[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.35,0:00:07.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Have you ever seen
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.02,0:00:10.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a big, red "No Running" sign at a public pool?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.30,0:00:11.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For the most part,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.16,0:00:13.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the pace on the deck reflects this statement.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.44,0:00:15.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But while the sign accurately describes
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.53,0:00:16.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the patrons' movements,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.92,0:00:18.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,isn't it true that people are walking
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.49,0:00:21.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the sign tells them no running?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.29,0:00:24.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, is this sign portraying the pool's environment,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.17,0:00:25.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or is it doing something else,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.76,0:00:27.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,something more powerful?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.93,0:00:30.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The difference between a statement that describes
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.60,0:00:31.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and one that commands
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.80,0:00:35.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is an idea developed by British linguist J. L. Austin.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.55,0:00:37.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He defines this distinction
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.10,0:00:39.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as two separate parts of speech:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.32,0:00:40.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,constatives
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.27,0:00:41.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and performatives.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.63,0:00:42.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Constatives are sentences
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.100,0:00:45.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that describe something as true or false,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.27,0:00:46.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and performatives are sentences
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.86,0:00:48.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that denote an action.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.56,0:00:50.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In other words, a constative is,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.64,0:00:52.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a performative does.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.55,0:00:55.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To help us distinguish these two parts of speech,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.33,0:00:57.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let's start by examining constatives
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.29,0:00:59.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,around the park outside the pool.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.46,0:01:01.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first sign we encounter says,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.51,0:01:03.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"The park closes at 6 p.m."
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.92,0:01:06.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After checking with a friendly park official
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.34,0:01:08.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the park does, indeed, close at 6,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.68,0:01:10.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can confirm that this statement
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.07,0:01:11.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a true constative.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.81,0:01:13.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nearby, there's a man on a bench
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.61,0:01:15.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a newspaper, and the headline reads,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.73,0:01:17.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Heatwave!"
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.02,0:01:20.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, the sky is cloudy and it feels quite chilly.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.02,0:01:22.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today's headline is a false constative
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.52,0:01:24.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as it has proven to be incorrect.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.86,0:01:26.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Before the rain starts to fall,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.78,0:01:28.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let's throw away our can of soda
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.48,0:01:30.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the blue trash bin that says, "Recycle."
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.78,0:01:32.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a performative.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.07,0:01:33.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Performatives are sentences
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.56,0:01:35.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are meant to inspire actions.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.82,0:01:37.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Rather than conveying a message,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.70,0:01:39.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it acts upon the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.23,0:01:40.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it does something.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.66,0:01:43.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this case, the performative of "Recycle"
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.25,0:01:45.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is requesting people to put their trash
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.11,0:01:46.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into the proper receptacle.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.90,0:01:49.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Words not only bring about actions,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.26,0:01:51.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sometimes words themselves are actions.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.73,0:01:54.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is what is known as speech acts.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.48,0:01:56.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These actions include, but are not limited to,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.87,0:01:57.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ordering,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.65,0:01:58.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,promising,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.48,0:01:59.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,apologizing,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.44,0:02:00.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,warning,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.40,0:02:01.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sentencing,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.28,0:02:02.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,christening,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.14,0:02:03.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and even marrying.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.78,0:02:06.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Take a look at the wedding near the gazebo.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.15,0:02:08.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The couple says the words, "I do."
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.53,0:02:11.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The speech act here are the words, "I do."
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.20,0:02:13.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These words cause them to marry one another.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.62,0:02:15.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I do" has acted upon them
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.57,0:02:17.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and profoundly changed their world.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.73,0:02:19.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, performatives depend
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.54,0:02:21.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on context and reception.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.33,0:02:23.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are known as felicity conditions.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.82,0:02:25.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Imagine if the mayor showed up to the wedding
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.98,0:02:28.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and said, "By the power vested in me
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.14,0:02:29.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as mayor of the city,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.34,0:02:32.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I name this gazebo 'The Mayor's Pizza Palace.'"
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.50,0:02:34.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,His words would be a speech act
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.10,0:02:35.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by which he named the gazebo.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.93,0:02:37.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And because he's the mayor,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.52,0:02:39.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the gazebo would be known by its new name.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.62,0:02:41.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if someone who isn't the mayor,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.37,0:02:43.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just a normal passerby,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.18,0:02:45.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,decides to name the gazebo after her favorite cat,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.76,0:02:48.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the chances are the name would not change.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.38,0:02:50.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Felicity conditions are the rules
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.63,0:02:52.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,under which the performative can be enacted.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.73,0:02:54.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are fairly logical.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.54,0:02:56.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The performative should have proper authority,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.90,0:02:58.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it should be understood,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.04,0:02:59.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it should be clear,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.23,0:03:01.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it should be able to be executed.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.48,0:03:04.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If the performative doesn't meet these conditions,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.15,0:03:05.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then it doesn't have the power
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.20,0:03:07.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to denote action.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.11,0:03:09.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But just because a performative meets its conditions
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.87,0:03:11.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and is clearly stated,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.04,0:03:13.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,doesn't mean that it's implicitly followed.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.58,0:03:14.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Back at the pool,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.51,0:03:17.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a rowdy group of teenagers races to the high dive.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.46,0:03:19.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"No running" does not seem
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.09,0:03:20.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to have power over them,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.42,0:03:22.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they'll have to face the consequences
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.06,0:03:24.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of breaking this performative.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.40,0:03:25.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They may even have to force out
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.11,0:03:27.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some performatives of their own,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.56,0:03:28.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such as apologizing to the life guard
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.70,0:03:31.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and promising to never run again.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.10,0:03:32.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Maybe the life guard will respond
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.35,0:03:33.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with another performative,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.64,0:03:35.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sentencing them to be banished from the pool
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.65,0:03:37.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the rest of the day.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.26,0:03:39.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After all, these teenagers must learn
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.28,0:03:41.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to respect the power of words.