[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.31,0:00:14.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what does it mean for a machine to be athletic?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.49,0:00:17.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We will demonstrate the concept of machine athleticism
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.91,0:00:19.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the research to achieve it
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.63,0:00:22.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the help of these flying machines called quadrocopters,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.14,0:00:24.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or quads, for short.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.03,0:00:28.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Quads have been around for a long time.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.56,0:00:30.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The reason that they're so popular these days
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.16,0:00:32.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is because they're mechanically simple.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.13,0:00:34.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By controlling the speeds of these four propellers,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.24,0:00:37.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these machines can roll, pitch, yaw,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.28,0:00:40.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and accelerate along their common orientation.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.11,0:00:43.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On board are also a battery, a computer,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.18,0:00:47.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,various sensors and wireless radios.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.13,0:00:51.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Quads are extremely agile, but this agility comes at a cost.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.76,0:00:54.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are inherently unstable, and they need some form
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.75,0:00:58.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of automatic feedback control in order to be able to fly.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.26,0:01:07.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, how did it just do that?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.50,0:01:09.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cameras on the ceiling and a laptop
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.32,0:01:11.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,serve as an indoor global positioning system.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.89,0:01:14.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's used to locate objects in the space
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.08,0:01:16.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that have these reflective markers on them.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.60,0:01:18.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This data is then sent to another laptop
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.66,0:01:20.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is running estimation and control algorithms,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.88,0:01:22.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which in turn sends commands to the quad,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.76,0:01:26.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is also running estimation and control algorithms.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.62,0:01:32.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The bulk of our research is algorithms.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.13,0:01:36.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's the magic that brings these machines to life.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.29,0:01:38.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So how does one design the algorithms
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.33,0:01:40.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that create a machine athlete?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.61,0:01:43.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We use something broadly called model-based design.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.49,0:01:46.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We first capture the physics with a mathematical model
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.64,0:01:48.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of how the machines behave.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.78,0:01:51.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We then use a branch of mathematics
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.08,0:01:53.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,called control theory to analyze these models
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.91,0:01:57.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and also to synthesize algorithms for controlling them.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.82,0:02:00.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, that's how we can make the quad hover.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.87,0:02:02.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We first captured the dynamics
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.28,0:02:04.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a set of differential equations.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.18,0:02:06.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We then manipulate these equations with the help
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.53,0:02:11.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of control theory to create algorithms that stabilize the quad.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.17,0:02:14.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me demonstrate the strength of this approach.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.20,0:02:19.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Suppose that we want this quad to not only hover
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.75,0:02:22.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but to also balance this pole.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.53,0:02:24.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With a little bit of practice,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.37,0:02:26.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's pretty straightforward for a human being to do this,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.76,0:02:28.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,although we do have the advantage of having
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.52,0:02:29.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,two feet on the ground
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.85,0:02:32.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the use of our very versatile hands.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.80,0:02:35.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It becomes a little bit more difficult
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.27,0:02:37.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when I only have one foot on the ground
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.57,0:02:40.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when I don't use my hands.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.37,0:02:43.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Notice how this pole has a reflective marker on top,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.32,0:02:47.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which means that it can be located in the space.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.97,0:02:58.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.95,0:03:01.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can notice that this quad is making fine adjustments
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.77,0:03:03.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to keep the pole balanced.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.97,0:03:07.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How did we design the algorithms to do this?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.03,0:03:09.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We added the mathematical model of the pole
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.13,0:03:10.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to that of the quad.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.65,0:03:13.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Once we have a model of the combined quad-pole system,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.60,0:03:18.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can use control theory to create algorithms for controlling it.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.54,0:03:20.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here, you see that it's stable,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.13,0:03:22.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and even if I give it little nudges,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.82,0:03:28.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it goes back to the nice, balanced position.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.22,0:03:29.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can also augment the model to include
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.88,0:03:32.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where we want the quad to be in space.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.33,0:03:35.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Using this pointer, made out of reflective markers,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.40,0:03:37.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can point to where I want the quad to be in space
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.62,0:03:40.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a fixed distance away from me.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.76,0:03:58.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The key to these acrobatic maneuvers is algorithms,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.66,0:04:01.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,designed with the help of mathematical models
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.09,0:04:03.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and control theory.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.04,0:04:05.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's tell the quad to come back here
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.26,0:04:07.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and let the pole drop,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.07,0:04:08.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I will next demonstrate the importance
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.99,0:04:11.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of understanding physical models
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.11,0:04:15.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the workings of the physical world.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.46,0:04:27.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Notice how the quad lost altitude
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.23,0:04:29.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when I put this glass of water on it.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.31,0:04:32.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unlike the balancing pole, I did not include
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.12,0:04:34.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the mathematical model of the glass in the system.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.70,0:04:37.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, the system doesn't even know that the glass of water is there.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.62,0:04:40.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Like before, I could use the pointer to tell the quad
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.91,0:04:43.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where I want it to be in space.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.50,0:04:53.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.10,0:04:55.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay, you should be asking yourself,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.21,0:04:57.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,why doesn't the water fall out of the glass?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.72,0:05:00.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Two facts: The first is that gravity acts
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.93,0:05:03.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on all objects in the same way.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.05,0:05:05.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The second is that the propellers are all pointing
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.52,0:05:08.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the same direction of the glass, pointing up.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.64,0:05:11.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You put these two things together, the net result
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.02,0:05:13.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that all side forces on the glass are small
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.31,0:05:16.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and are mainly dominated by aerodynamic effects,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.09,0:05:19.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which as these speeds are negligible.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.34,0:05:25.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's why you don't need to model the glass.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.41,0:05:29.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It naturally doesn't spill no matter what the quad does.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.65,0:05:45.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.70,0:05:49.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The lesson here is that some high-performance tasks
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.72,0:05:51.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are easier than others,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.12,0:05:53.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that understanding the physics of the problem
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.41,0:05:56.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tells you which ones are easy and which ones are hard.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.03,0:05:58.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this instance, carrying a glass of water is easy.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.39,0:06:02.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Balancing a pole is hard.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.17,0:06:03.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've all heard stories of athletes
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.97,0:06:06.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,performing feats while physically injured.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.47,0:06:07.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can a machine also perform
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.98,0:06:10.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with extreme physical damage?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.64,0:06:12.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Conventional wisdom says that you need
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.36,0:06:16.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at least four fixed motor propeller pairs in order to fly,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.05,0:06:18.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because there are four degrees of freedom to control:
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.16,0:06:21.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,roll, pitch, yaw and acceleration.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.19,0:06:24.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hexacopters and octocopters, with six and eight propellers,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.44,0:06:25.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can provide redundancy,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.92,0:06:27.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but quadrocopters are much more popular
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.91,0:06:29.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they have the minimum number
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.72,0:06:32.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of fixed motor propeller pairs: four.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.20,0:06:34.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or do they?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.48,0:06:52.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we analyze the mathematical model of this machine
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.08,0:06:54.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with only two working propellers,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.25,0:07:01.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we discover that there's an unconventional way to fly it.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.98,0:07:09.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We relinquish control of yaw,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.69,0:07:12.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but roll, pitch and acceleration can still be controlled
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.76,0:07:18.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with algorithms that exploit this new configuration.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.67,0:07:24.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mathematical models tell us exactly when
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.10,0:07:26.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and why this is possible.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.17,0:07:28.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this instance, this knowledge allows us to design
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.54,0:07:30.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,novel machine architectures
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.80,0:07:34.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or to design clever algorithms that gracefully handle damage,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.97,0:07:36.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just like human athletes do,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.70,0:07:40.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,instead of building machines with redundancy.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.52,0:07:42.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can't help but hold our breath when we watch
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.63,0:07:45.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a diver somersaulting into the water,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.07,0:07:46.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or when a vaulter is twisting in the air,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.86,0:07:48.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the ground fast approaching.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.58,0:07:51.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Will the diver be able to pull off a rip entry?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.14,0:07:53.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Will the vaulter stick the landing?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.14,0:07:54.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Suppose we want this quad here
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.81,0:07:57.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to perform a triple flip and finish off
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.26,0:07:59.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the exact same spot that it started.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.53,0:08:01.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This maneuver is going to happen so quickly
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.88,0:08:05.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we can't use position feedback to correct the motion during execution.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.51,0:08:07.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There simply isn't enough time.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.78,0:08:11.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead, what the quad can do is perform the maneuver blindly,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.48,0:08:13.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,observe how it finishes the maneuver,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.71,0:08:16.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then use that information to modify its behavior
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.13,0:08:18.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that the next flip is better.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.42,0:08:20.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Similar to the diver and the vaulter,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.23,0:08:22.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it is only through repeated practice
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.15,0:08:24.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the maneuver can be learned and executed
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.08,0:08:26.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the highest standard.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.41,0:08:39.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.16,0:08:42.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Striking a moving ball is a necessary skill in many sports.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.64,0:08:44.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How do we make a machine do
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.43,0:08:48.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what an athlete does seemingly without effort?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.94,0:09:10.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.54,0:09:13.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This quad has a racket strapped onto its head
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.19,0:09:16.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a sweet spot roughly the size of an apple, so not too large.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.68,0:09:19.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The following calculations are made every 20 milliseconds,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.85,0:09:21.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or 50 times per second.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.60,0:09:24.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We first figure out where the ball is going.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.41,0:09:26.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We then next calculate how the quad should hit the ball
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.85,0:09:29.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that it flies to where it was thrown from.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.95,0:09:34.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Third, a trajectory is planned that carries the quad
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.41,0:09:37.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from its current state to the impact point with the ball.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.43,0:09:41.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fourth, we only execute 20 milliseconds' worth of that strategy.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.24,0:09:44.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Twenty milliseconds later, the whole process is repeated
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.05,0:09:46.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until the quad strikes the ball.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.56,0:09:58.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:09:58.21,0:10:01.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Machines can not only perform dynamic maneuvers on their own,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.58,0:10:03.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they can do it collectively.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.44,0:10:07.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These three quads are cooperatively carrying a sky net.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.57,0:10:21.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.98,0:10:24.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They perform an extremely dynamic
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.18,0:10:26.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and collective maneuver
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.35,0:10:28.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to launch the ball back to me.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.04,0:10:31.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Notice that, at full extension, these quads are vertical.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.49,0:10:38.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.26,0:10:40.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, when fully extended,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:40.54,0:10:43.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is roughly five times greater than what a bungee jumper feels
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.23,0:10:47.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the end of their launch.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.01,0:10:53.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The algorithms to do this are very similar
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.69,0:10:57.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to what the single quad used to hit the ball back to me.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.07,0:10:59.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mathematical models are used to continuously re-plan
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.93,0:11:04.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a cooperative strategy 50 times per second.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.45,0:11:06.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everything we have seen so far has been
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.33,0:11:08.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about the machines and their capabilities.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.79,0:11:11.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What happens when we couple this machine athleticism
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.80,0:11:13.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with that of a human being?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.58,0:11:17.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What I have in front of me is a commercial gesture sensor
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.38,0:11:18.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mainly used in gaming.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.69,0:11:20.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It can recognize what my various body parts
Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.50,0:11:22.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are doing in real time.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.55,0:11:24.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Similar to the pointer that I used earlier,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.66,0:11:27.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can use this as inputs to the system.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:27.45,0:11:29.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We now have a natural way of interacting
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.85,0:11:34.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the raw athleticism of these quads with my gestures.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:10.45,0:12:14.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.98,0:12:27.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Interaction doesn't have to be virtual. It can be physical.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:27.99,0:12:29.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Take this quad, for example.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.71,0:12:32.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's trying to stay at a fixed point in space.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:32.34,0:12:36.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If I try to move it out of the way, it fights me,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.18,0:12:40.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and moves back to where it wants to be.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:40.33,0:12:43.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can change this behavior, however.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:43.37,0:12:45.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can use mathematical models
Dialogue: 0,0:12:45.07,0:12:48.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to estimate the force that I'm applying to the quad.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:48.20,0:12:51.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Once we know this force, we can also change the laws of physics,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:51.44,0:12:55.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as far as the quad is concerned, of course.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:55.94,0:12:58.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here the quad is behaving as if it were
Dialogue: 0,0:12:58.20,0:13:02.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a viscous fluid.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:02.57,0:13:04.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We now have an intimate way
Dialogue: 0,0:13:04.74,0:13:06.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of interacting with a machine.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:06.59,0:13:09.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I will use this new capability to position
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.10,0:13:11.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this camera-carrying quad to the appropriate location
Dialogue: 0,0:13:11.68,0:13:14.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for filming the remainder of this demonstration.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:24.22,0:13:26.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we can physically interact with these quads
Dialogue: 0,0:13:26.99,0:13:29.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we can change the laws of physics.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:29.39,0:13:31.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's have a little bit of fun with this.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:31.71,0:13:33.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For what you will see next, these quads
Dialogue: 0,0:13:33.41,0:13:36.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will initially behave as if they were on Pluto.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:36.91,0:13:39.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As time goes on, gravity will be increased
Dialogue: 0,0:13:39.22,0:13:41.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until we're all back on planet Earth,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:41.34,0:13:43.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I assure you we won't get there.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:43.06,0:13:46.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay, here goes.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:53.67,0:13:57.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:14:22.78,0:14:25.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:14:25.99,0:14:29.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:14:29.37,0:14:30.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whew!
Dialogue: 0,0:14:34.78,0:14:36.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You're all thinking now,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:36.30,0:14:38.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these guys are having way too much fun,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:38.27,0:14:40.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you're probably also asking yourself,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:40.35,0:14:44.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,why exactly are they building machine athletes?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:44.29,0:14:46.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some conjecture that the role of play in the animal kingdom
Dialogue: 0,0:14:46.94,0:14:49.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to hone skills and develop capabilities.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:49.69,0:14:51.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Others think that it has more of a social role,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:51.76,0:14:53.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it's used to bind the group.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:53.43,0:14:56.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Similarly, we use the analogy of sports and athleticism
Dialogue: 0,0:14:56.96,0:14:59.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to create new algorithms for machines
Dialogue: 0,0:14:59.04,0:15:01.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to push them to their limits.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:01.19,0:15:04.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What impact will the speed of machines have on our way of life?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:04.87,0:15:07.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Like all our past creations and innovations,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:07.26,0:15:10.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they may be used to improve the human condition
Dialogue: 0,0:15:10.08,0:15:12.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or they may be misused and abused.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:12.58,0:15:14.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is not a technical choice we are faced with;
Dialogue: 0,0:15:14.51,0:15:16.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's a social one.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:16.26,0:15:17.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's make the right choice,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:17.65,0:15:20.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the choice that brings out the best in the future of machines,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:20.06,0:15:21.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just like athleticism in sports
Dialogue: 0,0:15:21.87,0:15:24.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can bring out the best in us.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:24.03,0:15:27.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me introduce you to the wizards behind the green curtain.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:27.48,0:15:30.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're the current members of the Flying Machine Arena research team.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:30.38,0:15:35.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:15:35.15,0:15:38.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Federico Augugliaro, Dario Brescianini , Markus Hehn,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:38.19,0:15:41.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sergei Lupashin, Mark Muller and Robin Ritz.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:41.02,0:15:42.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Look out for them. They're destined for great things.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:42.95,0:15:44.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:44.13,0:15:50.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)