[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.54,0:00:14.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what does it mean\Nfor a machine to be athletic?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.06,0:00:17.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We will demonstrate the concept\Nof machine athleticism
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.91,0:00:19.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the research to achieve it
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.63,0:00:22.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the help of these flying machines\Ncalled quadrocopters,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.51,0:00:23.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or quads, for short.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.29,0:00:28.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Quads have been around for a long time.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.50,0:00:31.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're so popular these days\Nbecause they're mechanically simple.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.26,0:00:34.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By controlling\Nthe speeds of these four propellers,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.67,0:00:37.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these machines can roll, pitch, yaw,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.44,0:00:39.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and accelerate\Nalong their common orientation.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.18,0:00:43.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On board are also a battery, a computer,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.40,0:00:45.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,various sensors and wireless radios.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.30,0:00:50.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Quads are extremely agile,\Nbut this agility comes at a cost.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.76,0:00:53.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are inherently unstable,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.87,0:00:56.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they need some form\Nof automatic feedback control
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.47,0:00:57.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in order to be able to fly.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.26,0:01:06.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, how did it just do that?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.50,0:01:09.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cameras on the ceiling and a laptop
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.32,0:01:11.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,serve as an indoor\Nglobal positioning system.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.30,0:01:14.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's used to locate objects in the space
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.36,0:01:16.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that have these reflective\Nmarkers on them.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.48,0:01:18.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This data is then sent to another laptop
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.54,0:01:20.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is running estimation\Nand control algorithms,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.92,0:01:22.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which in turn sends commands to the quad,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.90,0:01:25.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is also running estimation\Nand control algorithms.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.86,0:01:32.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The bulk of our research is algorithms.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.13,0:01:34.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's the magic that brings\Nthese machines to life.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.29,0:01:40.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So how does one design the algorithms\Nthat create a machine athlete?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.79,0:01:43.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We use something broadly\Ncalled model-based design.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.84,0:01:45.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We first capture the physics
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.23,0:01:48.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a mathematical model\Nof how the machines behave.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.64,0:01:52.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We then use a branch of mathematics\Ncalled control theory
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.61,0:01:54.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to analyze these models
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.29,0:01:57.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and also to synthesize\Nalgorithms for controlling them.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.82,0:02:00.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, that's how we can\Nmake the quad hover.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.87,0:02:04.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We first captured the dynamics\Nwith a set of differential equations.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.18,0:02:07.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We then manipulate these equations\Nwith the help of control theory
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.66,0:02:10.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to create algorithms\Nthat stabilize the quad.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.13,0:02:13.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me demonstrate\Nthe strength of this approach.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.20,0:02:19.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Suppose that we want\Nthis quad to not only hover
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.86,0:02:21.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but to also balance this pole.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.52,0:02:24.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With a little bit of practice,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.32,0:02:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's pretty straightforward\Nfor a human being to do this,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.02,0:02:30.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,although we do have the advantage\Nof having two feet on the ground
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.24,0:02:32.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the use of our very versatile hands.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.80,0:02:35.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It becomes a little bit more difficult
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.57,0:02:37.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when I only have one foot on the ground
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.57,0:02:39.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when I don't use my hands.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.73,0:02:43.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Notice how this pole has\Na reflective marker on top,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.32,0:02:45.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which means that it can\Nbe located in the space.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.28,0:02:53.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Audience) Oh!
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.37,0:02:54.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.70,0:02:59.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause ends)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.39,0:03:02.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can notice that this quad\Nis making fine adjustments
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.05,0:03:03.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to keep the pole balanced.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.42,0:03:06.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How did we design\Nthe algorithms to do this?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.03,0:03:09.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We added the mathematical\Nmodel of the pole
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.13,0:03:10.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to that of the quad.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.60,0:03:13.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Once we have a model\Nof the combined quad-pole system,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.60,0:03:16.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can use control theory to create\Nalgorithms for controlling it.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.54,0:03:20.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here, you see that it's stable,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.13,0:03:22.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and even if I give it little nudges,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.82,0:03:23.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it goes back --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.59,0:03:27.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the nice, balanced position.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.09,0:03:29.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can also augment the model
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.50,0:03:31.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to include where we want\Nthe quad to be in space.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.43,0:03:35.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Using this pointer,\Nmade out of reflective markers,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.40,0:03:37.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can point to where I want\Nthe quad to be in space
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.85,0:03:39.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a fixed distance away from me.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.78,0:03:49.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.76,0:03:58.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The key to these acrobatic\Nmaneuvers is algorithms,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.91,0:04:01.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,designed with the help\Nof mathematical models
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.23,0:04:02.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and control theory.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.25,0:04:05.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's tell the quad to come back here
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.26,0:04:06.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and let the pole drop,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.94,0:04:09.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I will next demonstrate the importance
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.10,0:04:11.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of understanding physical models
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.11,0:04:13.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the workings of the physical world.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.46,0:04:29.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Notice how the quad lost altitude\Nwhen I put this glass of water on it.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.31,0:04:30.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unlike the balancing pole,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.74,0:04:33.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I did not include the mathematical\Nmodel of the glass
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.78,0:04:35.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the system.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.11,0:04:38.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, the system doesn't even know\Nthat the glass is there.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.15,0:04:40.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Like before, I could use\Nthe pointer to tell the quad
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.91,0:04:42.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where I want it to be in space.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.68,0:04:47.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.53,0:04:53.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause ends)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.52,0:04:55.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay, you should be asking yourself,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.28,0:04:57.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,why doesn't the water\Nfall out of the glass?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.89,0:04:58.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Two facts.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.94,0:05:02.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first is that gravity acts\Non all objects in the same way.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.05,0:05:04.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The second is that the propellers
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.85,0:05:07.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are all pointing in the same direction\Nof the glass, pointing up.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.64,0:05:10.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You put these two things together,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.31,0:05:13.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the net result is that all side forces\Non the glass are small
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.89,0:05:16.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and are mainly dominated\Nby aerodynamic effects,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.19,0:05:18.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which at these speeds are negligible.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.34,0:05:25.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's why you don't need\Nto model the glass.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.69,0:05:28.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It naturally doesn't spill,\Nno matter what the quad does.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.50,0:05:35.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Audience) Oh!
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.34,0:05:40.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.16,0:05:44.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause ends)
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.94,0:05:47.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The lesson here
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.08,0:05:51.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that some high-performance tasks\Nare easier than others,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.12,0:05:53.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that understanding\Nthe physics of the problem
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.48,0:05:56.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tells you which ones are easy\Nand which ones are hard.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.19,0:05:58.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this instance, carrying\Na glass of water is easy.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.73,0:06:00.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Balancing a pole is hard.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.17,0:06:06.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've all heard stories of athletes\Nperforming feats while physically injured.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.47,0:06:09.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can a machine also perform\Nwith extreme physical damage?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.64,0:06:12.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Conventional wisdom says
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.14,0:06:16.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you need at least four fixed motor\Npropeller pairs in order to fly,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.05,0:06:18.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because there are four degrees\Nof freedom to control:
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.60,0:06:20.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,roll, pitch, yaw and acceleration.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.19,0:06:24.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hexacopters and octocopters,\Nwith six and eight propellers,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.44,0:06:25.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can provide redundancy,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.92,0:06:27.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but quadrocopters are much more popular
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.91,0:06:31.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they have the minimum number\Nof fixed motor propeller pairs: four.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.17,0:06:33.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or do they?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.83,0:06:41.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Audience) Oh!
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.41,0:06:43.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.33,0:06:52.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we analyze the mathematical\Nmodel of this machine
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.08,0:06:54.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with only two working propellers,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.25,0:06:56.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we discover that there's\Nan unconventional way to fly it.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.98,0:07:09.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We relinquish control of yaw,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.69,0:07:12.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but roll, pitch and acceleration\Ncan still be controlled
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.76,0:07:16.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with algorithms that exploit\Nthis new configuration.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.67,0:07:25.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mathematical models tell us\Nexactly when and why this is possible.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.98,0:07:28.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this instance, this knowledge\Nallows us to design
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.78,0:07:31.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,novel machine architectures
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.28,0:07:34.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or to design clever algorithms\Nthat gracefully handle damage,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.97,0:07:36.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just like human athletes do,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.70,0:07:38.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,instead of building\Nmachines with redundancy.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.69,0:07:42.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can't help but hold our breath
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.37,0:07:45.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when we watch a diver\Nsomersaulting into the water,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.07,0:07:47.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or when a vaulter is twisting in the air,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.04,0:07:48.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the ground fast approaching.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.58,0:07:51.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Will the diver be able\Nto pull off a rip entry?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.14,0:07:52.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Will the vaulter stick the landing?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.29,0:07:56.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Suppose we want this quad here\Nto perform a triple flip
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.50,0:07:59.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and finish off at the exact same\Nspot that it started.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.74,0:08:01.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This maneuver is going\Nto happen so quickly
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.88,0:08:05.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we can't use position feedback\Nto correct the motion during execution.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.75,0:08:07.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There simply isn't enough time.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.78,0:08:11.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead, what the quad can do\Nis perform the maneuver blindly,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.48,0:08:13.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,observe how it finishes the maneuver,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.71,0:08:16.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then use that information\Nto modify its behavior
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.21,0:08:17.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that the next flip is better.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.42,0:08:20.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Similar to the diver and the vaulter,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.23,0:08:22.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it is only through repeated practice
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.15,0:08:24.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the maneuver can\Nbe learned and executed
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.32,0:08:25.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the highest standard.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.10,0:08:34.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.39,0:08:38.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.16,0:08:42.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Striking a moving ball\Nis a necessary skill in many sports.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.13,0:08:44.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How do we make a machine do
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.64,0:08:47.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what an athlete does\Nseemingly without effort?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.55,0:08:59.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.14,0:09:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.50,0:09:09.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause ends)
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.54,0:09:13.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This quad has a racket\Nstrapped onto its head
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.19,0:09:16.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a sweet spot roughly the size\Nof an apple, so not too large.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.02,0:09:19.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The following calculations\Nare made every 20 milliseconds,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.85,0:09:21.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or 50 times per second.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.60,0:09:23.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We first figure out where\Nthe ball is going.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.41,0:09:27.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We then next calculate\Nhow the quad should hit the ball
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.06,0:09:29.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that it flies\Nto where it was thrown from.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.95,0:09:34.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Third, a trajectory is planned\Nthat carries the quad
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.41,0:09:37.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from its current state\Nto the impact point with the ball.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.43,0:09:41.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fourth, we only execute 20 milliseconds'\Nworth of that strategy.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.37,0:09:44.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Twenty milliseconds later,\Nthe whole process is repeated
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.18,0:09:45.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until the quad strikes the ball.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.29,0:09:57.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:09:58.13,0:10:01.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Machines can not only perform\Ndynamic maneuvers on their own,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.58,0:10:03.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they can do it collectively.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.44,0:10:07.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These three quads are cooperatively\Ncarrying a sky net.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.59,0:10:17.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.37,0:10:21.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause ends)
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.98,0:10:26.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They perform an extremely dynamic\Nand collective maneuver
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.35,0:10:28.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to launch the ball back to me.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.04,0:10:31.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Notice that, at full extension,\Nthese quads are vertical.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.49,0:10:38.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.26,0:10:40.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, when fully extended,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:40.42,0:10:43.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is roughly five times greater\Nthan what a bungee jumper feels
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.71,0:10:45.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the end of their launch.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.20,0:10:53.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The algorithms to do this are very similar
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.69,0:10:56.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to what the single quad used\Nto hit the ball back to me.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.07,0:10:59.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mathematical models are used\Nto continuously re-plan
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.93,0:11:02.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a cooperative strategy\N50 times per second.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.51,0:11:08.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everything we have seen so far has been\Nabout the machines and their capabilities.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.79,0:11:11.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What happens when we couple\Nthis machine athleticism
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.80,0:11:13.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with that of a human being?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.76,0:11:17.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What I have in front of me\Nis a commercial gesture sensor
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.38,0:11:18.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mainly used in gaming.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.69,0:11:20.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It can recognize\Nwhat my various body parts
Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.77,0:11:22.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are doing in real time.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.71,0:11:24.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Similar to the pointer\Nthat I used earlier,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.81,0:11:27.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can use this as inputs to the system.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:27.45,0:11:29.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We now have a natural way of interacting
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.85,0:11:33.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the raw athleticism\Nof these quads with my gestures.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:10.72,0:12:14.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:12:24.35,0:12:26.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Interaction doesn't have to be virtual.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:26.39,0:12:27.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It can be physical.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:27.99,0:12:29.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Take this quad, for example.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.89,0:12:32.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's trying to stay\Nat a fixed point in space.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:32.93,0:12:36.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If I try to move it\Nout of the way, it fights me,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.65,0:12:38.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and moves back to where it wants to be.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:40.25,0:12:42.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can change this behavior, however.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:43.37,0:12:45.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can use mathematical models
Dialogue: 0,0:12:45.07,0:12:47.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to estimate the force\Nthat I'm applying to the quad.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:48.20,0:12:51.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Once we know this force,\Nwe can also change the laws of physics,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:51.44,0:12:53.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as far as the quad\Nis concerned, of course.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:55.94,0:12:59.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here, the quad is behaving\Nas if it were in a viscous fluid.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:02.57,0:13:06.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We now have an intimate way\Nof interacting with a machine.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:06.59,0:13:09.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I will use this new capability to position
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.10,0:13:11.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this camera-carrying quad\Nto the appropriate location
Dialogue: 0,0:13:11.68,0:13:14.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for filming the remainder\Nof this demonstration.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:24.58,0:13:26.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we can physically interact\Nwith these quads
Dialogue: 0,0:13:26.99,0:13:28.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we can change the laws of physics.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:29.39,0:13:31.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's have a little bit of fun with this.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:31.54,0:13:32.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For what you will see next,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:32.93,0:13:36.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these quads will initially behave\Nas if they were on Pluto.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:36.91,0:13:39.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As time goes on, gravity will be increased
Dialogue: 0,0:13:39.22,0:13:41.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until we're all back on planet Earth,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:41.27,0:13:43.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I assure you we won't get there.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:43.46,0:13:44.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay, here goes.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:52.90,0:13:54.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:14:22.78,0:14:25.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:14:25.86,0:14:29.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:14:29.76,0:14:30.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whew!
Dialogue: 0,0:14:35.04,0:14:36.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You're all thinking now,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:36.30,0:14:38.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these guys are having way too much fun,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:38.27,0:14:40.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you're probably also asking yourself,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:40.35,0:14:43.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,why exactly are they building\Nmachine athletes?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:44.29,0:14:47.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some conjecture that the role\Nof play in the animal kingdom
Dialogue: 0,0:14:47.12,0:14:49.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to hone skills\Nand develop capabilities.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:49.69,0:14:51.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Others think that it has\Nmore of a social role,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:51.93,0:14:53.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it's used to bind the group.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:53.60,0:14:56.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Similarly, we use the analogy\Nof sports and athleticism
Dialogue: 0,0:14:56.96,0:14:59.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to create new algorithms for machines
Dialogue: 0,0:14:59.04,0:15:00.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to push them to their limits.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:01.35,0:15:04.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What impact will the speed\Nof machines have on our way of life?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:04.87,0:15:07.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Like all our past creations\Nand innovations,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:07.26,0:15:10.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they may be used to improve\Nthe human condition
Dialogue: 0,0:15:10.08,0:15:12.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or they may be misused and abused.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:12.60,0:15:14.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is not a technical choice\Nwe are faced with;
Dialogue: 0,0:15:14.92,0:15:15.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's a social one.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:16.33,0:15:17.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's make the right choice,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:17.71,0:15:20.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the choice that brings out the best\Nin the future of machines,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:20.64,0:15:23.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just like athleticism in sports\Ncan bring out the best in us.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:24.38,0:15:27.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me introduce you to the wizards\Nbehind the green curtain.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:27.48,0:15:30.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're the current members\Nof the Flying Machine Arena research team.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:30.84,0:15:35.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:15:35.27,0:15:37.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Federico Augugliaro, Dario Brescianini,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:37.57,0:15:40.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Markus Hehn, Sergei Lupashin,\NMark Muller and Robin Ritz.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:41.02,0:15:43.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Look out for them.\NThey're destined for great things.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:43.57,0:15:44.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:44.64,0:15:48.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)