[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.31,0:00:14.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Host: TED is always about\Nlifting humanity,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.47,0:00:17.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and our next speaker is George Whitesides.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.14,0:00:20.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's listed as the professor \Nof chemistry at Harvard,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.19,0:00:23.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but any of you who have read\Nhis biography know, he's so much more.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.46,0:00:26.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can start with the fact \Nthat he founded 12 companies,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.28,0:00:29.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that he has co-authored \N950 scientific articles,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.99,0:00:32.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or the fact that he is listed \Non 50 patents.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.34,0:00:34.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I think\Nwhat he is going to talk about today
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.67,0:00:36.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is similar to what Hugo talked about,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.57,0:00:39.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,another way that the application\Nof technology to today's problems
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.00,0:00:41.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,gives us all hope and optimism.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.68,0:00:43.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'd like to introduce George Whitesides.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.70,0:00:46.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.35,0:00:56.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,George Whitesides: I am a wonk.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.97,0:01:01.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Started my career at MIT,\NI was quite at home there.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.56,0:01:06.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we are defined\Nby a certain view of the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.53,0:01:08.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I will illustrate this in a way
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.55,0:01:10.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's relevant\Nto what I want to talk about.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.84,0:01:15.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A few years ago I spent my evening\Ncleanin out my attic,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.96,0:01:18.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and lifted some heavy stuff.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.32,0:01:22.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the middle of the night\NI woke up in agonized pain.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.36,0:01:25.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I thought,\Nwell I've probably strained my back,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.79,0:01:27.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I wanted to be a responsible adult,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.89,0:01:30.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so I went off to the local emergency room,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.52,0:01:32.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I learned something very interesting,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.54,0:01:34.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is that as a middle aged male,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.56,0:01:36.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you walk into the emergency room
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.58,0:01:39.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and say, "I think\NI might be having a heart attack,"
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.04,0:01:42.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all the people behind the desk\Nactually stand up and do something.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.36,0:01:43.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's really impressive.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.90,0:01:46.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.43,0:01:50.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, very sharp needles \Nwere stuck into veins,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.27,0:01:52.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and electrodes were applied
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.22,0:01:55.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and very fancy equipment \Ndid fantastic stuff
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.09,0:01:57.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and - turns out I didn't.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.54,0:01:59.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I have to say, I loved the experience,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.56,0:02:01.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because I'm a wonk, that's what I do.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.75,0:02:04.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it was very sophisticated,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.60,0:02:07.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it would have been even more sophisticated
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.91,0:02:09.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had I actually had a heart attack,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.88,0:02:12.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it was also very, very expensive.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.78,0:02:16.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And imagine that you do \Nthe same thing in this environment,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.17,0:02:19.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the story is much more complicated.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.73,0:02:23.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There, the problem is basically solved\Nby either you die or you don't.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.00,0:02:27.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The problem that I want\Nto talk with you about
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.00,0:02:29.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is really the problem of:
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.00,0:02:33.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How does one supply healthcare
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.00,0:02:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a world in which cost is everything?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.51,0:02:39.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How do you do that?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.59,0:02:42.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the basic paradigm\Nwe want to suggest to you,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.07,0:02:43.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want to suggest to you,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.51,0:02:45.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is one in which you say that in order to
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.94,0:02:49.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,treat disease you have to first\Nknow what you're treating -
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.31,0:02:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's diagnostics - and then\Nyou have to do something.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.00,0:02:55.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, the program that we're involved\Nin is something which we call
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.18,0:02:58.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Diagnostics for All,\Nor zero-cost diagnostics.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.45,0:03:01.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How do you provide medically\Nrelevant information
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.89,0:03:05.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at as close as possible to zero cost?\NHow do you do it?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.09,0:03:09.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are a number of reasons
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.61,0:03:13.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for doing this kind of thing, \Nother than this,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.82,0:03:16.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I want to return to one of these\Nat the end.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.17,0:03:18.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me just give you two examples.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.01,0:03:21.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The rigors of military medicine
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.42,0:03:23.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are not so dissimilar\Nfrom the third world -
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.76,0:03:26.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,poor resources, a rigorous environment,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.02,0:03:30.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a series of problems in lightweight,\Nand things of this kind -
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.25,0:03:33.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and also not so different\Nfrom the home healthcare
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.40,0:03:35.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and diagnostic system world.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.03,0:03:39.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, the technology\Nthat I want to talk about
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.16,0:03:42.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is for the third world,\Nfor the developing world,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.38,0:03:44.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it has, I think,\Nmuch broader application,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.92,0:03:48.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because information is so important\Nin the healthcare system.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.27,0:03:52.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what would have been the equivalent
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.32,0:03:56.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the laboratory that did the diagnosis\Nin the Newton hospital?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.08,0:03:59.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, you see two examples here.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.10,0:04:03.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One is a lab that is actually a fairly\Nhigh-end laboratory in Africa.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.48,0:04:06.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The second is basically an entrepreneur
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.86,0:04:10.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who is set up and doing who-knows-what\Nin a table in a market.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.74,0:04:14.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't know what kind\Nof healthcare is delivered there.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.04,0:04:17.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it's not really\Nwhat is probably most efficient.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.90,0:04:21.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is our approach?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.00,0:04:25.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the way\Nin which one typically approaches
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.60,0:04:27.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a problem of lowering cost,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.41,0:04:30.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,starting from the perspective\Nof the United States,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.43,0:04:32.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to take our solution,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.45,0:04:34.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then to try to cut cost out of it.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.35,0:04:36.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No matter how you do that,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.100,0:04:39.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're not going to start\Nwith a 100,000-dollar instrument
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.75,0:04:42.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and bring it down to no-cost.\NIt isn't going to work.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.35,0:04:44.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, the approach that we took\Nwas the other way around.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.97,0:04:47.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To ask, "What is the cheapest\Npossible stuff
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.40,0:04:50.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you could make\Na diagnostic system out of,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.30,0:04:52.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and get useful information, add function?"
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.83,0:04:54.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what we've chosen is paper.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.95,0:04:57.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What you see here is a prototypic device.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.97,0:04:59.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's about a centimeter on the side.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.74,0:05:03.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's about the size of a fingernail,\NI'll show you a picture in a moment.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.31,0:05:06.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The lines around the edges are a polymer.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.58,0:05:09.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's made of paper
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.80,0:05:12.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and paper, of course, wicks fluid,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.27,0:05:16.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as you know, paper, cloth -\Ndrop wine on the tablecloth,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.40,0:05:18.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the wine wicks all over everything.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.89,0:05:20.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Put it on your shirt, it ruins the shirt.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.96,0:05:23.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's what a hydrophilic surface does.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.95,0:05:26.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, in this device\Nthe idea is that you drip
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.80,0:05:28.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the bottom end of it in a drop of,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.70,0:05:30.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in this case, urine.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.28,0:05:33.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The fluid wicks its way\Ninto those chambers at the top.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.00,0:05:37.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The brown color indicates\Nthe amount of glucose in the urine,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.28,0:05:41.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the blue color indicates the amount\Nof protein in the urine.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.70,0:05:43.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the combination of those two
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.70,0:05:45.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a first order shot at a number
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.47,0:05:47.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of useful things that you want.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.14,0:05:51.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, this is an example of a device\Nmade from a simple piece of paper.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.66,0:05:53.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, how simple can you\Nmake the production?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.31,0:05:56.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why do we choose paper?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.52,0:06:00.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's an example of the same\Nthing on a finger,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.88,0:06:02.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,showing you basically what it looks like.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.20,0:06:05.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One reason for using paper\Nis that it's everywhere.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.67,0:06:07.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have made these kinds of devices
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.60,0:06:10.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using napkins and toilet paper
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.79,0:06:12.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and wraps, and all kinds of stuff.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.07,0:06:15.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, the production capability is there.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.51,0:06:17.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The second is, you can put lots and lots
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.02,0:06:20.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of tests in a very small place.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.04,0:06:22.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll show you in a moment\Nthat the stack of paper there
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.69,0:06:24.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would probably hold something like
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.45,0:06:26.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,100,000 tests, something of that kind.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.20,0:06:30.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then finally, a point\Nthat you don't think of so much
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.12,0:06:32.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in developed world medicine:
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.63,0:06:34.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it eliminates sharps.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.44,0:06:37.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what sharps means\Nis needles, things that stick.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.81,0:06:39.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you've taken a sample\Nof someone's blood
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.12,0:06:42.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the someone might have hepatitis C,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.71,0:06:45.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you don't want to make\Na mistake and stick it in you.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.35,0:06:46.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You don't want to do that.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.62,0:06:49.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, how do you dispose of that?\NIt's a problem everywhere.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.51,0:06:50.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And here you simply burn it.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.97,0:06:52.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, it's a sort of a practical approach
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.98,0:06:54.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to starting on things.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.94,0:06:58.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, you say, "If paper is a good idea,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.50,0:07:01.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,other people have surely thought of it."
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.50,0:07:03.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the answer is, of course, yes.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.37,0:07:05.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those half of you, roughly,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.46,0:07:07.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who are women,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.25,0:07:09.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at some point may have\Nhad a pregnancy test.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.64,0:07:11.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Probably had several.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.20,0:07:14.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the most common of these
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.10,0:07:17.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is in a device that looks\Nlike the thing on the left.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.10,0:07:19.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's something called\Na lateral flow immunoassay.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.45,0:07:21.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In that particular test,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.10,0:07:23.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,urine either, containing
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.10,0:07:25.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a hormone called HCG, does or does not
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.90,0:07:27.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,flow across a piece of paper.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.10,0:07:32.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there are two bars. \NOne indicates that the test is working,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.03,0:07:35.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if the second bar shows up,\Nyou're pregnant.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.11,0:07:38.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a terrific kind of test\Nin a binary world,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.51,0:07:40.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the nice thing about pregnancy
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.19,0:07:42.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is either you are pregnant\Nor you're not pregnant.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.58,0:07:45.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You're not partially pregnant\Nor thinking about being pregnant
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.57,0:07:46.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or something of that sort.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.87,0:07:48.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, it works very well there,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.46,0:07:51.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it doesn't work very well when you\Nneed more quantitative information.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.96,0:07:53.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are also dipsticks,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.34,0:07:54.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but if you look at the dipsticks,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.94,0:07:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're for another kind\Nof urine analysis.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.00,0:07:59.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are an awful lot of colors\Nand things like that.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.98,0:08:02.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What do you actually do\Nabout that in a difficult circumstance?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.30,0:08:07.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, the approach that we started\Nwith is to ask:
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.58,0:08:11.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is it really practical\Nto make things of this sort?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.21,0:08:16.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that problem is now,\Nin a purely engineering way, solved.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.52,0:08:19.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the procedure that we have\Nis simply to start with paper.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.99,0:08:22.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You run it through a new kind\Nof printer called a wax printer.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.52,0:08:26.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The wax printer does\Nwhat looks like printing.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.54,0:08:29.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is printing. You put that on,\Nyou warm it a little bit,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.56,0:08:32.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the wax prints through\Nso it absorbs into the paper,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.58,0:08:34.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you end up with the device\Nthat you want.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.75,0:08:37.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The printers cost 800 bucks now.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.85,0:08:41.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We estimate that if you\Nwere to run them 24 hours a day
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.80,0:08:43.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they'd make about 10 million tests a year.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.86,0:08:47.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, it's a solved problem,\Nthat particular problem is solved.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.11,0:08:49.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there is an example of the kind\Nof thing that you see.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.89,0:08:51.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's on a piece of 8 by 12 paper.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.90,0:08:53.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That takes about two seconds to make.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.70,0:08:56.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so I regard that as done.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.72,0:08:58.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is a very important issue here,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.74,0:09:00.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is that because it's a printer,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.74,0:09:02.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a color printer, it prints colors.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.100,0:09:04.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's what color printers do.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.50,0:09:07.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll show you in a moment,\Nthat's actually quite useful.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.54,0:09:10.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, the next question\Nthat you would like to ask
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.00,0:09:12.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is, what would you like to measure?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.74,0:09:14.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What would you like to analyze?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.35,0:09:17.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the thing\Nwhich you'd most like to analyze,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.70,0:09:19.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're a fair distance from.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.45,0:09:23.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's what's called\N"fever of undiagnosed origin."
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.08,0:09:25.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Someone comes into the clinic,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.10,0:09:26.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they have a fever, they feel bad.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.78,0:09:27.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What do they have?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.82,0:09:29.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Do they have T.B.?\NDo they have AIDS?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.76,0:09:31.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Do they have a common cold?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.45,0:09:32.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The triage problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.80,0:09:35.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's a hard problem\Nfor reasons that I won't go through.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.65,0:09:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are an awful lot of things\Nthat you'd like to distinguish among.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.00,0:09:40.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But then there are a series of things:
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.90,0:09:44.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,AIDS, hepatitis, malaria, TB, others
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.69,0:09:48.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and simpler ones,\Nsuch as guidance of treatment.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.46,0:09:52.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now even that's\Nmore complicated than you think.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.94,0:09:56.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A friend of mine works\Nin transcultural psychiatry,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.20,0:09:59.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he is interested in the question
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.20,0:10:02.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of why people do\Nand don't take their meds.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.20,0:10:04.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, Dapsone, or something like that,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.20,0:10:05.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you have to take it for a while.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.83,0:10:09.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He has a wonderful story\Nof talking to a villager in India
Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.20,0:10:12.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and saying, "Have you taken\Nyour Dapsone?" "Yes."
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.38,0:10:14.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Have you taken it every day?" "Yes."
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.46,0:10:16.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Have you taken if for a month?" "Yes."
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.48,0:10:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What the guy actually meant
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.03,0:10:20.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was that he'd fed a 30-day dose of Dapsone
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.62,0:10:22.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to his dog, that morning.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.62,0:10:23.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.64,0:10:24.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was telling the truth.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.92,0:10:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because in a different culture,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.04,0:10:29.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the dog is a surrogate for you,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.33,0:10:32.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you know, "today," "this month,"\N"since the rainy season" -
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.56,0:10:35.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there are lots of opportunities\Nfor misunderstanding,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.58,0:10:37.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so an issue here is to,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.60,0:10:39.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in some cases, to figure out
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.52,0:10:42.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how to deal with matters\Nthat seem uninteresting,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:42.54,0:10:44.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like compliance.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.12,0:10:48.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, take a look at what a typical\Ntest looks like.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.35,0:10:51.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Prick a finger, you get some blood,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.75,0:10:53.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about 50 microliters.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.11,0:10:55.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's about all you're going to get,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.09,0:10:58.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because you can't use\Nthe usual sort of systems.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.52,0:11:01.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can't manipulate it very well,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:01.54,0:11:04.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,although I'll show something\Nabout that in a moment.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.06,0:11:06.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, you take the drop of blood,\Nno further manipulations,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.79,0:11:08.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you put it on a little device,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.46,0:11:12.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the device filters out the blood cells,\Nlets the serum go through,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:12.47,0:11:14.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you get a series of colors
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.34,0:11:16.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,down in the bottom there.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:16.27,0:11:20.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the colors indicate\N"disease" or "normal."
Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.65,0:11:22.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But even that's complicated,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.49,0:11:25.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because to you, to me, \Ncolors might indicate "normal,"
Dialogue: 0,0:11:25.92,0:11:28.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but, after all, we're all suffering from
Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.80,0:11:30.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,probably an excess of education.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:30.88,0:11:33.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What you do about something which requires
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.36,0:11:35.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,quantitative analysis?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.58,0:11:38.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so the solution\Nthat we and many other people
Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.29,0:11:39.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are thinking about there,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.87,0:11:42.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and at this point\Nthere is a dramatic flourish,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.41,0:11:45.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and out comes the universal solution\Nto everything these days,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.68,0:11:46.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is a cell phone.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.82,0:11:48.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this particular case, a camera phone.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:48.87,0:11:52.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're everywhere,\Nsix billion a month in India.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.12,0:11:56.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the idea is that what one does,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:56.14,0:11:58.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to take the device,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:58.58,0:12:01.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you dip it, you develop the color,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:01.22,0:12:04.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you take a picture, the picture\Ngoes to a central laboratory.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:04.44,0:12:06.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You don't have to send out a doctor,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.46,0:12:08.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you send out somebody who can\Njust take the sample,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:08.96,0:12:11.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in the clinic either a doctor,\Nor ideally a computer
Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.98,0:12:13.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in this case, does the analysis.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:13.80,0:12:15.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Turns out to work actually quite well,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.62,0:12:18.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,particularly when your color printer\Nhas printed the color bars
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.63,0:12:20.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that indicate how things work.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:20.65,0:12:23.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, my view of the health care worker\Nof the future
Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.83,0:12:25.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is not a doctor,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:25.33,0:12:29.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but is an 18-year-old,\Notherwise unemployed, who has two things:
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.08,0:12:30.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He has a backpack full of these tests,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:30.96,0:12:33.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a lancet to occasionally\Ntake a blood sample,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:33.37,0:12:34.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and an AK-47.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:34.89,0:12:37.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And these are the things\Nthat get him through his day.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:40.13,0:12:42.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's another\Nvery interesting connection here,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:42.49,0:12:44.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that is that what one wants to do
Dialogue: 0,0:12:44.88,0:12:47.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to pass through useful information
Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.91,0:12:50.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over what is generally\Na pretty awful telephone system.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:51.55,0:12:54.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It turns out there's an enormous\Namount of information
Dialogue: 0,0:12:54.19,0:12:57.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,already available on that subject,\Nwhich is the Mars Rover problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:57.63,0:13:01.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How do you get back an accurate view\Nof the color on Mars
Dialogue: 0,0:13:01.41,0:13:05.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you have a really terrible\Nbandwidth to do it with?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:05.11,0:13:07.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the answer is not complicated
Dialogue: 0,0:13:07.41,0:13:09.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it's one which I don't want\Nto go through here,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.86,0:13:12.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,other than to say\Nthat the communication systems
Dialogue: 0,0:13:12.19,0:13:14.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for doing this are really\Npretty well understood.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:14.51,0:13:17.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Also, a fact which you may not know
Dialogue: 0,0:13:17.06,0:13:19.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that the compute\Ncapability of this thing
Dialogue: 0,0:13:19.92,0:13:22.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is not so different\Nfrom the compute capability
Dialogue: 0,0:13:22.46,0:13:23.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of your desktop computer.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:23.97,0:13:27.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a fantastic device\Nwhich is only beginning to be tapped.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:27.53,0:13:32.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't know whether the idea of\None computer, one child makes any sense.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:32.23,0:13:34.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's the computer of the future,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:34.46,0:13:37.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because this screen is already\Nthere and they're ubiquitous.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:38.90,0:13:42.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All right now let me show you just\Na little bit about advanced devices.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:42.30,0:13:44.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we'll start by posing\Na little problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:44.48,0:13:47.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What you see here\Nis another centimeter-sized device,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:47.74,0:13:51.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the different colors\Nare different colors of dye.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:51.76,0:13:53.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you notice something\Nwhich might strike you
Dialogue: 0,0:13:53.95,0:13:55.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a little bit interesting,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:55.78,0:13:58.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is the yellow seems to disappear,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:58.47,0:14:01.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,get through the blue,\Nand then get through the red.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:01.18,0:14:02.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How does that happen?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:02.54,0:14:04.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How do you make something\Nflow through something?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:04.89,0:14:07.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, of course the answer is, "You don't."
Dialogue: 0,0:14:07.07,0:14:08.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You make it flow under and over.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:08.83,0:14:11.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But now the question is:\NHow do you make it flow
Dialogue: 0,0:14:11.09,0:14:12.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,under and over in a piece of paper?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:13.55,0:14:16.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The answer is that what you do -
Dialogue: 0,0:14:16.41,0:14:18.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the details are not\Nterribly important here -
Dialogue: 0,0:14:19.10,0:14:21.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to make something more elaborate:
Dialogue: 0,0:14:21.12,0:14:23.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You take several different\Nlayers of paper,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:23.19,0:14:26.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,each one containing\Nits own little fluid system,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:26.16,0:14:28.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you separate them by pieces of,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:28.46,0:14:30.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,literally, double-sided carpet tape,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:30.99,0:14:33.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the stuff you use to stick\Nthe carpets onto the floor.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:33.74,0:14:37.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the fluid will flow\Nfrom one layer into the next.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:37.18,0:14:40.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It distributes itself,\Nflows through further holes,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:40.20,0:14:41.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,distributes itself.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:41.76,0:14:44.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what you see, at the lower\Nright-hand side there,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:45.01,0:14:47.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a sample in which a single sample
Dialogue: 0,0:14:47.98,0:14:49.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of blood has been put on the top,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:50.38,0:14:53.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it has gone\Nthrough and distributed itself
Dialogue: 0,0:14:53.26,0:14:56.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into these 16 holes on the bottom,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:56.28,0:14:58.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a piece of paper -\Nbasically it looks like a chip,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:58.88,0:15:00.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,two pieces of paper thick.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:00.71,0:15:03.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in this particular case\Nwe were just interested
Dialogue: 0,0:15:03.50,0:15:04.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the replicability of that.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:04.93,0:15:07.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that is, in principle,\Nthe way you solve
Dialogue: 0,0:15:07.37,0:15:09.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the "fever of unexplained origin" problem,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:09.59,0:15:11.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because each one of those spots\Nthen becomes
Dialogue: 0,0:15:11.77,0:15:15.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a test for a particular set \Nof markers of disease,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:15.75,0:15:18.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this will work in due course.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:18.24,0:15:21.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here is an example of a slightly\Nmore complicated device.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:21.58,0:15:22.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's the chip.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:22.79,0:15:25.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You dip in a corner.\NThe fluid goes into the center.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:25.56,0:15:28.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It distributes itself\Nout into these various
Dialogue: 0,0:15:28.08,0:15:30.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wells or holes, and turns color,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:30.61,0:15:33.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and all done with paper and carpet tape.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:33.63,0:15:35.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, I think it's as low-cost
Dialogue: 0,0:15:35.65,0:15:38.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as we're likely to be able\Nto come up and make things.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:39.37,0:15:42.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, I have one last,\Ntwo last little stories to tell you,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:42.56,0:15:45.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in finishing off this business.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:45.33,0:15:48.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is one: One of the things\Nthat one does occasionally
Dialogue: 0,0:15:48.22,0:15:51.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,need to do is to separate\Nblood cells from serum.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:52.86,0:15:54.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the question was,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:54.53,0:15:56.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,here we do it by taking a sample,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:56.72,0:15:59.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we put it in a centrifuge,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:59.42,0:16:03.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we spin it, and you get blood cells out.\NTerrific.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:03.58,0:16:05.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What happens if you don't\Nhave an electricity,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:05.79,0:16:07.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a centrifuge, and whatever?
Dialogue: 0,0:16:07.74,0:16:10.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we thought\Nfor a while of how you might do this
Dialogue: 0,0:16:10.26,0:16:12.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the way, in fact,\Nyou do it is what's shown here.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:12.99,0:16:14.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You get an eggbeater,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:14.62,0:16:17.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is everywhere,\Nand you saw off a blade,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:17.76,0:16:20.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then you take tubing,\Nand you stick it on that.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:20.27,0:16:22.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You put the blood in, you spin it -
Dialogue: 0,0:16:22.05,0:16:23.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,somebody sits there and spins it.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:23.69,0:16:25.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It works really, really well.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:25.12,0:16:27.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we sat down,\Nwe did the physics of eggbeaters
Dialogue: 0,0:16:27.60,0:16:30.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and self-aligning tubes\Nand all the rest of that kind of thing,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:30.62,0:16:32.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sent it off to a journal.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:32.10,0:16:34.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We were very proud of this,\Nparticularly the title,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:34.52,0:16:36.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which was "Eggbeater as Centrifuge."
Dialogue: 0,0:16:36.34,0:16:37.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:16:37.26,0:16:40.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we sent it off, and by return mail\Nit came back.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:40.50,0:16:42.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I called up the editor and I said,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:42.31,0:16:44.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"What's going on? How is this possible?"
Dialogue: 0,0:16:44.33,0:16:47.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The editor said, with enormous disdain,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:47.35,0:16:48.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I read this.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:48.92,0:16:50.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we're not going to publish it,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:50.59,0:16:52.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we only publish science."
Dialogue: 0,0:16:54.26,0:16:55.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's an important issue
Dialogue: 0,0:16:55.87,0:16:57.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it means that we have to,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:57.80,0:16:59.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a society,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:59.20,0:17:00.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,think about what we value.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:01.05,0:17:03.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if it's just papers\Nand phys. rev. letters,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:03.89,0:17:05.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we've got a problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:05.75,0:17:08.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here is another example\Nof something which is -
Dialogue: 0,0:17:09.09,0:17:11.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,details are not important,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:11.28,0:17:13.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but this is a little spectrophotometer.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:13.88,0:17:17.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It measures the absorption\Nof light in a sample
Dialogue: 0,0:17:18.80,0:17:21.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The neat thing about this is,\Nyou have light source that flickers
Dialogue: 0,0:17:21.94,0:17:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on and off at about 1,000 hertz,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:24.30,0:17:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,another light source that detects\Nthat light at 1,000 hertz,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:28.30,0:17:31.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so you can run this system\Nin broad daylight.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:31.30,0:17:35.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It performs about equivalently to a system
Dialogue: 0,0:17:36.13,0:17:39.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's in the order of 100,000 dollars.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:39.54,0:17:41.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It costs 50 dollars.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:41.10,0:17:43.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can probably make it for 50 cents,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:43.49,0:17:44.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if we put our mind to it.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:44.94,0:17:46.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why doesn't somebody do it?
Dialogue: 0,0:17:46.61,0:17:47.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the answer is,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:47.89,0:17:51.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"How do you make a profit\Nin a capitalist system, doing that?"
Dialogue: 0,0:17:51.18,0:17:52.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Interesting problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:54.04,0:17:56.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, let me finish by saying
Dialogue: 0,0:17:57.37,0:18:00.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we've thought about this\Nas a kind of engineering problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:00.70,0:18:05.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we've asked: What\Nis the scientific unifying idea here?
Dialogue: 0,0:18:05.60,0:18:07.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we've decided\Nthat we should think about this
Dialogue: 0,0:18:07.89,0:18:09.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not so much in terms of cost,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:09.42,0:18:11.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but in terms of simplicity.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:11.10,0:18:12.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Simplicity is a neat word.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:12.55,0:18:15.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you've got to think about\Nwhat simplicity means.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:15.49,0:18:19.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I know what it is but I don't\Nactually know what it means.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:19.70,0:18:23.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, I actually was interested\Nenough in this to put together
Dialogue: 0,0:18:24.04,0:18:25.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,several groups of people.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:26.13,0:18:28.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the most recent involved\Na couple of people at MIT,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:28.70,0:18:30.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of them being\Nan exceptionally bright kid
Dialogue: 0,0:18:30.84,0:18:33.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who is one of the very\Nfew people I would think of
Dialogue: 0,0:18:33.24,0:18:34.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who's an authentic genius.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:35.02,0:18:38.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We all struggled for an entire\Nday to think about simplicity.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:38.70,0:18:40.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I want to give you the answer of this
Dialogue: 0,0:18:40.70,0:18:42.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,deep scientific thought.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:43.13,0:18:45.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Our strategy: Simplicity. \NWhat is simplicity?]
Dialogue: 0,0:18:45.43,0:18:48.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,["It's impossible to f..k it up"]\N(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:18:49.70,0:18:52.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, in a sense, you get what you pay for.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:52.48,0:18:54.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you very much.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:54.50,0:18:56.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter) (Applause)