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Let's figure out the oxidation states
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for some more constituent atoms and molecules.
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So let's say I had magnesium oxide.
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MgO.
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I'll do oxygen in a different color.
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So what are going to be their oxidation states?
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And you might know this already,
-
but let's look at the periodic table,
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because it never hurts to get familiar with it.
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So we have magnesium.
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Magnesium has two valance electrons.
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It's a Group 2 element.
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It would love to lose those two electrons.
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Oxygen, we already know,
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is one of the most electronegative atoms.
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It's so electronegative that
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oxidized has essentially been named after them.
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And we know that oxygen loves to gain two electrons.
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So this is kind of a marriage made in heaven.
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This guy wants to lose two electrons
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and this guy wants to gain two electrons.
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So what's going to happen?
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The magnesium is going to lose two electrons.
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It was neutral.
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So it's going to have a plus 2 charge, hypothetically.
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And then, the oxygen is going to have a minus 2 charge,
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because it gained the two electrons.
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So in this molecule of magnesium oxide,
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the oxidation state of magnesium is plus 2.
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And the oxidation state of the oxygen is minus 2.
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Now let's do a slightly harder one.
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Let's say we had magnesium hydroxide.
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So hydroxide is OH2.
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OH2 right there, where there's two hydroxide groups in this.
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So, my temptation would still be, look.
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Magnesium likes to lose its electrons, its two electrons,
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which would make it's charge positive
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-- it's hypothetical oxidation state positive.
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So my temptation is to say,
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hey, magnesium here would be plus 2.
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So let me write that there.
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And remember, in order for everything to work out,
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if it's a neutral compound,
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all of the oxidation states in it have to add up to 1.
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So let's see if that's going to work out.
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Now, oxygen.
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My impulse is that its oxidation state
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tends to be minus 2.
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So let me write that down.
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Minus 2.
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And hydrogen, when it's bonded with an oxygen
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-- remember. In this case, the hydrogen is bonded
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with the oxygen first.
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And then that's bonded to the magnesium.
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So the hydrogen is bonded to an oxygen.
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Hydrogen, if it was bonded to a magnesium,
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you might want to say, hey,
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maybe it'll take the electrons
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and it'll have a negative oxidation state.
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But when hydrogen is bonded with oxygen,
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it gives up the electrons.
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It only has one electron to give up.
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So it has a plus 1 oxidation state.
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So let's see. At first, you might say, hey,
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I'm adding up the oxidation states.
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Plus 2 minus 2 is 0 plus 1.
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I get a plus 1 oxidation state here.
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That doesn't make sense, Sal.
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This is a neutral compound.
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And what you to remember is oh, no,
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but you have two of these hydroxides right here.
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So what you do is you figure out
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the sum of the oxidation states of the hydroxide.
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So that's minus 2 plus 1.
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So for the entire hydroxide molecule,
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you have a minus 1 sum.
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And then you have two of them. Right?
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You have two hydroxide molecules here.
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So the contribution to the entire compound's
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oxidation state will be minus 1 for each hydroxide.
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But then you have two of them.
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So it's minus 2 and then plus 2 from the magnesium.
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And it all adds up to 0.
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So that worked out.
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Now, I want to do a little bit of an aside.
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I want to go back to doing some problems again.
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But I want to do a little bit of an aside
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on some of my terminology.
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Because I've kind of used oxidation state, and oxidized,
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and reduced interchangeably, to a certain degree.
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But, we've done so many problems with water
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with water autoionizing into
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-- actually, let me do 2 moles of water.
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And it's in equilibrium
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with 1 mole of H30 plus OH minus.
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And obviously, everything is in an aqueous solution.
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Now, let's look at the water.
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What are the oxidation states in this water right here?
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Well, we've done this already in the previous video.
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Oxidation state of oxygen is minus 2,
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because it's hogging the two electrons from the two hydrogens.
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Each hydrogen is giving up an electron.
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So it has an oxidation state of plus 1.
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And we see this molecule.
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Everything adds up.
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Because you have two hydrogens with a plus 1.
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So that's plus 2.
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Plus 2 minus 2 for that one oxygen, and you get to 0.
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And it's a neutral compound.
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Now here, what are the oxidation states?
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So one of these hydrogens left one of these water molecules
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and joined the other of the water molecules
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without taking its electron with it.
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So it left the electron over here.
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So that oxygen still has a minus 2 oxidation state.
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And this hydrogen still has a plus 1.
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And that's why you do minus 2 plus 1.
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You get minus 1.
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And this time, it works out,
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because that's the actual charge on this hydroxide ion.
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Now, here, what are the oxidation states?
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Each of the hydrogens have a plus 1 oxidation state.
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And then this oxygen has a minus 2.
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And so if you look at the charge for the entire molecule,
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plus 1 on three hydrogens, so that's plus 3.
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I just added them up.
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Minus 2.
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So plus 3 minus 2, I should have a plus 1 charge
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on this entire molecule, which is the case.
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Now, my question to you is
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has any of the oxidation states changed for any of the atoms?
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All of the hydrogens here
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-- and we could call this 2 moles of water.
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Or maybe I just have two molecules of water.
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But I have four hydrogens here.
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Right? And all of them had an oxidation state of 1.
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On the right-hand side, I have four hydrogens.
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All of them have an oxidation state of 1.
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So although their oxidation state is 1, in this reaction
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-- and you can pick either direction of the reaction--
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hydrogen has not been oxidized.
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Its oxidation state did not change.
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Maybe it was oxidized in a previous reaction
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where the water was formed,
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but in this reaction, it was not oxidized.
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Likewise, the oxygens
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-- we have two oxygen molecules, or atoms, here.
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Each have a minus 2 oxidation state.
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Here, we have two oxygen molecules.
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Each have a minus 2 oxidation state.
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Due to this reaction, at least,
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no electrons changed hands in our oxidation state world.
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So this is not an oxidation or a reduction reaction.
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And I'm going to cover that in detail in the next video.
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And I just want to be clear that
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nothing here was oxidized or reduced,
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because their oxidation states stayed the same.
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Because sometimes I'll say, hey, look.
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Magnesium has an oxidation state of plus 2.
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And oxygen has an oxidation state of minus 2.
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Magnesium was oxidized.
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Two electrons were taken away from it.
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And oxygen was reduced.
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Two electrons were given to it.
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And I'll say that implying some reaction that produced it,
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but that's not always the case.
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You could have a reaction
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where that necessarily didn't happen.
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But the oxidation state for magnesium
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is definitely plus 2.
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And the oxidation state for the oxygen,
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or the oxidation number, is minus 2.
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But I think you know what I'm talking about
-
when I say it was oxidized.
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At some point, it went from a neutral magnesium
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to a positively charged magnesium
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by losing two electrons.
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So it got oxidized.
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Now, let's do some harder problems.
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So hydrogen peroxide
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-- I've said multiple times already that
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oxygen tends to have a minus 2 oxidation state.
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This is minus 1.
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I think you see the pattern. These guys are plus 1.
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Hydrogen is plus or minus 1.
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These guys are plus 2.
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I think you see the pattern.
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It's whether you want to lose or gain electrons.
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You might say, well see,
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water normally has a minus 2 oxidation.
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So you might be tempted to do
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-- OK.
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Hydrogen has plus 1, because it's bonding with water.
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And oxygen has a minus 2.
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But when you do that, you immediately have a conundrum.
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This is a neutral molecule
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-- let's see. Two hydrogens plus 2.
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Two oxygens at minus 2.
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Minus 4.
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So this would end up with a minus 4
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total net oxidation state.
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And that's not the case
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because this doesn't have any charge.
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So there's a conundrum here.
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And the conundrum is because,
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if you actually look at the structure of hydrogen peroxide,
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the oxygens are actually bonded to each other.
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That's where the peroxide comes from.
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And then each of those are bonded to a hydrogen.
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So in this case,
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especially in a first-year chemistry course,
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the peroxide molecules, especially hydrogen peroxide,
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tends to be that one special case.
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There are others, but this is the one special case
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where oxygen does not have a minus 2 oxidation state.
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Let's look at this and try to figure out
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what oxygen's oxidation state would be
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in hydrogen peroxide.
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So in this case, the hydrogen-oxygen bond,
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oxygen is going to hog the electron
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and hydrogen is going to lose it.
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So it's going to have a plus 1 there.
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Same thing on the side.
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Oxygen, at least on this bond, is going to have a plus 1.
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It's going to gain an electron.
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What about from this other bond with the other oxygen?
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Well, there's no reason why one oxygen should
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hog the electron from the other oxygen.
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So it's not going to have any net impact
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on its oxidation state.
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So in this case, this oxygen's oxidation state is plus 1.
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This oxygen's oxidation state is also plus 1.
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So each of the hydrogens have an oxidation number of plus 1.
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You said the oxygens have an oxidation number of minus 1.
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And so you have a net of 0.
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2 times plus 1, plus 2 times minus 1, is 0.
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So that's just a special case.
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That's a good one to be familiar with.
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Let's do another one.
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Iron 3 carbonate.
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And now, for the first time
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-- I remember when we first encountered iron 3 carbonate.
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You probably thought, hey,
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why is it called iron 3 carbonate
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when there are only two iron molecules,
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or two iron atoms, here?
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And you're about to learn why.
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Let's look at the oxidation numbers.
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So oxygen.
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Oxygen's oxidation number tends to be minus 2.
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Minus 2.
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Now, if carbon is bonding with oxygen
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-- let's look at the periodic table.
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We have carbon bonding with oxygen.
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Carbon can go either way.
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Carbon, sometimes it likes to give away electrons.
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Sometimes it likes to gain electrons.
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When carbon is bonding with oxygen,
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this right here is the electron hog.
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If we had to say who's taking the electrons,
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it's going to be oxygen.
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Right?
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So carbon is going to be giving away its electrons.
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But how many electrons can carbon give away?
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Well, let's see.
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It has 1, 2, 3, 4 valence electrons.
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So the most it can really do is
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give away four valence electrons.
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So let's go back to the carbonate.
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So the carbon could at most
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give away its four valence electrons.
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So what will be the net oxidation number
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for the carbonate molecule?
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For the CO3?
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So this is a plus 4 oxidation,
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because it only has four to give away.
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If it's bonding with oxygen, it's going to give them away.
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Oxygen is more of a hog.
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Each oxygen has a minus 2.
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So let's think about it.
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I have plus 4 minus, 3 times minus 2.
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Right?
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I have 3 oxygen molecules.
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So I have 4 minus 6 is equal to minus 2.
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So we can kind of view it as the oxidation number
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for the entire carbonate molecule is minus 2.
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Now, if this entire carbonate molecule is minus 2,
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its contribution to the oxidation state
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for this whole kind of
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-- the carbonate part of the molecule.
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We have 3 carbonate molecules.
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Each of them is contributing minus 2.
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So I have a minus 6 contribution.
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If this is minus 6 and this is a neutral molecule,
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then our 2 irons are also going
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to have to have a plus 6 oxidation state.
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Because it all has to add up to 0.
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If both irons combined
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have a plus 6 contribution to oxidation state,
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then each of the irons must have a plus 3 oxidation.
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Or that, in our hypothetical world, if this happens,
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at least three electrons are going to
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favor the carbonate from each of the irons.
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So why is it called iron 3 carbonate?
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I think you may have figured this out by now.
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Because this is iron in its third oxidation state.
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Iron-- a lot of the metals,
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especially a lot of the transition metals--
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can have multiple oxidation states.
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When you have iron 3 carbonate,
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you're literally saying,
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this is the third oxidation state.
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Or iron's oxidation number in this molecule
-
will be positive 3.
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Now, let's do another one.
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This is interesting.
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Acetic acid.
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And I think is the first time that
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I've actually shown you the formula for acetic acid.
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I won't go into the whole organic chemistry of it.
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But let's try to figure out what the different charges are,
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or the different oxidation states.
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Sometimes you'll just see it written like this.
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You'd say, OK.
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Oxygens, each of those are going to have minus 2.
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Hydrogens are each going to have plus 1.
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So how are we doing so far?
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So these oxygens are going to contribute minus 4.
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And then the hydrogens
-
-- here you have plus 3. And then here you have plus 1.
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You add these up and you get to 0. And you're like, oh.
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So the carbons must have no oxidation state.
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They must have an oxidation number of 0.
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Because we're already at 0,
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if we just consider the hydrogens and the oxygens.
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So let's look at that and see if that's actually the case.
-
So when carbon is bonding with hydrogen,
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who's going to hog the electrons?
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When carbon is bonding with hydrogen.
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Electronegativity-- as you go to the right.
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Carbon is more electronegative.
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It likes to keep the electrons, or hog them,
-
more than hydrogen.
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So hydrogen is going to lose the electrons
-
in our oxidation state world.
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It's actually a covalent bond, but of course,
-
we know that when we're dealing with oxidation states,
-
we pretend that it's ionic.
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So in this case, your hydrogens are going
-
to lose electrons.
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So they're each going to have an oxidation state of plus 1.
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That's consistent with what we know so far.
-
And actually, that's another thing.
-
When I did this exercise, right here,
-
I immediately assumed hydrogen has
-
an oxidation state of plus 1.
-
I did that because, oh,
-
everything else in the molecule is carbon and oxygen,
-
which are more electronegative than the hydrogen.
-
So the hydrogen is going to go into its plus 1 state.
-
If, over here, I had a bunch of
-
alkali and alkaline earth metals,
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I wouldn't be so sure.
-
I'd say, oh, maybe hydrogen would take electrons from them.
-
But anyway.
-
So these all gave an electron to this carbon.
-
So just from these hydrogens,
-
that carbon would have a minus 3 oxidation state, right?
-
These lost electrons.
-
This guy gained three electrons,
-
so his charge goes down by 3.
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The carbon-carbon bond. Well, there's no reason
-
one carbon should take electrons from another carbon.
-
All carbons are created equal.
-
So there should be no transfer here.
-
So this carbon's oxidation status is 3.
-
Now what about on this side?
-
So we know that this hydrogen is going
-
to have a plus 1 oxidation state.
-
It's going to give its electron to this oxygen.
-
This oxygen, like most oxygens,
-
are going to take up two electrons.
-
One from this carbon, and one from this hydrogen.
-
So it's going to have a minus 2 oxidation state.
-
This oxygen is also going to take two electrons.
-
In this case, both of them are going
-
to be from this orange carbon.
-
So it's going to have a minus 2 oxidation state.
-
So what's the oxidation state of this carbon?
-
It lost two electrons to this guy up here,
-
and it lost one electron to this oxygen down here.
-
Remember, this guy got one electron from the carbon
-
and one from the hydrogen.
-
So it lost one electron here, two there.
-
It lost three electrons.
-
So in that reality, it would have a plus 3 charge.
-
So it turns out that the average oxidation state
-
for the carbon in acetic acid is 0.
-
Because if you average minus 3 and plus 3,
-
you get to 0.
-
And that's why I said, oh, maybe these are a 0.
-
But if you actually write out their oxidation numbers,
-
this green C has a minus 3 oxidation state.
-
And this orange C, this orange carbon,
-
has a plus 3 oxidation state.
-
If you got this one,
-
and I don't think it's overly complex,
-
you will be an oxidation state jock.
-
So I think you're all set now.
-
In the next video, we're going to start exploring
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oxidation reduction reactions.