:04:41.354 are for low-level crimes, like misdemeanors, 00:04:41.354 --> 00:04:43.088 70 to 80 percent. 00:04:43.088 --> 00:04:45.079 Less than five percent of all arrests 00:04:45.079 --> 00:04:46.974 are for violent crime. 00:04:46.974 --> 00:04:49.029 Yet we spend 75 billion, 00:04:49.029 --> 00:04:50.447 that's b for billion, 00:04:50.447 --> 00:04:54.574 dollars a year on state and local corrections costs. 00:04:54.574 --> 00:04:57.415 Right now, today, we have 2.3 million people 00:04:57.415 --> 00:04:59.315 in our jails and prisons. 00:04:59.315 --> 00:05:02.111 And we face unbelievable public safety challenges 00:05:02.111 --> 00:05:04.050 because we have a situation 00:05:04.050 --> 00:05:06.948 in which two thirds of the people in our jails 00:05:06.948 --> 00:05:08.702 are there waiting for trial. 00:05:08.702 --> 00:05:10.837 They haven't yet been convicted of a crime. 00:05:10.837 --> 00:05:12.956 They're just waiting for their day in court. 00:05:12.956 --> 00:05:16.504 And 67 percent of people come back. 00:05:16.504 --> 00:05:19.532 Our recidivism rate is amongst the highest in the world. 00:05:19.532 --> 00:05:21.635 Almost seven in 10 people who are released 00:05:21.635 --> 00:05:23.286 from prison will be rearrested 00:05:23.286 --> 00:05:27.241 in a constant cycle of crime and incarceration. NOTE Paragraph 00:05:27.241 --> 00:05:29.823 So when I started my job at the Arnold Foundation, 00:05:29.823 --> 00:05:32.559 I came back to looking at a lot of these questions, 00:05:32.559 --> 00:05:34.213 and I came back to thinking about how 00:05:34.213 --> 00:05:36.596 we had used data and analytics to transform 00:05:36.596 --> 00:05:39.180 the way we did criminal justice in New Jersey. 00:05:39.180 --> 00:05:41.324 And when I look at the criminal justice system 00:05:41.324 --> 00:05:42.980 in the United States today, 00:05:42.980 --> 00:05:44.619 I feel the exact same way that I did 00:05:44.619 --> 00:05:47.085 about the state of New Jersey when I started there, 00:05:47.085 --> 00:05:50.313 which is that we absolutely have to do better, 00:05:50.313 --> 00:05:52.236 and I know that we can do better. NOTE Paragraph 00:05:52.236 --> 00:05:53.941 So I decided to focus 00:05:53.941 --> 00:05:56.158 on using data and analytics 00:05:56.158 --> 00:05:58.519 to help make the most critical decision 00:05:58.519 --> 00:06:00.125 in public safety, 00:06:00.125 --> 00:06:02.146 and that decision is the determination 00:06:02.146 --> 00:06:04.681 of whether, when someone has been arrested, 00:06:04.681 --> 00:06:06.596 whether they pose a risk to public safety 00:06:06.596 --> 00:06:08.122 and should be detained, 00:06:08.122 --> 00:06:10.478 or whether they don't pose a risk to public safety 00:06:10.478 --> 00:06:12.115 and should be released. 00:06:12.115 --> 00:06:14.034 Everything that happens in criminal cases 00:06:14.034 --> 00:06:15.806 comes out of this one decision. 00:06:15.806 --> 00:06:17.302 It impacts everything. 00:06:17.302 --> 00:06:18.652 It impacts sentencing. 00:06:18.652 --> 00:06:20.553 It impacts whether someone gets drug treatment. 00:06:20.553 --> 00:06:22.876 It impacts crime and violence. 00:06:22.876 --> 00:06:24.813 And when I talk to judges around the United States, 00:06:24.813 --> 00:06:26.741 which I do all the time now, 00:06:26.741 --> 00:06:28.578 they all say the same thing, 00:06:28.578 --> 00:06:31.685 which is that we put dangerous people in jail, 00:06:31.685 --> 00:06:35.210 and we let non-dangerous, nonviolent people out. 00:06:35.210 --> 00:06:37.443 They mean it and they believe it. 00:06:37.443 --> 00:06:39.176 But when you start to look at the data, 00:06:39.176 --> 00:06:41.640 which, by the way, the judges don't have, 00:06:41.640 --> 00:06:43.252 when we start to look at the data, 00:06:43.252 --> 00:06:45.670 what we find time and time again, 00:06:45.670 --> 00:06:47.652 is that this isn't the case. 00:06:47.652 --> 00:06:49.333 We find low-risk offenders, 00:06:49.333 --> 00:06:53.047 which makes up 50 percent of our entire criminal justice population, 00:06:53.047 --> 00:06:55.446 we find that they're in jail. 00:06:55.446 --> 00:06:57.932 Take Leslie Chew, who was a Texas man 00:06:57.932 --> 00:07:00.816 who stole four blankets on a cold winter night. 00:07:00.816 --> 00:07:03.411 He was arrested, and he was kept in jail 00:07:03.411 --> 00:07:05.464 on 3,500 dollars bail, 00:07:05.464 --> 00:07:08.240 an amount that he could not afford to pay. 00:07:08.240 --> 00:07:10.828 And he stayed in jail for eight months 00:07:10.828 --> 00:07:12.893 until his case came up for trial, 00:07:12.893 --> 00:07:16.798 at a cost to taxpayers of more than 9,000 dollars. 00:07:16.798 --> 00:07:18.795 And at the other end of the spectrum, 00:07:18.795 --> 00:07:21.077 we're doing an equally terrible job. 00:07:21.077 --> 00:07:22.649 The people who we find 00:07:22.649 --> 00:07:24.668 are the highest-risk offenders, 00:07:24.668 --> 00:07:27.165 the people who we think have the highest likelihood 00:07:27.165 --> 00:07:29.117 of committing a new crime if they're released, 00:07:29.117 --> 00:07:32.067 we see nationally that 50 percent of those people 00:07:32.067 --> 00:07:34.041 are being released. NOTE Paragraph 00:07:34.041 --> 00:07:37.215 The reason for this is the way we make decisions. 00:07:37.215 --> 00:07:38.924 Judges have the best intentions 00:07:38.924 --> 00:07:40.876 when they make these decisions about risk, 00:07:40.876 --> 00:07:43.360 but they're making them subjectively. 00:07:43.360 --> 00:07:45.506 They're like the baseball scouts 20 years ago 00:07:45.506 --> 00:07:47.637 who were using their instinct and their experience 00:07:47.637 --> 00:07:50.316 to try to decide what risk someone poses. 00:07:50.316 --> 00:07:51.846 They're being subjective, 00:07:51.846 --> 00:07:54.906 and we know what happens with subjective decision making, 00:07:54.906 --> 00:07:57.649 which is that we are often wrong. 00:07:57.649 --> 00:07:59.032 What we need in this space 00:07:59.032 --> 00:08:01.584 are strong data and analytics. NOTE Paragraph 00:08:01.584 --> 00:08:03.331 What I decided to look for 00:08:03.331 --> 00:08:06.167 was a strong data and analytic risk assessment tool, 00:08:06.167 --> 00:08:08.931 something that would let judges actually understand 00:08:08.931 --> 00:08:11.190 with a scientific and objective way 00:08:11.190 --> 00:08:12.837 what the risk was that was posed 00:08:12.837 --> 00:08:14.447 by someone in front of them. 00:08:14.447 --> 00:08:16.096 I looked all over the country, 00:08:16.096 --> 00:08:18.038 and I found that between five and 10 percent 00:08:18.038 --> 00:08:19.367 of all U.S. jurisdictions 00:08:19.367 --> 00:08:22.345 actually use any type of risk assessment tool, 00:08:22.345 --> 00:08:23.970 and when I looked at these tools, 00:08:23.970 --> 00:08:25.830 I quickly realized why. 00:08:25.830 --> 00:08:28.520 They were unbelievably expensive to administer, 00:08:28.520 --> 00:08:30.048 they were time-consuming, 00:08:30.048 --> 00:08:32.155 they were limited to the local jurisdiction 00:08:32.155 --> 00:08:33.585 in which they'd been created. 00:08:33.585 --> 00:08:35.378 So basically, they couldn't be scaled 00:08:35.378 --> 00:08:37.587 or transferred to other places. NOTE Paragraph 00:08:37.587 --> 00:08:39.824 So I went out and built a phenomenal team 00:08:39.824 --> 00:08:41.868 of data scientists and researchers 00:08:41.868 --> 00:08:43.494 and statisticians 00:08:43.494 --> 00:08:46.339 to build a universal risk assessment tool, 00:08:46.339 --> 00:08:48.732 so that every single judge in the United States of America 00:08:48.732 --> 00:08:53.056 can have an objective, scientific measure of risk. 00:08:53.056 --> 00:08:54.714 In the tool that we've built, 00:08:54.714 --> 00:08:57.582 what we did was we collected 1.5 million cases 00:08:57.582 --> 00:08:59.280 from all around the United States, 00:08:59.280 --> 00:09:00.924 from cities, from counties, 00:09:00.924 --> 00:09:02.435 from every single state in the country, 00:09:02.435 --> 00:09:04.181 the federal districts. 00:09:04.181 --> 00:09:06.370 And with those 1.5 million cases, 00:09:06.370 --> 00:09:08.310 which is the largest data set on pretrial 00:09:08.310 --> 00:09:10.115 in the United States today, 00:09:10.115 --> 00:09:11.980 we were able to basically find that there were 00:09:11.980 --> 00:09:15.302 900-plus risk factors that we could look at 00:09:15.302 --> 00:09:18.168 to try to figure out what mattered most. 00:09:18.168 --> 00:09:20.249 And we found that there were nine specific things 00:09:20.249 --> 00:09:22.484 that mattered all across the country 00:09:22.484 --> 00:09:25.461 and that were the most highly predictive of risk. 00:09:25.461 --> 00:09:29.166 And so we built a universal risk assessment tool. 00:09:29.166 --> 00:09:30.611 And it looks like this. 00:09:30.611 --> 00:09:33.223 As you'll see, we put some information in, 00:09:33.223 --> 00:09:35.236 but most of it is incredibly simple, 00:09:35.236 --> 00:09:36.668 it's easy to use, 00:09:36.668 --> 00:09:39.637 it focuses on things like the defendant's prior convictions, 00:09:39.637 --> 00:09:41.616 whether they've been sentenced to incarceration, 00:09:41.616 --> 00:09:43.880 whether they've engaged in violence before, 00:09:43.880 --> 00:09:46.273 whether they've even failed to come back to court. 00:09:46.273 --> 00:09:48.773 And with this tool, we can predict three things. 00:09:48.773 --> 00:09:50.626 First, whether or not someone will commit 00:09:50.626 --> 00:09:52.191 a new crime if they're released. 00:09:52.191 --> 00:09:53.855 Second, for the first time, 00:09:53.855 --> 00:09:55.716 and I think this is incredibly important, 00:09:55.716 --> 00:09:57.639 we can predict whether someone will commit 00:09:57.639 --> 00:09:59.473 an act of violence if they're released. 00:09:59.473 --> 00:10:01.360 And that's the single most important thing 00:10:01.360 --> 00:10:03.167 that judges say when you talk to them. 00:10:03.167 --> 00:10:04.995 And third, we can predict whether someone 00:10:04.995 --> 00:10:06.985 will come back to court. 00:10:06.985 --> 00:10:10.018 And every single judge in the United States of America can use it, 00:10:10.018 --> 00:10:13.830 because it's been created on a universal data set. NOTE Paragraph 00:10:13.830 --> 00:10:16.439 What judges see if they run the risk assessment tool 00:10:16.439 --> 00:10:18.559 is this -- it's a dashboard. 00:10:18.559 --> 00:10:21.407 At the top, you see the New Criminal Activity Score, 00:10:21.407 --> 00:10:23.336 six of course being the highest, 00:10:23.336 --> 00:10:25.739 and then in the middle you see, "Elevated risk of violence." 00:10:25.739 --> 00:10:27.485 What that says is that this person 00:10:27.485 --> 00:10:29.545 is someone who has an elevated risk of violence 00:10:29.545 --> 00:10:31.430 that the judge should look twice at. 00:10:31.430 --> 00:10:32.766 And then, towards the bottom, 00:10:32.766 --> 00:10:34.734 you see the Failure to Appear Score, 00:10:34.734 --> 00:10:36.126 which again is the likelihood 00:10:36.126 --> 00:10:39.139 that someone will come back to court. NOTE Paragraph 00:10:39.139 --> 00:10:41.352 Now I want to say something really important. 00:10:41.352 --> 00:10:44.079 It's not that I think we should be eliminating 00:10:44.079 --> 00:10:46.323 the judge's instinct and experience 00:10:46.323 --> 00:10:47.927 from this process. 00:10:47.927 --> 00:10:48.985 I don't. 00:10:48.985 --> 00:10:50.992 I actually believe the problem that we see 00:10:50.992 --> 00:10:53.846 and the reason that we have these incredible system errors, 00:10:53.846 --> 00:10:56.933 where we're incarcerating low-level, nonviolent people 00:10:56.933 --> 00:11:00.105 and we're releasing high-risk, dangerous people, 00:11:00.105 --> 00:11:02.828 is that we don't have an objective measure of risk. 00:11:02.828 --> 00:11:04.128 But what I believe should happen 00:11:04.128 --> 00:11:06.928 is that we should take that data-driven risk assessment 00:11:06.928 --> 00:11:09.969 and combine that with the judge's instinct and experience 00:11:09.969 --> 00:11:12.927 to lead us to better decision making. 00:11:12.927 --> 00:11:16.230 The tool went statewide in Kentucky on July 1, 00:11:16.230 --> 00:11:19.581 and we're about to go up in a number of other U.S. jurisdictions. 00:11:19.581 --> 00:11:22.172 Our goal, quite simply, is that every single judge 00:11:22.172 --> 00:11:24.364 in the United States will use a data-driven risk tool 00:11:24.364 --> 00:11:26.455 within the next five years. 00:11:26.455 --> 00:11:27.807 We're now working on risk tools 00:11:27.807 --> 00:11:31.091 for prosecutors and for police officers as well, 00:11:31.091 --> 00:11:33.791 to try to take a system that runs today 00:11:33.791 --> 00:11:36.587 in America the same way it did 50 years ago, 00:11:36.587 --> 00:11:38.684 based on instinct and experience, 00:11:38.684 --> 00:11:40.539 and make it into one that runs 00:11:40.539 --> 00:11:43.008 on data and analytics. NOTE Paragraph 00:11:43.008 --> 00:11:44.929 Now, the great news about all this, 00:11:44.929 --> 00:11:46.546 and we have a ton of work left to do, 00:11:46.546 --> 00:11:48.403 and we have a lot of culture to change, 00:11:48.403 --> 00:11:50.149 but the great news about all of it 00:11:50.149 --> 00:11:52.017 is that we know it works. 00:11:52.017 --> 00:11:54.170 It's why Google is Google, 00:11:54.170 --> 00:11:56.632 and it's why all these baseball teams use moneyball 00:11:56.632 --> 00:11:58.413 to win games. 00:11:58.413 --> 00:12:00.150 The great news for us as well 00:12:00.150 --> 00:12:02.046 is that it's the way that we can transform 00:12:02.046 --> 00:12:04.367 the American criminal justice system. 00:12:04.367 --> 00:12:06.724 It's how we can make our streets safer, 00:12:06.724 --> 00:12:09.023 we can reduce our prison costs, 00:12:09.023 --> 00:12:11.090 and we can make our system much fairer 00:12:11.090 --> 00:12:12.815 and more just. 00:12:12.815 --> 00:12:14.977 Some people call it data science. 00:12:14.977 --> 00:12:17.278 I call it moneyballing criminal justice. NOTE Paragraph 00:12:17.278 --> 00:12:19.082 Thank you. NOTE Paragraph 00:12:19.082 --> 00:12:23.175 (Applause)