[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.15,0:00:13.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Charles Osborne began to hiccup\Nin 1922 after a hog fell on top of him.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.48,0:00:16.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He wasn't cured until 68 years later
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.86,0:00:20.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and is now listed by Guinness as\Nthe world record holder
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.93,0:00:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for hiccup longevity.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.00,0:00:25.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Meanwhile, Florida teen Jennifer Mee
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.64,0:00:28.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,may hold the record \Nfor the most frequent hiccups,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.95,0:00:34.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,50 times per minute \Nfor more than four weeks in 2007.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.38,0:00:37.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what causes hiccups?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.60,0:00:41.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Doctors point out that a round\Nof hiccups often follows from stimuli
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.87,0:00:43.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that stretch the stomach,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.78,0:00:45.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like swallowing air
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.05,0:00:48.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or too rapid eating or drinking.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.18,0:00:51.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Others associate hiccups \Nwith intense emotions
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.62,0:00:53.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or a response to them:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.44,0:00:54.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,laughing,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.17,0:00:54.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sobbing,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.90,0:00:55.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,anxiety,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.85,0:00:57.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and excitement.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.64,0:01:00.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's look at what happens when we hiccup.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.32,0:01:05.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It begins with an involuntary spasm\Nor sudden contraction of the diaphragm,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.62,0:01:08.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the large dome-shaped muscle\Nbelow our lungs
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.14,0:01:10.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we use to inhale air.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.61,0:01:15.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is followed almost immediately\Nby the sudden closure of the vocal chords
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.36,0:01:17.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the opening between them,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.03,0:01:19.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is called the glottis.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.08,0:01:23.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The movement of the diaphragm\Ninitiates a sudden intake of air,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.26,0:01:27.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the closure of the vocal chords\Nstops it from entering the wind pipe
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.25,0:01:28.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and reaching the lungs.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.92,0:01:32.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It also creates the characteristic sound:\N"hic."
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.69,0:01:36.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To date, there is no known function\Nfor hiccups.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.60,0:01:40.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They don't seem to provide any medical\Nor physiological advantage.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.65,0:01:46.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why begin to inhale air only to suddenly\Nstop it from actually entering the lungs?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.97,0:01:48.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Anatomical structures,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.28,0:01:51.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or physiological mechanisms, \Nwith no apparent purpose
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.71,0:01:54.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,present challenges \Nto evolutionary biologists.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.87,0:01:59.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Do such structures serve some hidden\Nfunction that hasn't yet been discovered?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.49,0:02:02.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or are they relics \Nof our evolutionary past,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.45,0:02:04.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,having once served some important purpose
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.52,0:02:09.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,only to persist into the present \Nas vestigial remnants?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.52,0:02:11.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One idea is that hiccups began
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.28,0:02:14.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,many millions of years\Nbefore the appearance of humans.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.80,0:02:19.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The lung is thought to have evolved\Nas a structure to allow early fish,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.16,0:02:23.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,many of which lived in warm, stagnant\Nwater with little oxygen,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.39,0:02:28.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to take advantage of the abundant oxygen\Nin the air overhead.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.14,0:02:31.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When descendants of these animals\Nlater moved onto land,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.41,0:02:36.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they moved from gill-based ventilation\Nto air-breathing with lungs.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.57,0:02:41.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's similar to the much more rapid\Nchanges faced by frogs today
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.81,0:02:44.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as they transition \Nfrom tadpoles with gills
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.20,0:02:46.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to adults with lungs.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.42,0:02:51.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This hypothesis suggests that the hiccup\Nis a relic of the ancient transition
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.41,0:02:53.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from water to land.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.100,0:02:56.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,An inhalation that could \Nmove water over gills
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.98,0:03:02.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,followed by a rapid closure of the glottis\Npreventing water from entering the lungs.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.51,0:03:03.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's supported by evidence
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.86,0:03:08.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which suggests that the neural patterning\Ninvolved in generating a hiccup
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.28,0:03:13.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is almost identical to that responsible\Nfor respiration in amphibians.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.100,0:03:18.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another group of scientists believe\Nthat the reflex is retained in us today
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.19,0:03:21.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it actually provides\Nan important advantage.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.70,0:03:25.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They point out that true hiccups\Nare found only in mammals
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.32,0:03:28.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that they're not retained in birds,\Nlizards, turtles,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.83,0:03:32.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or any other exclusively \Nair-breathing animals.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.84,0:03:38.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Further, hiccups appear in human babies\Nlong before birth
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.03,0:03:41.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and are far more common in infants\Nthat adults.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.46,0:03:43.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Their explanation for this
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.19,0:03:47.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,involves the uniquely mammalian \Nactivity of nursing.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.45,0:03:50.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The ancient hiccup reflex may have been\Nadapted by mammals
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.74,0:03:55.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to help remove air from the stomach\Nas a sort of glorified burp.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.76,0:03:59.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The sudden expansion of the diaphragm\Nwould raise air from the stomach,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.61,0:04:04.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while a closure of the glottis would\Nprevent milk from entering the lungs.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.86,0:04:08.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sometimes, a bout of hiccups will go\Non and on,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.29,0:04:10.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we try home remedies:
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.68,0:04:13.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sipping continuously \Nfrom a glass of cold water,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.54,0:04:15.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,holding one's breath,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.01,0:04:17.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a mouthful of honey or peanut butter,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.24,0:04:19.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,breathing into a paper bag,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.23,0:04:21.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or being suddenly frightened.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.71,0:04:26.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unfortunately, scientists have yet\Nto verify that any one cure
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.23,0:04:29.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,works better or more consistently\Nthan others.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.10,0:04:33.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, we do know one thing\Nthat definitely doesn't work.