WEBVTT 00:00:00.843 --> 00:00:03.620 In 2007, I became the Attorney General 00:00:03.620 --> 00:00:05.360 of the State of New Jersey. 00:00:05.360 --> 00:00:07.363 Before that, I'd been a criminal prosecutor, 00:00:07.363 --> 00:00:10.120 first in the Manhattan District Attorney's office, 00:00:10.120 --> 00:00:12.955 and then at the United States Department of Justice. NOTE Paragraph 00:00:12.955 --> 00:00:14.980 But when I became the Attorney General, 00:00:14.980 --> 00:00:16.218 two things happened 00:00:16.218 --> 00:00:18.943 that changed the way I see criminal justice. 00:00:18.943 --> 00:00:20.929 The first is that I asked what I thought 00:00:20.929 --> 00:00:23.345 were really basic questions. 00:00:23.345 --> 00:00:26.323 I wanted to understand who we were arresting, 00:00:26.323 --> 00:00:27.758 who we were charging, 00:00:27.758 --> 00:00:29.730 and who we were putting in our nation's jails 00:00:29.730 --> 00:00:31.270 and prisons. 00:00:31.270 --> 00:00:32.933 I also wanted to understand 00:00:32.933 --> 00:00:34.247 if we were making decisions 00:00:34.247 --> 00:00:36.641 in a way that made us safer. 00:00:36.641 --> 00:00:39.893 And I couldn't get this information out. 00:00:39.893 --> 00:00:43.312 It turns out that most big criminal justice agencies 00:00:43.312 --> 00:00:44.645 like my own 00:00:44.645 --> 00:00:47.104 didn't track the things that matter. 00:00:47.104 --> 00:00:50.252 So after about a month of being incredibly frustrated, 00:00:50.252 --> 00:00:52.223 I walked down into a conference room 00:00:52.223 --> 00:00:54.113 that was filled with detectives 00:00:54.113 --> 00:00:56.895 and stacks and stacks of case files, 00:00:56.895 --> 00:00:58.287 and the detectives were sitting there 00:00:58.287 --> 00:01:00.629 with yellow legal pads taking notes. 00:01:00.629 --> 00:01:02.169 They were trying to get the information 00:01:02.169 --> 00:01:03.495 I was looking for 00:01:03.495 --> 00:01:05.201 by going through case by case 00:01:05.201 --> 00:01:07.530 for the past five years. 00:01:07.530 --> 00:01:08.767 And as you can imagine, 00:01:08.767 --> 00:01:11.872 when we finally got the results, they weren't good. 00:01:11.872 --> 00:01:13.065 It turned out that we were doing 00:01:13.065 --> 00:01:14.717 a lot of low-level drug cases 00:01:14.717 --> 00:01:16.652 on the streets just around the corner 00:01:16.652 --> 00:01:18.766 from our office in Trenton. NOTE Paragraph 00:01:18.766 --> 00:01:20.418 The second thing that happened 00:01:20.418 --> 00:01:23.907 is that I spent the day in the Camden, New Jersey, Police Department. 00:01:23.907 --> 00:01:25.794 Now at that time, Camden, New Jersey, 00:01:25.794 --> 00:01:28.446 was the most dangerous city in America. 00:01:28.446 --> 00:01:32.273 I ran the Camden Police Department because of that. 00:01:32.273 --> 00:01:34.524 I spent the day in the Police Department, 00:01:34.524 --> 00:01:37.219 and I was taken into a room with senior police officials, 00:01:37.219 --> 00:01:38.787 all of whom were working hard 00:01:38.787 --> 00:01:42.320 and trying very hard to reduce crime in Camden. 00:01:42.320 --> 00:01:43.978 And what I saw in that room, 00:01:43.978 --> 00:01:46.114 as we talked about how to reduce crime, 00:01:46.114 --> 00:01:50.127 were a series of officers with a lot of little yellow sticky notes. 00:01:50.127 --> 00:01:51.804 And they would take a yellow sticky 00:01:51.804 --> 00:01:53.064 and they would write something on it 00:01:53.064 --> 00:01:54.730 and they would put it up on a board. 00:01:54.730 --> 00:01:56.810 And one of them, "We had a robbery two weeks ago. 00:01:56.810 --> 00:01:58.612 We have no suspects." 00:01:58.612 --> 00:02:03.532 And another said, "We had a shooting in this neighborhood last week. We have no suspects." 00:02:03.532 --> 00:02:06.114 We weren't using data-driven policing. 00:02:06.114 --> 00:02:08.218 We were essentially trying to fight crime 00:02:08.218 --> 00:02:10.453 with yellow post-it notes. NOTE Paragraph 00:02:10.453 --> 00:02:12.911 Now both of these things made me realize 00:02:12.911 --> 00:02:16.254 fundamentally that we were failing. 00:02:16.254 --> 00:02:19.300 We didn't even know who was in our criminal justice system, 00:02:19.300 --> 00:02:22.551 we didn't have any data about the things that mattered, 00:02:22.551 --> 00:02:25.018 and we didn't share data or use analytics 00:02:25.018 --> 00:02:27.254 or tools to help us make better decisions 00:02:27.254 --> 00:02:29.150 and to reduce crime. 00:02:29.150 --> 00:02:31.266 And for the first time, I started to think 00:02:31.266 --> 00:02:33.438 about how we made decisions. 00:02:33.438 --> 00:02:35.025 When I was an assistant D.A., 00:02:35.025 --> 00:02:36.704 and when I was a federal prosecutor, 00:02:36.704 --> 00:02:38.389 I looked at the cases in front of me, 00:02:38.389 --> 00:02:41.023 and I generally made decisions based on my instinct 00:02:41.023 --> 00:02:42.753 and my experience. 00:02:42.753 --> 00:02:44.273 When I became Attorney General, 00:02:44.273 --> 00:02:46.221 I could look at this system as a whole, 00:02:46.221 --> 00:02:47.670 and what surprised me is that I found 00:02:47.670 --> 00:02:49.805 that that was exactly how we were doing it 00:02:49.805 --> 00:02:51.878 across the entire system, 00:02:51.878 --> 00:02:54.571 in police departments, in prosecutors's offices, 00:02:54.571 --> 00:02:57.109 in courts, and in jails. 00:02:57.109 --> 00:02:59.475 And what I learned very quickly 00:02:59.475 --> 00:03:03.008 is that we weren't doing a good job. 00:03:03.008 --> 00:03:05.077 So I wanted to do things differently. 00:03:05.077 --> 00:03:07.066 I wanted to introduce data and analytics 00:03:07.066 --> 00:03:09.262 and rigorous statistical analysis 00:03:09.262 --> 00:03:10.801 into our work. 00:03:10.801 --> 00:03:13.771 In short, I wanted to moneyball criminal justice. NOTE Paragraph 00:03:13.771 --> 00:03:15.782 Now, moneyball, as many of you know, 00:03:15.782 --> 00:03:17.306 is what the Oakland A's did, 00:03:17.306 --> 00:03:19.186 where they used smart data and statistics 00:03:19.186 --> 00:03:20.732 to figure out how to pick players 00:03:20.732 --> 00:03:22.514 that would help them win games, 00:03:22.514 --> 00:03:24.406 and they went from a system that was based 00:03:24.406 --> 00:03:25.617 on baseball scouts 00:03:25.617 --> 00:03:27.338 who used to go out and watch players 00:03:27.338 --> 00:03:29.070 and use their instinct and experience, 00:03:29.070 --> 00:03:30.703 the scouts' instincts and experience, 00:03:30.703 --> 00:03:32.462 to pick players, from one to use 00:03:32.462 --> 00:03:34.992 smart data and rigorous statistical analysis 00:03:34.992 --> 00:03:38.532 to figure out how to pick players that would help them win games. NOTE Paragraph 00:03:38.532 --> 00:03:39.961 It worked for the Oakland A's, 00:03:39.961 --> 00:03:42.549 and it worked in the State of New Jersey. 00:03:42.549 --> 00:03:44.529 We took Camden off the top of the list 00:03:44.529 --> 00:03:46.824 as the most dangerous city in America. 00:03:46.824 --> 00:03:49.779 We reduced murders there by 41 percent, 00:03:49.779 --> 00:03:53.013 which actually means 37 lives were saved. 00:03:53.013 --> 00:03:56.762 And we reduced all crime in the city by 26 percent. 00:03:56.762 --> 00:03:59.787 We also changed the way we did criminal prosecutions. 00:03:59.787 --> 00:04:01.991 So we went from doing low-level drug crimes 00:04:01.991 --> 00:04:03.463 that were outside our building 00:04:03.463 --> 00:04:05.805 to doing cases of state-wide importance, 00:04:05.805 --> 00:04:09.021 on things like reducing violence with the most violent offenders, 00:04:09.021 --> 00:04:10.821 prosecuting street gangs, 00:04:10.821 --> 00:04:14.599 gun and drug trafficking, and political corruption. NOTE Paragraph 00:04:14.599 --> 00:04:16.885 And all of this matters greatly, 00:04:16.885 --> 00:04:18.676 because public safety to me 00:04:18.676 --> 00:04:21.320 is the most important function of government. 00:04:21.320 --> 00:04:23.510 If we're not safe, we can't be educated, 00:04:23.510 --> 00:04:24.858 we can't be healthy, 00:04:24.858 --> 00:04:26.057 we can't do any of the other things 00:04:26.057 --> 00:04:28.082 we want to do in our lives. 00:04:28.082 --> 00:04:29.766 And we live in a country today 00:04:29.766 --> 00:04:32.762 where we face serious criminal justice problems. 00:04:32.762 --> 00:04:36.453 We have 12 million arrests every single year. 00:04:36.453 --> 00:04:38.342 The vast majority of those arrests 00:04:38.342 --> 00:04:41.402 are for low-level crimes, like misdemeanors, 00:04:41.402 --> 00:04:43.181 70 to 80 percent. 00:04:43.181 --> 00:04:45.264 Less than five percent of all arrests 00:04:45.264 --> 00:04:47.073 are for violent crime. 00:04:47.073 --> 00:04:49.008 Yet we spend 75 billion, 00:04:49.008 --> 00:04:50.740 that's b for billion, 00:04:50.740 --> 00:04:54.622 dollars a year on state and local corrections costs. 00:04:54.622 --> 00:04:57.415 Right now, today, we have 2.3 million people 00:04:57.415 --> 00:04:59.454 in our jails and prisons. 00:04:59.454 --> 00:05:02.204 And we face unbelievable public safety challenges 00:05:02.204 --> 00:05:04.189 because we have a situation 00:05:04.189 --> 00:05:07.078 in which two thirds of the people in our jails 00:05:07.078 --> 00:05:08.702 are there waiting for trial. 00:05:08.702 --> 00:05:10.853 They haven't yet been convicted of a crime. 00:05:10.853 --> 00:05:12.956 They're just waiting for their day in court. 00:05:12.956 --> 00:05:16.504 And 67 percent of people come back. 00:05:16.504 --> 00:05:18.395 Our recidivism rate is amongst the highest 00:05:18.395 --> 00:05:19.742 in the world. 00:05:19.742 --> 00:05:21.744 Almost seven in 10 people who are released 00:05:21.744 --> 00:05:23.379 from prison will be rearrested 00:05:23.379 --> 00:05:27.242 in a constant cycle of crime and incarceration. NOTE Paragraph 00:05:27.242 --> 00:05:29.823 So when I started my job at the Arnold Foundation, 00:05:29.823 --> 00:05:32.683 I came back to looking at a lot of these questions, 00:05:32.683 --> 00:05:34.213 and I came back to thinking about how 00:05:34.213 --> 00:05:36.597 we had used data and analytics to transform 00:05:36.597 --> 00:05:39.228 the way we did criminal justice in New Jersey. 00:05:39.228 --> 00:05:41.187 And when I look at the criminal justice system 00:05:41.187 --> 00:05:42.919 in the United States today, 00:05:42.919 --> 00:05:44.697 I feel the exact same way that I did 00:05:44.697 --> 00:05:47.194 about the State of New Jersey when I started there, 00:05:47.194 --> 00:05:50.498 which is that we absolutely have to do better, 00:05:50.498 --> 00:05:52.438 and I know that we can do better. NOTE Paragraph 00:05:52.438 --> 00:05:54.111 So I decided to focus 00:05:54.111 --> 00:05:55.836 on using data and analytics 00:05:55.836 --> 00:05:58.719 to help make the most critical decision 00:05:58.719 --> 00:06:00.218 in public safety, 00:06:00.218 --> 00:06:02.090 and that decision is the determination 00:06:02.090 --> 00:06:04.435 of whether, when someone has been arrested, 00:06:04.435 --> 00:06:06.796 whether they pose a risk to public safety 00:06:06.796 --> 00:06:08.415 and should be detained, 00:06:08.415 --> 00:06:10.478 or whether they don't pose a risk to public safety 00:06:10.478 --> 00:06:12.115 and should be released. 00:06:12.115 --> 00:06:13.881 Everything that happens in criminal cases 00:06:13.881 --> 00:06:15.806 comes out of this one decision. 00:06:15.806 --> 00:06:17.302 It impacts everything. 00:06:17.302 --> 00:06:18.652 It impacts sentencing. 00:06:18.652 --> 00:06:20.677 It impacts whether someone gets drug treatment. 00:06:20.677 --> 00:06:22.876 It impacts crime and violence. 00:06:22.876 --> 00:06:24.998 And when I talk to judges around the United States, 00:06:24.998 --> 00:06:26.772 which I do all the time now, 00:06:26.772 --> 00:06:28.778 they all say the same thing, 00:06:28.778 --> 00:06:31.885 which is that we put dangerous people in jail, 00:06:31.885 --> 00:06:35.078 and we let non-dangerous, non-violent people out. 00:06:35.078 --> 00:06:37.474 They mean it and they believe it. 00:06:37.474 --> 00:06:39.176 But when you start to look at the data, 00:06:39.176 --> 00:06:41.748 which, by the way, the judges don't have, 00:06:41.748 --> 00:06:43.361 when we start to look at the data, 00:06:43.361 --> 00:06:45.744 what we find time and time again, 00:06:45.744 --> 00:06:47.652 is that this isn't the case. 00:06:47.652 --> 00:06:49.705 We find low-risk offenders, 00:06:49.705 --> 00:06:53.217 which makes up 50 percent of our entire criminal justice population, 00:06:53.217 --> 00:06:55.446 we find that they're in jail. 00:06:55.446 --> 00:06:58.132 Take Leslie Chew, who was a Texas man 00:06:58.132 --> 00:07:00.848 who stole four blankets on a cold winter night. 00:07:00.848 --> 00:07:03.411 He was arrested, and he was kept in jail 00:07:03.411 --> 00:07:05.495 on 3,500 dollars bail, 00:07:05.495 --> 00:07:08.240 an amount that he could not afford to pay. 00:07:08.240 --> 00:07:10.936 And he stayed in jail for eight months 00:07:10.936 --> 00:07:12.893 until his case came up for trial, 00:07:12.893 --> 00:07:16.798 at a cost to taxpayers of more than 9,000 dollars. 00:07:16.798 --> 00:07:18.688 And at the other end of the spectrum, 00:07:18.688 --> 00:07:21.247 we're doing an equally terrible job. 00:07:21.247 --> 00:07:22.727 The people who we find 00:07:22.727 --> 00:07:25.033 are the highest risk offenders, 00:07:25.033 --> 00:07:27.092 the people who we think have the highest likelihood 00:07:27.092 --> 00:07:29.117 of committing a new crime if they're released, 00:07:29.117 --> 00:07:31.884 we see nationally that 50 percent of those people 00:07:31.884 --> 00:07:33.888 are being released. NOTE Paragraph 00:07:33.888 --> 00:07:37.215 The reason for this is the way we make decisions. 00:07:37.215 --> 00:07:39.074 Judges have the best intentions 00:07:39.074 --> 00:07:41.097 when they make these decisions about risk, 00:07:41.097 --> 00:07:43.360 but they're making them subjectively. 00:07:43.360 --> 00:07:45.583 They're like the baseball scouts 20 years ago 00:07:45.583 --> 00:07:47.637 who were using their instinct and their experience 00:07:47.637 --> 00:07:50.871 to try to decide what risk someone poses. 00:07:50.871 --> 00:07:52.125 They're being subjective, 00:07:52.125 --> 00:07:54.937 and we know what happens with subjective decision-making, 00:07:54.937 --> 00:07:57.266 which is that we are often wrong. 00:07:57.266 --> 00:07:59.202 What we need in this space 00:07:59.202 --> 00:08:01.800 are strong data and analytics. NOTE Paragraph 00:08:01.800 --> 00:08:03.331 What I decided to look for 00:08:03.331 --> 00:08:06.321 was a strong data and analytic risk assessment tool, 00:08:06.321 --> 00:08:08.870 something that would let judges actually understand 00:08:08.870 --> 00:08:11.314 with a scientific and objective way 00:08:11.314 --> 00:08:12.930 what the risk was that was posed 00:08:12.930 --> 00:08:14.663 by someone in front of them. 00:08:14.663 --> 00:08:16.266 I looked all over the country, 00:08:16.266 --> 00:08:18.047 and I found that between five and 10 percent 00:08:18.047 --> 00:08:19.537 of all U.S. jurisdictions 00:08:19.537 --> 00:08:22.393 actually use any type of risk assessment tool, 00:08:22.393 --> 00:08:23.940 and when I looked at these tools, 00:08:23.940 --> 00:08:25.892 I quickly realized why. 00:08:25.892 --> 00:08:28.367 They were unbelievably expensive to administer, 00:08:28.367 --> 00:08:30.110 they were time-consuming, 00:08:30.110 --> 00:08:32.068 they were limited to the local jurisdiction 00:08:32.068 --> 00:08:33.739 in which they'd been created. 00:08:33.739 --> 00:08:35.287 So basically, they couldn't be scaled 00:08:35.287 --> 00:08:37.726 or transferred to other places. NOTE Paragraph 00:08:37.726 --> 00:08:39.901 So I went out and build a phenomenal team 00:08:39.901 --> 00:08:42.009 of data scientists and researchers 00:08:42.009 --> 00:08:43.587 and statisticians 00:08:43.587 --> 00:08:46.339 to build a universal risk assessment tool, 00:08:46.339 --> 00:08:48.732 so that every single judge in the United States of America 00:08:48.732 --> 00:08:53.038 can have an objective, scientific measure of risk. 00:08:53.038 --> 00:08:54.714 In the tool that we've built, 00:08:54.714 --> 00:08:57.382 what we did was we collected 1.5 million cases 00:08:57.382 --> 00:08:59.465 from all around the United States, 00:08:59.465 --> 00:09:01.071 from cities, from counties, 00:09:01.071 --> 00:09:02.635 from every single state in the country, 00:09:02.635 --> 00:09:04.320 the federal districts. 00:09:04.320 --> 00:09:06.370 And with those 1.5 million cases, 00:09:06.370 --> 00:09:08.310 which is the largest data set on pretrial 00:09:08.310 --> 00:09:10.087 in the United States today, 00:09:10.087 --> 00:09:12.273 we were able to basically find that there were 00:09:12.273 --> 00:09:15.302 900-plus risk factors that we could look at 00:09:15.302 --> 00:09:18.080 to try to figure out what mattered most. 00:09:18.080 --> 00:09:20.466 And we found that there were nine specific things 00:09:20.466 --> 00:09:22.484 that mattered all across the country 00:09:22.484 --> 00:09:25.478 and that were the most highly predictive of risk. 00:09:25.478 --> 00:09:28.982 And so we built a universal risk assessment tool. 00:09:28.982 --> 00:09:30.827 And it looks like this. 00:09:30.827 --> 00:09:33.223 As you'll see, we put some information in, 00:09:33.223 --> 00:09:35.390 but most of it is incredibly simple, 00:09:35.390 --> 00:09:36.992 it's easy to use, 00:09:36.992 --> 00:09:39.761 it focuses on things like the defendant's prior convictions, 00:09:39.761 --> 00:09:41.786 whether they've been sentenced to incarceration, 00:09:41.786 --> 00:09:43.957 whether they've engaged in violence before, 00:09:43.957 --> 00:09:46.397 whether they've even failed to come back to court. 00:09:46.397 --> 00:09:48.912 And with this tool, we can predict three things. 00:09:48.912 --> 00:09:50.596 First, whether or not someone will commit 00:09:50.596 --> 00:09:52.315 a new crime if they're released. 00:09:52.315 --> 00:09:53.979 Second, for the first time, 00:09:53.979 --> 00:09:55.840 and I think this is incredibly important, 00:09:55.840 --> 00:09:57.517 we can predict whether someone will commit 00:09:57.517 --> 00:09:59.689 an act of violence if they're released. 00:09:59.689 --> 00:10:01.391 And that's the single most important thing 00:10:01.391 --> 00:10:03.244 that judges say when you talk to them. 00:10:03.244 --> 00:10:04.889 And third, we can predict whether someone 00:10:04.889 --> 00:10:06.802 will come back to court. 00:10:06.802 --> 00:10:10.068 And every single judge in the United States of America can use it, 00:10:10.068 --> 00:10:13.554 because it's been created on a universal data set. NOTE Paragraph 00:10:13.554 --> 00:10:15.994 What judges see if they run the risk assessment tool 00:10:15.994 --> 00:10:18.559 is this: it's a dashboard. 00:10:18.559 --> 00:10:21.050 At the top, you see the new criminal activity score, 00:10:21.050 --> 00:10:23.086 six of course being the highest, 00:10:23.086 --> 00:10:26.097 and then in the middle you see "elevated risk of violence." 00:10:26.097 --> 00:10:27.793 What that says is that this person 00:10:27.793 --> 00:10:29.655 is someone who has an elevated risk of violence 00:10:29.655 --> 00:10:31.584 that the judge should look twice at. 00:10:31.584 --> 00:10:32.813 And then, towards the bottom, 00:10:32.813 --> 00:10:34.734 you see the "Failure to Appear" score, 00:10:34.734 --> 00:10:36.085 which again is the likelihood 00:10:36.085 --> 00:10:38.787 that someone will come back to court. NOTE Paragraph 00:10:38.787 --> 00:10:41.537 Now I want to say something really important. 00:10:41.537 --> 00:10:43.865 It's not that I think we should be eliminating 00:10:43.865 --> 00:10:46.416 the judge's instinct and experience 00:10:46.416 --> 00:10:48.112 from this process. 00:10:48.112 --> 00:10:49.294 I don't. 00:10:49.294 --> 00:10:51.090 I actually believe the problem that we see 00:10:51.090 --> 00:10:53.940 and the reason that we have these incredible system errors, 00:10:53.940 --> 00:10:56.933 where we're incarcerating low-level, nonviolent people 00:10:56.933 --> 00:11:00.229 and we're releasing high-risk, dangerous people, 00:11:00.229 --> 00:11:02.998 is that we don't have an objective measure of risk. 00:11:02.998 --> 00:11:04.313 But what I believe should happen 00:11:04.313 --> 00:11:06.867 is that we should take that data-driven risk assessment 00:11:06.867 --> 00:11:09.908 and combine that with the judge's instinct and experience 00:11:09.908 --> 00:11:12.897 to lead us to better decision-making. 00:11:12.897 --> 00:11:16.415 The tool went state-wide in Kentucky on July 1st, 00:11:16.415 --> 00:11:19.720 and we're about to go up in a number of other U.S. jurisdictions. 00:11:19.720 --> 00:11:22.022 Our goal, quite simply, is that every single judge 00:11:22.022 --> 00:11:24.472 in the United States will use a data-driven risk tool 00:11:24.472 --> 00:11:26.548 within the next five years. 00:11:26.548 --> 00:11:28.009 We're now working on risk tools 00:11:28.009 --> 00:11:31.230 for prosecutors and for police officers, as well, 00:11:31.230 --> 00:11:33.762 to try to take a system that runs today 00:11:33.762 --> 00:11:36.772 in America the same way it did 50 years ago, 00:11:36.772 --> 00:11:38.762 based on instinct and experience, 00:11:38.762 --> 00:11:40.586 and make it into one that runs 00:11:40.586 --> 00:11:43.286 on data and analytics. NOTE Paragraph 00:11:43.286 --> 00:11:45.093 Now, the great news about all this, 00:11:45.093 --> 00:11:46.762 and we have a ton of work left to do, 00:11:46.762 --> 00:11:48.527 and we have a lot of culture to change, 00:11:48.527 --> 00:11:50.366 but the great news about all of it 00:11:50.366 --> 00:11:52.071 is that we know it works. 00:11:52.071 --> 00:11:54.074 It's why Google is Google, 00:11:54.074 --> 00:11:56.802 and it's why all these baseball teams use moneyball 00:11:56.802 --> 00:11:58.598 to win games. 00:11:58.598 --> 00:12:00.350 The great news for us as well 00:12:00.350 --> 00:12:02.123 is that it's the way that we can transform 00:12:02.123 --> 00:12:04.492 the American criminal justice system. 00:12:04.492 --> 00:12:06.924 It's how we can make our streets safer, 00:12:06.924 --> 00:12:09.047 we can reduce our prison costs, 00:12:09.047 --> 00:12:11.290 and we can make our system much fairer 00:12:11.290 --> 00:12:12.969 and more just. 00:12:12.969 --> 00:12:14.870 Some people call it data science. 00:12:14.870 --> 00:12:17.356 I call it moneyballing criminal justice. NOTE Paragraph 00:12:17.356 --> 00:12:19.175 Thank you. NOTE Paragraph 00:12:19.175 --> 00:12:23.175 (Applause)