[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.56,0:00:04.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Music]
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.08,0:00:08.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Leonard Nimoy] For an eternity, the volcanic cone of Mount Vesuvius
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.15,0:00:11.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has dominated the landscape of Southern Italy.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.81,0:00:15.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Two thousand years ago, it would shape history.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.53,0:00:19.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At that time, Rome was an old-powerful empire.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.46,0:00:31.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Pompeii was one of its most prosperous provincial towns, thriving at the foot of Vesuvius.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.54,0:00:34.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Explosion noise)
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.35,0:00:40.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Suddenly, a terrible explosion shook the earth and Vesuvius entered the annals of history
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.56,0:00:45.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as one of the most devastating volcanic disasters ever recorded.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.68,0:00:57.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The people ran for their lives. Some took cover in their homes. Others tried fleeing to the nearby sea.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.71,0:01:00.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But thousands would not escape.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.55,0:01:08.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In a matter of hours, homes, buildings and the people themselves were covered
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.24,0:01:12.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by a thick layer of volcanic ash and débris.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.02,0:01:21.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everything was entombed and forgotten, to lie in undiscovered silence for centuries.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.100,0:01:29.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Archeologists discovered the hollow cavities which the decayed bodies left behind.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.84,0:01:36.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These were used as molds to produce eerie plaster casts of the victims.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.04,0:01:45.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the once vital inhabitants of ancient Pompeii now lie here, distorted in agony, exactly where they fell.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.83,0:01:49.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What secrets did the people leave behind?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.62,0:01:52.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What misteries are entombed with them?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.64,0:01:58.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A journey into the ancient past to a city frozen in time.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.19,0:02:06.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Pompeii: Buried Alive)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.78,0:02:15.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Act I)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.13,0:02:23.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(The Mountain Speaks)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.35,0:02:27.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Music]
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.14,0:02:34.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Nimoy] Today, two million people live around the foot of Mount Vesuvius near Naples, in Southern Italy.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.39,0:02:39.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The inhabitants of modern-day Pompeii are very much aware of the constant threat
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.83,0:02:42.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,posed by this still active volcano.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.99,0:02:52.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Farmers tend fruitful fields where, just a few feet below, lie the remains of an ancient civilization.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.74,0:03:01.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sprawling over 160 acres, the layout of ancient Pompeii is much like that of any modern city.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.100,0:03:07.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unequal among historical sites for its remarkable state of preservation,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.81,0:03:12.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Pompeii is a unique showcase of ancient art and architecture.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.91,0:03:17.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is an abundance of original mosaics and frescoes,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.87,0:03:21.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some as vivid as though they were created yesterday.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.10,0:03:27.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The city offers archaeologists a once in an lifetime opportunity to explore the mysteries
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.86,0:03:30.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of those who once inhabited the Roman World.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.97,0:03:32.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(The Roman Empire 79 C.E.)
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.21,0:03:37.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Nimoy] During the 1st century of the Common Era, Rome was a powerful empire,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.35,0:03:41.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,straddling Europe and the Near East, from Britain to Egypt.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.38,0:03:42.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Map of Italy, with Rome and Pompeii marked)
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.96,0:03:48.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Nimoy] Pompeii was a thriving commercial center with a population of 20,000.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.97,0:03:58.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then, these streets leading to the city's forum were bustling with farmers and merchants from afar,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.62,0:04:02.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,trading produce and merchandise.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.16,0:04:11.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many of the local citizens were wealthy, enjoying a relatively affluent and placid way of life.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.88,0:04:17.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mount Vesuvius always loomed in the background.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.74,0:04:24.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But as far as the people were concerned, it was just another mountain, a good place to cultivate vines.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.08,0:04:30.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Haraldur Sigurdsson - Professor of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island] The Romans living in the area were not aware of the fact that the mountain was a volcano.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.71,0:04:39.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, the most famous of these Romans was Pliny the Elder, who was a great historian and a writer.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.80,0:04:45.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he described many volcanoes in Italy, but he never mentioned Vesuvius as a volcano.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.27,0:04:52.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Nimoy] The 24th of August, in the year 79, was an ordinary Summer's day,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.16,0:04:57.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the people of Pompeii uneventfully going about their daily business.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.92,0:05:06.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The slight rumbling sounds coming from Vesuvius in the early morning were largely ignored.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.51,0:05:11.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Ann Koloski-Ostrow - Assistant Professor of Classical Studies, Brandeis University] People proceeded as if everything was normal.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.80,0:05:16.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Women at home were probably getting their children ready for short siestas,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.32,0:05:21.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,slaves were bustling about the kitchen, getting everything ready for what would be
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.36,0:05:23.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the evening hours at home.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.67,0:05:30.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Men were thinking about spending an afternoon at the public baths, but the rumbling didn't stop.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.64,0:05:33.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Music]
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.39,0:05:41.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Nimoy] Suddenly, around 12 noon, a deafening explosion shook the entire city.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.06,0:05:47.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The people watched, horrified, as Vesuvius erupted.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.26,0:05:50.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Pillars of black volcanic ash
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.46,0:05:55.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and of red-hot magma spewed miles high into the sky.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.18,0:06:07.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then, a torrent of suffocating ash fell upon the city, followed by complete darkness.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.52,0:06:10.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Music]
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.69,0:06:14.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At the same time, stones hailed down from heaven.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.23,0:06:20.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Gradually, Pompeii became buried in white pellets of solidified ash.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.97,0:06:25.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[James L. Franklin, Jr. - Professor of Classical Studies, Stanford University] They hadn't seen an eruption before,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.88,0:06:30.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so I don't think that they had any idea - true idea - of what they were encountering.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.23,0:06:36.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They must have been really terrified, however, with the addition of the eruption to the earthquake.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.49,0:06:40.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I suspect it took a lot of them an awfully long time to figure out
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.64,0:06:44.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they were actually going to be buried by these pellets.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.51,0:06:51.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Nimoy] Two men whose names have come down to us from their time were witness to the inferno:
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.12,0:06:57.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Pliny the Elder, an admiral in the Roman Navy, died, attempting to rescue victims.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.72,0:07:06.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,His nephew, Pliny the Younger, wrote the only eye-witness report to have survived the disaster.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.40,0:07:15.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,*"On Mount Vesuvius, broad sheets of fire and leaping flames' blazed at several points,*
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.22,0:07:20.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,*their bright glare, emphasized by the darkness of the night.*
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.89,0:07:29.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,*The buildings were now shaking with violent shocks and seemed to be swaying to and fro,*
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.19,0:07:31.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,*as if they were torn from their foundations.*
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.49,0:07:39.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,*Outside, on the other hand, there was the danger of falling pumice stones. It was a choice of fears."*
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.90,0:07:47.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Koloski-Ostrow] Some huddled in corners, collecting their belongings with them there,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.68,0:07:51.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and thought: "We'll wait it out, it will stop."\NBut it didn't stop.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.70,0:07:59.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And 17 hours later, it was still raining ashes, and many of the roofs of the town had collapsed
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.05,0:08:04.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the weight of these ashes, some people then were trapped in their cellars,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.84,0:08:10.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,others were trapped in their homes, and many others still were trapped as they tried to flee the city.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.04,0:08:19.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Nimoy] Pliny the Elder did not grasp the severity of the situation until it was already too late:
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.02,0:08:26.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,*"My uncle decided to go down to the shore and investigate the possibility of an escape by the sea.*
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.97,0:08:31.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,*The flames and smell of sulfur drove the others to take flight.*
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.88,0:08:35.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,*And he stood, leaning on two slaves, and then, suddenly collapsed,*
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.99,0:08:41.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,*I imagine because of the dense fumes stifled his breathing and choked him."*
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.38,0:08:48.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Nimoy] Pliny the Younger also describes his own death-defying escape:
Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.62,0:08:56.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,*"You could hear the shrieks of women, the wailing of infants, the shouting of men.*
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.54,0:09:03.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,*Then ashes began to fall again, this time in heavy showers.*
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.40,0:09:06.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,*We rose from time to time and shook them off.*
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.66,0:09:10.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,*Otherwise, we would have been buried and crushed beneath.*
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.54,0:09:18.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,*I derived some poor consolation in my belief that the whole world was dying with me, and I with it."*
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.73,0:09:22.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Nimoy] As the night wore on, thousands would perish.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.39,0:09:27.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Act II)
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.04,0:09:30.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(The Death Of Herculaneum)
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.08,0:09:37.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Nimoy] Death and destruction rained down from the sky for an entire day and night.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.72,0:09:41.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As Pompeii riled in agony,\N(Map of Italy with Rome, Vesuvius and Pompeii)
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.38,0:09:48.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,another town, lay in the direct path of the volcano's fury, nine miles away,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.14,0:09:53.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,neighboring Herculaneum was a seaside resort for the Roman rich and famous.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.55,0:10:00.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But even fame and wealth would not save the inhabitants, that terrible night.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.64,0:10:08.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As Vesuvius erupted, Herculaneum was entombed in a layer of ash 40-feet thick.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.97,0:10:17.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, beneath the rubble and debris, pieces of carbonized wood can still be seen.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.32,0:10:24.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Such evidence enables volcanologists to reconstruct the city's final moments.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.11,0:10:27.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even complete window shutters and doors are preserved.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.64,0:10:34.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Artifacts like these reveal that Herculaneum's destruction was very different from that of Pompeii.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.74,0:10:40.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Sigurdsson] We know that around midnight, the style of the eruption changed dramatically.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:40.45,0:10:46.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead of a very high eruption column, all of a sudden, the ash and pumice comes out of the crater
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.95,0:10:52.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a flow, a glowing avalanche, a dust cloud that is moving like a nuclear blast
Dialogue: 0,0:10:52.72,0:10:58.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in all directions from the crater at a velocity of 100 to 200 miles per hour.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.81,0:11:02.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And within minutes, this cloud would have reached Herculaneum.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.99,0:11:08.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this cloud is hot enough to carbonize wood and to melt glass.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.52,0:11:11.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Obviously, it is lethal.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.88,0:11:18.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Nimoy] At Herculaneum's public baths, this marble washing bowl now stands below the window,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.20,0:11:20.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where it once stood in ancient times.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:21.45,0:11:27.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But when the bath was excavated, the bowl was found hurled across the room.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:27.72,0:11:33.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Its impression can still be seen imprinted on the solidified volcanic magma.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.90,0:11:42.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Sigurdsson] The Vesuvius' eruption in 79 A.D.\Nwas one of the largest volcanic explosions in history.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.91,0:11:49.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In terms of the energy, the amount of energy involved, it is much larger than any nuclear explosion
Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.15,0:11:51.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that has been set off on the earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.67,0:11:59.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Nimoy] One of the great mysteries of Herculaneum is the absence of human skeletal remains in the town.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:01.01,0:12:04.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The houses and streets seemed to be deserted.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:05.03,0:12:07.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What happened to the people?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:08.66,0:12:12.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Did they know something that their neighbors in Pompeii did not?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:12.19,0:12:17.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Were they forewarned of the disaster, and had time to escape?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.36,0:12:24.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Archaeologists always thought so, until a grisly discovery was made.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:24.16,0:12:28.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Koloski-Ostrow] More recent excavations, right at the sea shore of Herculaneum,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:28.72,0:12:36.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have brought a much grimmer and sadder result to our understanding of this mystery.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.34,0:12:44.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Upwards of a hundred victims have been found, and some of them are so well-preserved
Dialogue: 0,0:12:44.64,0:12:49.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and give us such poignant details of those tragic final moments,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:49.46,0:12:55.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we can say quite a bit about their stories and what happened to them at the end of the city.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:56.70,0:12:59.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Nimoy] This was the first time we ever come face to face
Dialogue: 0,0:12:59.66,0:13:03.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with human remains from the ancient Roman world.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:04.92,0:13:08.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As it was a Roman custom to always cremate their dead,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:08.59,0:13:14.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the other thing of the skeletons at Herculaneum and Pompeii was a rare discovery.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:17.13,0:13:24.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was once a soldier, found face down, watching the sand, his sword still with him.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:25.57,0:13:30.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Joseph J. Deiss - Professor of Classics, University of Florida] It's an extraordinary find, because no other Roman soldier has ever been discovered anywhere.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:30.80,0:13:36.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he was wearing, he had his sword belt, he had his money belt, he had three gold coins,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:36.57,0:13:42.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he was all prepared to be rescued. And it never happened.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:43.34,0:13:48.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Nimoy] Physical anthropologists examined the skeletons in detail.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:48.31,0:13:54.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Through their work, we've gained a new insight into the lives of these long-lost people.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:55.52,0:14:01.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Koloski-Ostrow] In one of the chambers, I met a family of twelve victims.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:01.08,0:14:10.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We find a young woman, probably about 14, clutching very closely a baby of 7 months in her arms
Dialogue: 0,0:14:10.49,0:14:17.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,trying to protect this child from the inevitable death that is soon to come.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:18.59,0:14:22.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Nimoy] At first, it seemed that this was the baby's older sister.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:22.49,0:14:28.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then, investigations pointed to a more poignant and tragic story.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:29.10,0:14:32.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Koloski-Ostrow] The baby is very likely an aristocratic baby,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:32.16,0:14:38.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it had in its ear a gold earring with a small pearl on it,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:38.18,0:14:43.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whereas the bones of the 14-year old girl are bones that show
Dialogue: 0,0:14:43.52,0:14:49.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she has done far heavier labor than a girl of her age do.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:49.16,0:14:58.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She's not well-nourished, her teeth are in poor condition, she very likely had a difficult,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:58.15,0:15:01.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not to say, a terrible life.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:02.59,0:15:08.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Nimoy] The conclusion was that this is the skeleton of an overworked slave girl.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:08.36,0:15:12.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of her duties may have been to protect and tend the baby.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:12.58,0:15:18.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Her life style stood in stark contrast to that of the more affluent citizens of the town.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:18.34,0:15:26.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The gleaming white teeth of some remains indicate healthy nutrition, at least for most of the population.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:26.69,0:15:32.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Deiss] This is the only find of Roman bodies, the only important find ever made.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:32.12,0:15:36.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, for the first time, we can find what Romans were really like,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:36.08,0:15:40.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not just the way they look from statues and frescoes.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:44.55,0:15:49.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Nimoy] Perhaps the most moving example to survive Pompeii's fearful night of destruction
Dialogue: 0,0:15:49.68,0:15:52.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are these silent forms.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:53.08,0:15:59.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After what must have been a terrible death, bodies decomposed, leaving eerie cavities
Dialogue: 0,0:15:59.13,0:16:01.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,within the hardened volcanic ash.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:04.12,0:16:10.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are casts made by archaeologists after filling the hollow spaces with plaster of Paris,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:10.60,0:16:16.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,forever preserving the forms of the victims, exactly as they were caught at the moment of death.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:26.13,0:16:32.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This man was wearing a wide belt identifying his status as a slave.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:33.47,0:16:39.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All slaves had to wear a heavy belt inscribed with the name and title of their owner.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:42.44,0:16:49.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Two thousand years after death, the people of Pompeii still tell a haunting, yet silent tale.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:49.98,0:16:56.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can we ever understand the destruction of an entire community, on such an unprecedented scale?
Dialogue: 0,0:16:57.53,0:17:01.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Act III)
Dialogue: 0,0:17:01.50,0:17:05.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(In the Shadow of Vesuvius)
Dialogue: 0,0:17:11.21,0:17:16.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Nimoy] The eruption of Vesuvius in the year 79 is comparable to the drama of Mount St Helen's
Dialogue: 0,0:17:16.91,0:17:19.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the State of Washington in 1980.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:21.58,0:17:29.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In both cases, volcanic ash was hurled high into the air, followed by a devastating explosion.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:31.00,0:17:36.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the eruption of Vesuvius was 3 times more powerful than that of Mount St Helen's.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:40.99,0:17:46.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In just a few hours, two prosperous cities disappeared from the face of the earth,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:46.74,0:17:51.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,taking with them the great works and accomplishments of their inhabitants.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:54.49,0:18:02.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Where ash and lava once covered the cities, grass and vines slowly took possession of the land.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:02.25,0:18:06.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Gradually, the place faded from memory.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:08.12,0:18:13.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,More than 1,500 years would pass before Herculaneum would be rediscovered.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:13.18,0:18:15.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was totally by accident.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:17.62,0:18:23.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 1709, two monks were sinking a well, when they inadvertently struck the marble floor
Dialogue: 0,0:18:23.84,0:18:26.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of an ancient theater.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:27.54,0:18:29.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[John J. Dobbins - Associate Professor of Archaeology, University of Virgina] Pompei was also discovered by accident.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:29.96,0:18:36.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The digging of a canal actually produced part of the city, and it became clear that there was something there,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:36.25,0:18:40.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and during the early days, excavation was not an archaeological enterprise,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:40.26,0:18:46.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but was really a treasure-hunting activity, in order to provide objects for the royal collection.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:46.90,0:18:53.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Nimoy] During the 17th and 18th centuries, kings from Vienna and Spain ruled Naples.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:57.52,0:19:05.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To provide their courts with classical statues, Roman gold and silver, they ordered excavations of the ruins.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:05.81,0:19:10.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Plundering the area in search of ancient bounty, treasure-hunters secretly sank
Dialogue: 0,0:19:10.56,0:19:15.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,numerous shafts and tunnels, many of them still visible today.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:17.04,0:19:24.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was only in 1861 that orderly scientific excavations at Pompeii and Herculaneum began,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:24.06,0:19:27.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and have continued unabated ever since.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:34.83,0:19:41.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Man chattering while typing on keyboard)
Dialogue: 0,0:19:42.55,0:19:48.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Nimoy] Today, cutting-edge computer technology is used by John Dobbins at the University of Virginia
Dialogue: 0,0:19:48.73,0:19:51.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to rebuild ancient Pompeii.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:54.17,0:19:59.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In binary building blocks, he's reconstructing, a 3-dimensional computer images,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:59.64,0:20:03.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a series of public buildings from the city's forum.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:04.63,0:20:10.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Dobbins] There is not evidence of a colony,\Nin front of the sanctuary of the end of Augustus
Dialogue: 0,0:20:10.11,0:20:13.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this seems to have been just an open area at the...
Dialogue: 0,0:20:13.80,0:20:17.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Nimoy] Modern technology provides unique new tools in the search to unravel
Dialogue: 0,0:20:17.80,0:20:22.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the ancient mysteries of Pompeii and of its inhabitants.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:23.35,0:20:29.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Dobbins] In many ways, Pompeii, more than any other city in the classical world, demystifies ancient life.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:29.59,0:20:34.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it puts the modern viewer in close proximity with all of those aspects.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:34.88,0:20:40.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is an immediacy, it's possible to connect with Pompeii, because it is preserved well,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:40.97,0:20:45.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the buildings are tri-dimensional, they are taller than we are.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:45.10,0:20:49.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can go into those houses and have a feeling that the people have just gone away.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:49.24,0:20:51.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that you're stumbling into someone's house.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:52.74,0:20:59.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Nimoy] Once inside their homes, a search for their belongings brings us closer to the people who once lived here.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:00.82,0:21:08.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Walking these silent passages, we brush with phantoms from a long gone civilization.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:08.86,0:21:15.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Complete dwellings can be explored, allowing the visitor to vividly travel backwards in time.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:17.40,0:21:21.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even the frescoes and the mosaics seem to harbor a life of their own.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:24.37,0:21:29.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ancient technology and plumbing laid bare, revealing a remarkably advanced piping system
Dialogue: 0,0:21:29.93,0:21:32.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for distributing water.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:33.27,0:21:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the panic and confusion of the devastating volcanic eruption, everything was left exactly as it was,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:41.00,0:21:43.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including this complete wine shop.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:44.56,0:21:48.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Intact objects of daily life were to be found everywhere.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:49.37,0:21:55.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even a loaf of ordinary bread, carbonized by the hot gas of the explosion.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:56.31,0:22:02.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Koloski-Ostrow] Pompeii and Herculaneum become opportunities for us to time-travel
Dialogue: 0,0:22:02.75,0:22:10.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the ancient world: not just time-travel to a century, or to a period or to a decade,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:10.72,0:22:20.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but in fact, time-travel to one day in the ancient world, to 24 August 79 C.E.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:20.36,0:22:24.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and see the moment in which these people met their deaths.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:27.71,0:22:33.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Nimoy] Obvious everywhere is the enormous wealth and extravagance of the villas of the well-to-do:
Dialogue: 0,0:22:36.81,0:22:41.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wall paintings and mosaics of exquisite artistry,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:48.78,0:22:55.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,decorative cosmetic boxes, complete with delicate instruments, fashioned from wood and ivory,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:55.56,0:23:01.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,solid gold jewelry, embellished with expensive gem stones.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:01.37,0:23:10.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All of these objects conjure the ghosts of their owners, recalling a once living, breathing society.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:10.31,0:23:16.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Dobbins] We actually have some sense of life breathed into those ruins by the writings of Pliny the Younger,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:16.21,0:23:21.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,once again, who describes in tremendous detail \Nthe pleasures of living in these villas.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:21.96,0:23:25.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They enjoyed their meals, and they enjoyed that in the proximity of their garden,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:25.67,0:23:31.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with fountains playing and the light coming in, the breeze, dining, water
Dialogue: 0,0:23:31.13,0:23:33.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,music and all that.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:36.88,0:23:40.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Nimoy] The extent of the wealth enjoyed by society is not known.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:40.98,0:23:46.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But clearly, only a small fraction of the people lived in plush opulence.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:47.34,0:23:49.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Franklin] There is an incredible difference
Dialogue: 0,0:23:49.24,0:23:53.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between the wealthy and everybody else, you know, in the Roman world.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:53.33,0:23:59.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is essentially no middle class. There are only very wealthy people and very poor people.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:00.40,0:24:07.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Nimoy] The privileged few often spent their time in ornate atriums, lavishly decorated with art works,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:08.36,0:24:13.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but mysteriously, much of the decor is essentially Greek in origin.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:16.16,0:24:20.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Alexander the Great, the Greek warrior emperor, in battle.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:20.82,0:24:29.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This mosaic was found in Pompeii, yet it is an exact copy of a similar work of art made in Greece.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:29.91,0:24:37.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why? Why does so much of Pompeii and Herculaneum speak so strongly of Greek influence?
Dialogue: 0,0:24:38.17,0:24:43.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Franklin] The Romans were absolutely overwhelmed, I think, by the Greek World, and then,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:43.22,0:24:45.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the world that follows Alexander the Great,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:45.29,0:24:50.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Hellenistic world of great sophistication and culture that came to Italy.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:50.90,0:24:53.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Romans didn't fight it at all, they gave in and said:
Dialogue: 0,0:24:53.76,0:24:56.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Wow, if it's that good, let's make ten copies."
Dialogue: 0,0:24:58.14,0:25:02.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Nimoy] Another mosaic reveals a lively scene of street musicians.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:03.52,0:25:09.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A delicate work of extraordinary craftsmanship, it bears the signature of the artist who made it:
Dialogue: 0,0:25:10.58,0:25:14.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Dioscurides of Samos", in Greece.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:15.16,0:25:19.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Koloski-Ostrow] The themes of the paintings were frequently adapted from Greek literature.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:19.67,0:25:26.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we can understand that it's very likely many of the painters were Greek slaves,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:26.22,0:25:33.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were actual Greeks who were brought to Pompeii to do the decoration of these houses.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:37.08,0:25:42.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Nimoy] Perhaps the most famous of all art works discovered here are these bronze sculptures,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:42.35,0:25:45.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,depicting two young wrestlers.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:46.95,0:25:53.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Still in mint condition, the were found in the garden of the Villa dei Papiri, near Herculaneum.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:56.63,0:26:01.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Dobbins] These are wonderful pieces of art and they will have been done in Greece and shipped over.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:01.63,0:26:05.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There was a major trade in shipping all sorts of statuary over from Greece.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:05.95,0:26:08.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, that surely, would be Greek.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:08.32,0:26:14.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Franklin] The Romans never were into statuary and painting.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:14.12,0:26:16.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This came to them from the Greek world.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:16.30,0:26:22.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Romans got to the Greek world, whether it's here on the bay of Naples or over in Greece, with armies
Dialogue: 0,0:26:22.82,0:26:26.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and practicality, and going in and fighting.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:28.83,0:26:33.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Nimoy] Most historians conclude that while the Romans were emulating and admiring the Greeks
Dialogue: 0,0:26:33.30,0:26:39.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in art and literature, they themselves were innovative leaders in more practical fields.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:43.64,0:26:49.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The extensive use of the arch and concrete were two of their great contributions to civilization.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:55.30,0:27:00.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Romans conquered the world and built their empire on the mighty power of the sword,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:01.25,0:27:05.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but then reinforced it with massive civil engineering skills.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:08.12,0:27:12.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Little in this world unfolds as we predict.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:12.60,0:27:14.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The people of Pompeii could not have for seen
Dialogue: 0,0:27:14.91,0:27:19.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the contributions they would make to the chain of humanity.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:20.72,0:27:26.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the first century before the Common Era, the wealthy lounged in luxurious indoor baths,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:26.79,0:27:29.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,illuminated by sunlight.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:29.41,0:27:33.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thanks to an anonymous Roman, who had invented glass windows.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:34.29,0:27:40.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Villas with glass windows would spread throughout the Roman empire and the Mediterranean,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:40.80,0:27:44.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,eventually leading to the design of the greenhouse.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:45.78,0:27:50.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the ensuing centuries, the popularity of the greenhouse would soar,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:50.30,0:27:54.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,inspiring interest in harnessing the power of the sun.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:56.42,0:28:02.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This quest would reach bold new types in 1959, when Pioneer IV,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:02.46,0:28:07.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the United States' first solar-powered satellite, was launched into orbit.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:10.28,0:28:17.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,An enduring link to the modern world, Pompeii and Herculaneum's architectural marvels still stand,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:17.15,0:28:20.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just as they did two millennia ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:21.17,0:28:24.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Act IV)
Dialogue: 0,0:28:24.84,0:28:28.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(The Oldest Obsession)
Dialogue: 0,0:28:33.35,0:28:39.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Nimoy] From the ashes of Pompeii, ghostly eyes stare at us across the centuries.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:41.97,0:28:46.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Tantalizing clues can be found here, revealing intimate details
Dialogue: 0,0:28:46.30,0:28:49.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the relationship between men and women.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:53.87,0:28:57.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A lady of the house holding a stylus and writing tablet,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:57.31,0:29:00.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,indicating that she is literate and well-educated.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:03.90,0:29:10.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Though long gone, we even know the names of some of these people: Terentius Neo, wife of the town baker;
Dialogue: 0,0:29:13.11,0:29:15.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Franklin] I would say that they are obviously a loving couple.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:15.60,0:29:19.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They have that quality that Roman marriages are always looking for:
Dialogue: 0,0:29:19.60,0:29:24.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a husband and wife who actually get along and spend their lives together.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:24.55,0:29:30.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many Romans find true love in their lives, and when you read Roman tombstones, Roman inscriptions,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:30.57,0:29:32.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you find that expressed over and over:
Dialogue: 0,0:29:32.78,0:29:37.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"To my incredibly sweet wife, who lived with me without an argument for forty years."
Dialogue: 0,0:29:39.24,0:29:43.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Nimoy] This captivating portrait was discovered in a mansion once owned by a woman
Dialogue: 0,0:29:43.36,0:29:47.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we know only as Julia Felix.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:47.07,0:29:51.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Could this be her? An independent, rich woman of property?
Dialogue: 0,0:29:52.66,0:29:57.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From evidence that has transcended the centuries, we know that most women lived in a subdued
Dialogue: 0,0:29:57.43,0:30:02.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and restricted life style, deeply secluded within the privacy of their home.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:04.48,0:30:08.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those who belonged to an aristocratic family, living in one of the lavish villas,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:08.99,0:30:15.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would also be responsible for running the day to day affairs of the house and would manage the slaves.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:17.49,0:30:24.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in spite of what we know, the true status of women in ancient Rome still remains a mystery.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:25.02,0:30:28.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Dobbins] Women in the Roman world were not on the same power with men,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:28.92,0:30:33.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they didn't have the same rights to hold office, they could not vote.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:34.65,0:30:41.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Franklin] Well-born women at Pompeii, the matrons of these grand houses at Pompeii,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:41.14,0:30:46.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wielded their power very much within the realm of the private household,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:46.61,0:30:50.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at dinner parties and among the family.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:50.57,0:30:54.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They certainly would in no way even want a career.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:54.83,0:30:59.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It would be unheard of. When we are talking about women's liberation today,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:59.17,0:31:03.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we often talk about the ability of a woman to go out and build a career.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:03.26,0:31:06.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A Roman woman simply wouldn't want to do that.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:09.61,0:31:16.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Nimoy] But one career for women did flourish: the so-called oldest profession in the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:16.25,0:31:23.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the center of Pompeii stands a very conspicuous house: the town's main brothel.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:23.25,0:31:30.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Six small darkly lit rooms greet the visitor, each one with its own stone bed.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:30.25,0:31:33.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These would have been covered by fine blankets and furs.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:35.35,0:31:39.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But how do we know what activity really took place in these rooms?
Dialogue: 0,0:31:41.12,0:31:45.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The paintings on the walls reveal it all, in graphic detail.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:46.70,0:31:50.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Koloski-Ostrow] We mustn't over-glamorize the institution, however.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:50.14,0:31:57.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The young women were captured slaves, who worked for a pimp,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:57.16,0:32:02.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no doubt were often abused and underfed, and brutally treated.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:02.92,0:32:11.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yet it was an accepted part of society and any number of Roman gentlemen from all levels of society
Dialogue: 0,0:32:11.46,0:32:17.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would have felt free to use the services that were offered there.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:18.64,0:32:21.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Nimoy] Paintings which would be termed pornographic today
Dialogue: 0,0:32:21.80,0:32:24.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were not restricted to the Roman brothel.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:26.39,0:32:30.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're found in many private homes of distinguished citizens.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:31.40,0:32:36.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the entrance hall to the house of the well-established family named Vettii,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:36.22,0:32:39.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the visitor is greeted by this explicit painting.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:39.83,0:32:46.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Excavators also found a remarkable collection of novel wind chimes, replete with their original bells.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:47.52,0:32:52.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These winged phalluses were used as decorations in the home,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:53.30,0:32:55.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were suspended from columns in the garden.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:56.86,0:33:02.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Koloski-Ostrow] It shocks us, it makes us wonder about the morality of these people.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:02.60,0:33:08.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Clearly, this particular figure and many representations of the nude phallus
Dialogue: 0,0:33:08.86,0:33:14.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,found throughout the city, were there as good luck symbols, as symbols of fertility,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:14.53,0:33:23.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,symbols to shed fertile children and opportunity on a household, not as objects of perversion.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:24.02,0:33:28.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Franklin] We really do find ourselves in a completely different world here,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:28.53,0:33:37.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than the ancients did, I supposed. Because many ancient cults are flagrantly orgiastic,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:37.38,0:33:43.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,involve sexuality, and it is used for religious expression.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:43.22,0:33:50.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That really got removed from religion, at least as I understand it, but largely through Christianity.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:52.23,0:33:58.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Nimoy] Barely discernible fertility symbols can still be found on many walls in and around Pompeii.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:59.64,0:34:03.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Franklin] When, for example, the site was being excavated in the 18th-19th century,
Dialogue: 0,0:34:03.64,0:34:06.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the excavators took hatchets to these and destroyed them,
Dialogue: 0,0:34:06.83,0:34:09.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they were obscene beyond belief,
Dialogue: 0,0:34:09.34,0:34:14.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it tells you a great deal more about yourself, I mean, than it does about the objects, I mean
Dialogue: 0,0:34:14.10,0:34:16.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we all know that there are phalluses in this world.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:17.62,0:34:24.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sexuality was an ordinary daily part of every Roman's life, the way it is of most of our lives,
Dialogue: 0,0:34:24.86,0:34:27.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,though we don't like to talk about it openly.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:27.21,0:34:33.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the idea that you would be hiding sexuality in any way, to an ancient Roman, would just -
Dialogue: 0,0:34:33.83,0:34:35.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would seem absurd.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:36.26,0:34:42.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Nimoy] What might seem outrageous today was considered perfectly normal 20 centuries ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:44.56,0:34:48.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Act V)
Dialogue: 0,0:34:48.31,0:34:51.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Roman Life Roman Death)
Dialogue: 0,0:34:56.85,0:35:02.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Nimoy] As Pompeii and Herculaneum slowly yielded their treasures to the modern world,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:02.03,0:35:07.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what did the artifacts reveal about the workings of ancient Roman society?
Dialogue: 0,0:35:08.80,0:35:14.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In confronting the cities' rich aristocrats, we may envy them for their flamboyant life style.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:16.09,0:35:19.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yet there is a dark side to the story.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:20.49,0:35:25.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The cities' opulent habits were founded upon huge reserves of human labor.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:27.23,0:35:31.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this, in turn, required a constant provision of slaves .
Dialogue: 0,0:35:32.71,0:35:36.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As the Roman Empire marched in triumph across conquered territory,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:36.72,0:35:43.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it consumed vast human resources, absorbing slaves as the spoils of war.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:45.11,0:35:49.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Koloski-Ostrow] All the time, capturing cities meant killing the men
Dialogue: 0,0:35:49.24,0:35:56.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and taking into slavery the women and children of the town, and bringing them wholesale into Rome.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:56.34,0:36:00.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They came from Egypt, they came from Greece, they came from Tunisia.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:00.89,0:36:07.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They would - it was as much a slave trade as there was a trade in cloth, in wine,
Dialogue: 0,0:36:07.66,0:36:10.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in other articles produce.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:15.64,0:36:21.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Nimoy] In this massive structure, many a slave saw his last moments on earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:21.67,0:36:27.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Together with many prisoners of war and convicted criminals, death would come violently
Dialogue: 0,0:36:27.51,0:36:30.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as victims were forced to compete in the arena.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:37.39,0:36:42.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Known as the gladiator games, they took place here, in a massive amphitheater,
Dialogue: 0,0:36:42.43,0:36:46.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which accommodated up to 20,000 spectators.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:46.66,0:36:54.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All of Pompeii's population would gather to enjoy the bloody spectacle of people fighting for their lives.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:59.82,0:37:04.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the most popular forms of entertainment was the fight-to-death contest.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:06.23,0:37:12.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A heavily armed gladiator, wearing a bronze helmet and shield, bearing only a short sword,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:12.26,0:37:18.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would be pitched against a completely naked opponent equipped with a long spear and a net.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:19.73,0:37:24.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was brutal, a source of cheap thrills for the blood-thirsty audience.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:29.82,0:37:33.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Dobbins] This was an institutionalized violence,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:33.64,0:37:39.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as there are many institutionalized acts of what we would call violence in our own society:
Dialogue: 0,0:37:39.74,0:37:47.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,executions and wars. And yet we consider that those are appropriate under certain circumstances.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:49.32,0:37:52.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Nimoy] Most slaves were kept, not as fighters, but as servants.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:53.69,0:38:00.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Large villas had up to 50 slaves, eternally embroiled in the hustle-bustle of household service.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:00.92,0:38:05.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Franklin] There are so many slaves in Roman antiquity and in Pompeii in particular,
Dialogue: 0,0:38:05.59,0:38:08.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because that was a way to keep alive.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:08.04,0:38:14.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The wealthy needed a whole household of slaves because there was no middle class,
Dialogue: 0,0:38:14.23,0:38:16.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no industry the way we have it.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:16.18,0:38:22.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So they couldn't go to the tailor: there essentially were no tailors, you had to have
Dialogue: 0,0:38:22.48,0:38:27.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a dress-maker, a tailor, a shoemaker, all of that, on your personal staff.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:28.65,0:38:32.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Nimoy] To better understand the people of Pompeii, it is important to remember that
Dialogue: 0,0:38:32.56,0:38:36.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,two thousand years ago, the law was supreme.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:37.33,0:38:40.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Civic responsibility was taken very seriously.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:40.75,0:38:47.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sometimes, these concepts drove people apart, including fathers and their sons.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:48.64,0:38:52.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Franklin] The father has complete legal power.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:52.68,0:38:56.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He could kill any of his children at any time for disobedience,
Dialogue: 0,0:38:56.83,0:39:02.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there are great episodes, particularly in early Roman history, which makes one wonder
Dialogue: 0,0:39:02.58,0:39:07.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about the veracity of them, of fathers doing exactly that.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:07.47,0:39:12.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A consul orders his son not to engage the enemy in battle.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:12.99,0:39:17.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The son engages the enemy in battle and has a great success,
Dialogue: 0,0:39:17.08,0:39:21.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he comes back and his father kills him, because the father had told him not to engage the enemy.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:21.94,0:39:26.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there's nothing that can be said about it: that his right as a father.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:27.16,0:39:32.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Nimoy] Although, today, we subscribe to laws and virtues similar to those of the Pompeians,
Dialogue: 0,0:39:32.93,0:39:36.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they held their own beliefs about the sanctity of human life.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:41.30,0:39:45.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Franklin] They don't have this sacred view for life - the way we do -
Dialogue: 0,0:39:45.28,0:39:49.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm sure each of them had it for his own life, but when it came to life in general,
Dialogue: 0,0:39:49.94,0:39:51.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well, people die.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:51.47,0:39:57.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There were so many poor people that you see death all of the time.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:03.22,0:40:08.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Nimoy] Their attitudes on death and justice seems foreign to us today.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:10.30,0:40:14.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Roman values were quite different from the Judeo-Christian tradition
Dialogue: 0,0:40:14.21,0:40:17.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was being introduced to the Western World at that time.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:22.31,0:40:29.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Koloski-Ostrow] There is no text or book or Bible with a set of morals that the Romans follow.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:29.70,0:40:33.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Religion, to the Romans, is very much a ritual.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:33.79,0:40:41.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And without that moral superstructure, without a text or a set of relgious rules and regulations
Dialogue: 0,0:40:41.01,0:40:47.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you're following in some way, it makes society much freer in terms of what's allowed.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:49.85,0:40:54.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Nimoy] In the years since 79, when Pompeii and Herculaneum met their doom,
Dialogue: 0,0:40:54.86,0:40:58.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Vesuvius has erupted more than 70 times.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:59.13,0:41:04.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Journalist] Vesuvius once again strikes terror into the surrounding Italian countryside.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:05.36,0:41:12.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A giant wall of lava, in some places 30-feet high, circles irresistibly forward through field and farm.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:12.52,0:41:20.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Nimoy] In 1944, as Italy reeled from the closing phases of World War II, Vesuvius erupted again.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:20.83,0:41:25.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But unlike the eruption that devastated Pompeii, this time,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:25.15,0:41:29.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the volcano spewed deadly molten lava as well as ash.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:30.14,0:41:36.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The flow moved at a swift 12 feet per minute, destroying entire towns and villages in its path.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:49.73,0:41:55.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The worst eruption occurred in 1631, when 18,000 lost their lives.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:01.13,0:42:06.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Journalist] Vesuvius, unpredictable and unconquerable, has had its way.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:12.07,0:42:17.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Nimoy] Today, the mountain is silent once again, its anger long vented.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:17.35,0:42:22.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Vesuvius broods like a great sentinel above the landscape.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:22.58,0:42:27.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At its feet lie only the ruins and remains of a once proud Roman heritage
Dialogue: 0,0:42:27.93,0:42:31.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in which many mysteries yet prevail.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:34.29,0:42:39.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Franklin] The mystery is that although we have all of these objects,
Dialogue: 0,0:42:39.02,0:42:41.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like we have no place else in all of the Roman world,
Dialogue: 0,0:42:41.82,0:42:47.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these people are still just beyond our grasp.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:47.62,0:42:51.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The human element there, which we share with them helps, but they are -
Dialogue: 0,0:42:51.93,0:42:54.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're just beyond our grasp.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:55.84,0:43:01.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Koloski-Ostrow] Pompeii offers a wonderful poetic magic for all of us.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:01.75,0:43:06.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It makes us touch our own feelings about life and death,
Dialogue: 0,0:43:06.94,0:43:11.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,yet at the same time that we feel that emotion and that we feel
Dialogue: 0,0:43:11.36,0:43:15.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such sympathy for the victims of that eruption,
Dialogue: 0,0:43:15.50,0:43:21.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as we uncover the pumice stones and remove the pyroclastic mud flows,
Dialogue: 0,0:43:21.28,0:43:26.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have to realize we're coming into a world of enormous cultural difference and this -
Dialogue: 0,0:43:26.86,0:43:31.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the quest for that truth is what the archaeologist's mission must be.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:33.06,0:43:39.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Nimoy] In one dreadful night, a volcano entombed an entire ancient community.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:40.49,0:43:48.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in spite of the evidence that lies here, it is difficult to comprehend a society so remote from our own.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:48.22,0:43:54.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The people of Pompeii may continue to remain a mystery to us for all time.