[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.34,0:00:22.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is behind me\Nis the powerhouse of the Universe.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.98,0:00:24.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is just a conventional star.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.76,0:00:26.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is our Sun.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.02,0:00:29.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this power station\Nhas been running for billions of years,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.84,0:00:34.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reliably delivering energy to us\Nand to the rest of the Universe
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.60,0:00:36.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just by light emission.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.45,0:00:39.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, that's a very nice thing,\Nand it obviously runs,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.58,0:00:42.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the mechanism\Nthrough which it runs is fusion,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.41,0:00:44.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I'm going to explain to you\Nsomething about that.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.98,0:00:46.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I will also ask the question:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.60,0:00:50.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can we bring this mechanism\Non Earth directly?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.42,0:00:52.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the answer is no, by no means.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.32,0:00:56.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Sun is too big, the Sun is too hot,\Nthe Sun is too dense,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.29,0:00:58.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,everything speaks against that;
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.15,0:01:03.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but... and the story about the but:
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.39,0:01:05.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have to build machines,\Nclever machines;
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.51,0:01:07.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we, humans have to build machines
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.23,0:01:10.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in order to mimic this process,\Nin order to bring it on Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.78,0:01:14.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, for that, we have to understand\Na few little things of physics.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.22,0:01:15.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Don't be afraid.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.62,0:01:19.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have to carefully distinguish\Nbetween fission and fusion.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.77,0:01:25.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fission is splitting heavy nuclei;\Nfusion is fusing light nuclei.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.88,0:01:27.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they both belong to the same process:
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.99,0:01:30.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's a conversion of mass into energy,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.53,0:01:34.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's Einstein's\Nfamous formula E=mc²,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.38,0:01:35.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's the common mechanism.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.94,0:01:42.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this energy is released just by speed,\Nby kinetic energy, by heat in other words.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.41,0:01:43.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it generates heat.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.93,0:01:46.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's what we would like\Nto make use of.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.95,0:01:48.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And for that, we have to use a trick.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.82,0:01:53.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead of using conventional hydrogen,\Nwe use versions of hydrogen.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.88,0:01:59.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And these two so-called isotopes\Nare called deuterium and tritium.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.80,0:02:06.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Deuterium is just heavy hydrogen,\Ntritium is super heavy hydrogen.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.78,0:02:09.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They both are actually hydrogen isotopes,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.24,0:02:11.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they behave like hydrogen,\Njust the mass is different.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.78,0:02:15.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you can much more easily fuse them\Nthan conventional hydrogen,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.40,0:02:18.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than the hydrogen we know\Nfrom the everyday world.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.78,0:02:21.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when we fuse them, they collide,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.36,0:02:29.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in the collision, they generate\Na helium nucleus, an alpha particle,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.09,0:02:31.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a neutron, and lots of energy.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.54,0:02:35.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's the process we would like\Nto make use of; we, fusion scientists.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.27,0:02:40.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in order to get a feeling\Nwhat is this fuel about:
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.30,0:02:44.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fusing one gram of deuterium-tritium
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.37,0:02:49.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,releases the same energy\Nas burning 10 million grams of coal.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.36,0:02:51.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so, that's a fantastic fuel.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.57,0:02:55.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so, you can say: is it available\Non Earth, or is it just a dream?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.54,0:02:58.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the answer is yes,\Nit is basically available.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.18,0:03:01.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, deuterium is found just in seawater,\Nin a low concentration,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.26,0:03:02.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we do not need much.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.25,0:03:05.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Tritium is available on Earth
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.67,0:03:10.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by making use of a mechanism
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.46,0:03:13.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that generates tritium from lithium.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.97,0:03:16.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so, if you now\Nput everything together,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.12,0:03:22.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can say that a half-filled\Nbath tub of water and an accumulator -
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.33,0:03:27.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,here, there's a lithium-ion\Naccumulator in this mobile phone -
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.14,0:03:28.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would release enough energy
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.85,0:03:32.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to supply an average European\Nfor 25 years with electric energy.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.19,0:03:35.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's of course, a big, big promise.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.04,0:03:36.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How to make it happen?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.32,0:03:40.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this big promise has driven\Nmankind for 50 years already
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.17,0:03:42.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to explore how it can work.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.47,0:03:46.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this diagram here shows\Nthe early days of fusion research.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.35,0:03:48.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's from the 1950s,\Nso that's from Los Alamos [Lab]
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.87,0:03:51.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they built a device, a machine.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.44,0:03:53.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there is this ring in the background -
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.89,0:03:58.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the center of the photo,\Nthere's a ring with a purple glow -
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.19,0:04:00.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this ring, together with\Nwhat's surrounded by
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.57,0:04:02.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was called the Perhapsatron -
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.39,0:04:06.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's because the scientists\Ndidn't know if it would work at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.58,0:04:09.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It worked somehow, but not sufficiently,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.08,0:04:14.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the very basic problem of fusion\Nis fusion is very easy to do.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.67,0:04:18.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The fundamental nuclear process\Nis known, and it's easy to do.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.47,0:04:22.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The exercise is to make a lot\Nof fusion processes at the same time.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.30,0:04:23.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Again, so we need a lot of fusion
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.95,0:04:26.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in order to generate\Nsubstantial amounts of energy.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.81,0:04:28.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so, it became obvious
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.95,0:04:33.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that one has to work on different things\Nin order to build the right machine.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.94,0:04:36.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Perhapsatron not being\Nthe right machine was discarded.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.78,0:04:39.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many, many others followed,\Nother generations followed,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.71,0:04:42.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I would like to give you\Nan update on the current status.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.70,0:04:44.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, the magnetic field is very important:
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.76,0:04:46.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you have to make use of the magnetic field
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.83,0:04:50.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in order to confine this super hot gas\Nwhich we call plasma.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.92,0:04:54.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you might have seen a plasma\Nalready in reality
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.05,0:04:57.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you have seen the Northern Lights\Nor an Aurora Borealis.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.42,0:05:00.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's a photo through\Nthe window of an airplane
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.90,0:05:03.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the Aurora Borealis\Nover the Northern Pole.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.53,0:05:05.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The structure of the Aurora Borealis -
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.35,0:05:08.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this stripe-like structure is given\Nby the magnetic field of the Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.70,0:05:10.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is naturally occurring.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.60,0:05:14.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the plasma is actually the ingredient\Nthat's the boiling soup
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.74,0:05:17.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that makes fusion happen\Nso many times as it should be
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.71,0:05:20.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in order to really gain energy.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.11,0:05:24.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's in the kind of standard machine.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.21,0:05:25.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are building a fusion science:
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.99,0:05:28.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it is called tokamak -\Ntokamak not tomahawk;
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.28,0:05:30.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's a big difference!
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.69,0:05:34.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The tokamak consists\Nof superconducting coils
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.47,0:05:36.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in which a very strong current is running.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.20,0:05:41.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is also based on a strong current\Nrunning in the actual plasma,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.47,0:05:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the plasma is ring-shaped.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.02,0:05:45.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this purple ring there,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.68,0:05:48.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or this magenta ring shown there,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.61,0:05:51.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the actual plasma\Nthat is attached to the magnetic field.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.56,0:05:55.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's the basic principle of a tokamak,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.28,0:05:56.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and nowadays,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.34,0:05:59.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we are brave enough\Nin fusion research to build big machines,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.32,0:06:02.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they must be big in order to have\Na lot of fusion reactions.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.90,0:06:05.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The biggest tokamak in the world,\Nnow under construction,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.61,0:06:07.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the tokamak ITER\Nin the South of France.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.82,0:06:09.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's a world tokamak in a sense.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.90,0:06:12.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not only a big tokamak,\Nthe biggest tokamak in the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.82,0:06:14.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it's also a world project,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.26,0:06:18.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because in the ITER project,\Nhalf of mankind is involved:
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.36,0:06:24.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,China, the USA, Russia, the EU,\NIndia, Japan, and South Korea.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.14,0:06:27.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're all joining forces\Nin order to build
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.39,0:06:30.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this really big superconducting\Ntokamak in the South of France.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.82,0:06:36.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this machine is going\Nto start operating in 2025.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.80,0:06:38.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a big, big project.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.54,0:06:43.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's another concept\Nwhich is called a stellarator.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.35,0:06:46.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Stellarator means bringing\Nthe [power of] a star on Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.15,0:06:49.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And here, in blue again,\Nthe magnets are shown
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.24,0:06:51.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that generate a magnetic field.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.39,0:06:52.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in yellow,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.62,0:06:57.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's the shape of the plasma\Ngiven by the magnetic field geometry.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.51,0:07:00.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Stellarators need optimization.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.39,0:07:01.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What does optimization mean?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.22,0:07:05.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Optimization means\Nsetting up a number of criteria:
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.38,0:07:08.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,good plasma stability,\Nimproved heat insulation,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.28,0:07:10.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,equilibrium, confinement,\Nthings like that.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.93,0:07:13.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you cast everything,\Nall these requirements,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.79,0:07:15.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a set of computer codes -
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.12,0:07:19.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,very massive computer codes\Nwith a lot of plasma theory in it -
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.84,0:07:20.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then you have to do
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.99,0:07:24.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all these horribly complicated\Ncalculations using supercomputers.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.28,0:07:25.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the supercomputer
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.52,0:07:29.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that has calculated the Wendelstein 7-X -\Nthat's our stellarator -
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.39,0:07:30.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was the Cray X-MP.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.13,0:07:35.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This device has more computer power\Nthan the Cray X-MP -
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.58,0:07:41.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this goes back to the mid 80s,\Nand supercomputers look different now -
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.44,0:07:42.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but nevertheless,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.64,0:07:46.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the computing power was sufficient\Nto determine the shape of the coils.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.70,0:07:50.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These calculations were repeated\Nand confirmed many times,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.53,0:07:51.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so we are pretty confident
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.100,0:07:54.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we have found\Nthe right magnetic field.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.81,0:07:59.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Wendelstein 7-X stellarator\Nconsists now of the following elements:
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.75,0:08:02.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the plasma - so that's\Nthe shape of the plasma,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.39,0:08:06.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it looks a little bit like\Na twisted tire of a bicycle -
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.51,0:08:11.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the magnetic field coils,\Nthese calculated magnetic field coils;
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.69,0:08:14.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,another set of coils\Nto change the magnetic field a little bit;
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.14,0:08:18.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a massive steel structure\Nthat carries these coils -
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.25,0:08:22.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,each coil weighs six tonnes\Nand has a diameter of three meters -
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.64,0:08:25.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and of course,\Nalso many pipes and connectors
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.48,0:08:28.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to connect the magnet system together;
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.32,0:08:30.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and also an outer vessel -
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.10,0:08:31.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's a massive steel vessel
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.66,0:08:33.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the coils\Nhave to be operated in vacuum
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.87,0:08:35.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,since, for superconductivity,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.31,0:08:40.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you have to cool down the coils\Nto minus 270 degrees centigrade.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.13,0:08:44.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's then the outer shape\Nof the machine.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.52,0:08:46.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It looks a little bit like a spaceship,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.57,0:08:48.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the "Science" magazine wrote
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.16,0:08:51.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it looks like\NHan Solo’s Millennium Falcon,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.39,0:08:54.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they also wrote\Nthis machine was designed in hell.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.72,0:08:56.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's all not true;
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.14,0:09:00.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's just a kind of engineering exercise,\Nand that's the machine in reality.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.16,0:09:03.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you also have\Nthe comparison to a person.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.42,0:09:04.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is a complicated machine.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.98,0:09:07.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Four hundred technicians,\Nengineers, and scientists
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.96,0:09:11.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have worked 20 years to build the machine\Nin Greifswald, Northern Germany.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.64,0:09:13.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Twenty years, one million assembly hours.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.25,0:09:15.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the machine is running.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.57,0:09:17.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We were pushing the button,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.02,0:09:19.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the physicists in the center\Ndid the job for us.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.87,0:09:22.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the inset, you also see the plasma.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.27,0:09:25.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The plasma is glowing nicely\Nbluish and reddish.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.18,0:09:28.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are different stages\Nof the plasma development.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.62,0:09:30.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The machine runs perfectly fine.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.86,0:09:33.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's very satisfying\Nafter 20 years of construction,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.70,0:09:36.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we are putting a lot of hope\Non the performance of this machine.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.12,0:09:38.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And here's the performance:
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.72,0:09:43.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,0.01 grams of hydrogen\Nwere injected into the vessel,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.47,0:09:46.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,heated up with 4 million watts\Nof microwave power
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.41,0:09:49.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to 100 million degrees centigrade\Nfor the electrons
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.14,0:09:51.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and 20 million degrees centigrade\Nfor the hydrogen.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.60,0:09:54.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That wasn't that bad\Nfor the first step of the machine.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.06,0:09:58.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have to increase\Nthe particle density by a factor of 5,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:58.50,0:09:59.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which sounds easy,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.99,0:10:01.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it needs more heating power.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.65,0:10:05.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are currently upgrading the machine\Nto increase the heating power
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.05,0:10:08.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to ten million watts, to ten megawatts,\Nfor ten-second pulses,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.31,0:10:10.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and later on, also for longer ones.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.98,0:10:12.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I would like to conclude.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.29,0:10:14.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I would like to make\Na case here for fusion.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.18,0:10:16.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fusion is clean;
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.45,0:10:19.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it has no CO₂ emission -\Nkeyword 'climate change';
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.62,0:10:23.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no long term waste -\Ndifferent from fission;
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.73,0:10:26.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it is abundant - enough fusion fuel\Nfor millions of years;
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.63,0:10:28.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's accessible to everybody -
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.66,0:10:31.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so nobody owns the fusion fuel,\Nwhich is very important, of course;
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.99,0:10:34.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's safe - there are\Nno catastrophic failures possible;
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.98,0:10:36.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's economic -
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.51,0:10:40.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the machines are expensive,\Nbut the fuel cost is essentially zero.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.35,0:10:43.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Two key machines in the world are:
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.61,0:10:44.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Wendelstein 7-X -
Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.75,0:10:48.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,here the mission is to help create\Na hydrogen plasma for 30 minutes,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.16,0:10:51.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this has never been done before,\Nthe standard is a few seconds up to now;
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.84,0:10:54.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the ITER mission\Nis to create a fusion plasma
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.48,0:10:58.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which generates ten times more energy\Nthan needed to create plasma.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.40,0:11:00.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think that will be a major breakthrough,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.47,0:11:03.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then, we have\Na new primary energy source,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.56,0:11:04.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I should say
Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.89,0:11:10.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is the only new primary energy source\Nmankind is working on.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.29,0:11:11.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you for your attention.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.68,0:11:12.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)